Search for: [Keywords = "Ball\-on\-disc"]

Search results

Number of results: 3

items per page: 25 50 75

Sort by:

of 1

The Influence of Pearlite Present in the Microstructure of GX120MnCr13 Cast Steel on Wear Resistance

Barbara Kalandyk Renata E. Zapała Iwona Sulima Piotr Furmańczyk Justyna Kasińska

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 145-156 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146689

Keywords Hadfield cast steel Microstructure Hardness Ball-on-disc test Wear resistance

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The article presents the results of metallographic and tribological tests on GX120MnCr13 cast steel that was previously subjected to heat treatment (including solution treatment from 1100°C and isothermal holding at 250, 400, and 600°C for 100 hours). The temperatures of the isothermal holding process were selected in order to reflect the possible working conditions of the cast elements that can be made of this cast steel. Wear tests were carried out under dry friction conditions using the ball-on-disc method using a ZrO2 ball as a counter-sample. The tests were carried out with a load of 5 N. The influence of the long-term isothermal holding process on the microstructure of the tested cast steel was analysed by light and scanning microscopy; however, abrasion marks were also examined using a confocal microscope. Based on the tests conducted, it was found that in the microstructures of the sample after solution treatment and samples that were held in isothermal condition at 250 and 400°C, the grain boundary areas were enriched in Mn and Cr compared to the areas inside the grains. Pearlite appeared in the sample that was heated (or held in isothermal holding) at 600°C; its share reached 41.6%. The presence of pearlite in the austenitic matrix increased the hardness to 351.4 HV ₁₀. The hardness of the remaining tested samples was within a range of 221.8–229.1 HV ₁₀. Increasing the hardness of the tested cast steel directly resulted in a reduction in the degree of wear as well as the volume, area, and width of the abrasion marks. A microscopic analysis of the wear marks showed that the dominant process of the abrasive wear of the tested friction pair was the detachment and displacement of the tested material through the indentation as a result of the cyclical impact of the counter-sample.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] Głownia, J. (2002). Alloy steel castings – application. Kraków: FotoBit. (in Polish).
[2] Maratray, F. (1995). High carbon manganese austenitic steels. Paris: International Manganese Institute.
[3] Krawczyk, J., Matusiewicz, P., Frocisz, Ł., Augustyn-Nadzieja, J., Parzycha, S. (2018). The wear mechanism of mill beaters for coal grinding made-up from high manganese cast. In the 73 WFC, 23-27 September 2018. Kraków, Poland.
[4] Zambrano, O.A., Tressia, G. & Souza, R.M. (2020). Failure analysis of a crossing rail made of Hadfield steel after severe plastic deformation induced by wheel-rail interaction. Engineering Failure Analysis. 115, 1-24. DOI: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104621.
[5] Wróbel, T., Bartocha, D., Jezierski, J.; Kalandyk, B., Sobula, S., Tęcza, G., Kostrzewa, K., Feliks, E. (2023). High-manganese alloy cast steel in applications for cast elements of railway infrastructure. In the Proceedings of XXIX International Scientific Conference of Polish, Czech and Slovak Foundrymen Współpraca / Spolupráca, 26-28 April 2023. Niepołomice, Poland.
[6] Machado, P.C., Pereira, J.I. & Sinatora, A. (2021). Subsurface microstructural dynamic recrystallization in multiscale abrasive wear. Wear. 486-487, 204111, 1-14. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.204111.
[7] Tressia, G., Penagos, J.J. & Sinatora, A. (2017). Effect of abrasive particle size on slurry abrasion resistance of austenitic and martensitic steels. Wear. 376-377, 63-69. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2017.01.073.
[8] Olawale, J.O., Ibitoye, S.A., Shittu, M.D. & Popoola, A.P.I. (2011). A study of premature failure of crusher jaws. Journal of Failure Analysis and Prevention. 11(6), 705-709. DOI: 10.1007/s11668-011-9511-7.
[9] Stradomski Z., Stachura S., Stradomski G. (2013). Fracture mechanisms in steel castings. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 13, 88-91. DOI: 10.2478/afe-2013-0066.
[10] Martin, M., Raposo, M., Prat, O., Giordana, M.F. & Malarria, J. (2017). Pearlite development in commercial Hadfield steel by means of isothermal reactions. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis. 6, 591-597.
[11] Martin, M., Raposo, M., Druker, A., Sobrero, C. & Malarria, J. (2016). Influence of pearlite formation on the ductility response of commercial Hadfield steel. Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis. 5(6), 505-511. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-016-0316-7.
[12] Tęcza, G. & Sobula, S. (2014). Effect of heat treatment on change microstructure of cast high-manganese Hadfield steel with elevated chromium content. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 14, 67-70.
[13] Krawczyk, J., Bembenek, M. & Pawlik, J. (2021). The role of chemical composition of high-manganese cast steels on wear of excavating chain in railway shoulder bed ballast cleaning machine. Materials. 16, 1-16. DOI: 10.3390/ma14247794.
[14] Fedorko, G., Molnár, V., Pribulová, A., Futaš, P., Baricová, D. (2011). The influence of Ni and Cr-content on mechanical properties of Hadfield ́s steel. In the 20th Anniversary International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials – Metal, May 2011 (pp. 18-20). Brno, Czech Republic.
[15] Najafabadi, V., Amini, K. & Alamdarlo, M. (2014). Investigating the effect of titanium addition on the wear resistance of Hadfield steel. Metallurgical Research and Technology. 111(6), 375-382. DOI: 10.1051/metal/2014044.
[16] Tęcza, G. & Garbacz-Klempka, A. (2016). Microstructure of cast high-manganese steel containing titanium. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 16(4), 163-168. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0103.
[17] Kalandyk, B., Tęcza, G., Zapała, R. & Sobula S. (2015). Cast high-manganese steel – the effect of microstructure on abrasive wear behaviour in Miller test. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 15, 35-38. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0033.
[18] Shan, Q., Ge, R., Li Z., Zhou, Z., Jiang ,Y., Lee, Y.-S. & Wu, H. (2021). Wear properties of high-manganese steel strengthened with nano-sized V2C precipitates. Wear. 482-483, 203922, 1-10. DOI: 10.1016/j.wear.2021.203922.
[19] Ayadi, S. & Hadji, A. (2021). Effect of chemical composition and heat treatments on the microstructure and wear behavior of manganese steel. International Journal of Metalcasting. 15(2), 510-519. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-020-00479-2.
[20] Gürol, U. & Can Kurnaz, S. (2020). Effect of carbon and manganese content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of high manganese austenitic steel. Journal of Mining and Metallurgy Section B - Metallurgy. 56, 171-182. DOI: 10.2298/JMMB191111009G.
[21] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Kasińska, J. & Madej, M. (2021) Evaluation of microstructure and tribological properties of GX120Mn13 and GX120MnCr18-2 cast steels. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(3), 67-76. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.138681.
[22] Atabaki, M.M., Lafaril, S. & Abdollah-Pour, H. (2012) Abrasive wear behavior of high chromium cast iron and Hadfield steel-A comparison. Journal of Iron and Steel Research, International. 19, 43-50. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(12)60086-7.
[23] Gierek, A. (2005). Zużycie tribologiczne. Gliwice: Wyd. Politechniki Śląskiej.
[24] Kalandyk, B., Zapała, R., Madej, M., Kasińska, J. & Piotrowska, K. (2022). Influence of pre-hardened GX120Mn13 cast steel on the tribological properties under technically dry friction. Tribologia. 3, 17-24. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0016.1020.
[25] El-Fawkhry, M.K., Fathy, A.M., Eissa, M.M. & El-Faramway, H. (2014). Eliminating heat treatment of Hadfield steel in stress abrasion wear applications, International Journal of Metalcasting. 8, 29-36. DOI: 10.1007/BF03355569.
[26] Cybo, J., Jura, S. (1995). Functional description of isometric structures in quantitative metallography. Functional description of isometric structures in quantitative metallography. Gliwice: Wyd. Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[27] Standard EN 10349: 2009. Cast steel castings - Castings made of manganese austenitic cast steel. (in Polish).
[28] Standards PN-EN ISO 6507-1: 2007. Metallic materials - Vickers hardness test.
[29] Standards ISO 20808: 2016. Fine ceramics (advanced ceramics, advanced technical ceramics) - Determination of friction and wear characteristics of monolithic ceramics by ball-on-disc method. [30] Mishra, S. & Dalai R. (2021). A comparative study on the different heat-treatment techniques applied to high manganese steel. Materials Today: Proceedings. 44(1), 2517-2520. DOI: 10.1016/j.matpr.2020.12.602.
[31] Kawalec, M. & Fraś, E. (2009). Effect of silicon on the structure and mechanical properties of high-vanadium cast iron. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 9(3), 231-234.
[32] Dziubek, M., Rutkowska-Gorczyca, M., Dudziński, W. & Grygier, D. (2022). Investigation into changes of microstructure and abrasive wear resistance occurring in high manganese steel X120Mn12 during isothermal annealing and re-austenitisation process. Materials. 15(7), 2622. DOI: 10.3390/ma15072622.
[33] El Fawkhry M. K. (2021). Modified Hadfield steel for castings of high and low gouging applications. International Journal of Metalcasting. 15(4), 613-624. DOI: 10.1007/s40962-020-00492-5.
[34] Lindroos, M., Apostol, M., Heino, V., Valtonen, K., Laukkanen, A., Holmberg, K. & Kuokkala, V.T. (2015). The deformation, strain hardening, and wear behavior of chromium-alloyed Hadfield steel in abrasive and impact conditions. Tribology Letters. 57, 1-11. DOI: 10.1007/s11249-015-0477-6.
[35] Luo, Q. & Zhu, J. (2022). Wear property and wear mechanisms of high-manganese austenitic Hadfield steel in dry reciprocal sliding. Lubricants. 10(3), 1-18. DOI: /10.3390/lubricants10030037.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Kalandyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Renata E. Zapała

e-mail:

ORCID:

Iwona Sulima

e-mail:

ORCID:

Piotr Furmańczyk

e-mail:

ORCID:

Justyna Kasińska

e-mail:

ORCID:

AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Foundry Engineering, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
University of the National Education Commission Krakow, Institute of Technology, ul. Podchorążych 2, 32-084 Krakow, Poland
Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Mechatronics and Mechanical Engineering, Poland

Locally Reinforcement TiC-Fe Type Produced in Situ in Castings

E. Olejnik T. Tokarski B. Grabowska Ł. Szymański P. Kurtyka W. Maziarz P. Czapla

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 3 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0054

Keywords MMCs Locally reinforcement TiC In situ Hardness Ball-on-disc

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Refinement is one of the most energy consuming technological process, aimed at obtaining mineral raw materials of the proper grain size.

Cast structural elements such as jaws or hammers in crushing machines operate under conditions of an intensive wear. The data indicate

that 80 % of failures of machines and devices is caused by wearing of rubbing surfaces. This problem became the subject of several

scientific and industrial investigations carried out in the whole world in order to produce materials ultra- wear resistant. Methods allowing

to obtain wear resistant composite castings are discussed in the hereby paper. Within the performed research microstructures of the

produced composite zones were presented and the comparative analysis with regard to mechanical and functional properties of local

composite reinforcements in relation to the commercial alloys of increased wear resistance was performed. The results show almost twenty

five times increase in wear resistance compared to manganese cast steel containing 18 % Mn.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

E. Olejnik

T. Tokarski

B. Grabowska

Ł. Szymański

P. Kurtyka

W. Maziarz

P. Czapla

Hardness and Wear Resistance of TiC-Fe-Cr Locally Reinforcement Produced in Cast Steel

E. Olejnik T. Tokarski B. Grabowska Ł. Szymański P. Kurtyka P. Czapla

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 2 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2016-0032

Keywords MMCs Locally reinforcement In situ TiC Castings Hardness wear resistance Ball-on-disc

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

In order to increase wear resistance cast steel casting the TiC-Fe-Cr type composite zones were fabricated. These zones were obtained by

means of in situ synthesis of substrates of the reaction TiC with a moderator of a chemical composition of white cast iron with nickel of

the Ni-Hard type 4. The synthesis was carried out directly in the mould cavity. The moderator was applied to control the reactive

infiltration occurring during the TiC synthesis. The microstructure of composite zones was investigated by electron scanning microscopy,

using the backscattered electron mode. The structure of composite zones was verified by the X-ray diffraction method. The hardness of

composite zones, cast steel base alloy and the reference samples such as white chromium cast iron with 14 % Cr and 20 % Cr, manganese

cast steel 18 % Mn was measured by Vickers test. The wear resistance of the composite zone and the reference samples examined by ballon-disc

wear test. Dimensionally stable composite zones were obtained containing submicron sizes TiC particles uniformly distributed in

the matrix. The macro and microstructure of the composite zone ensured three times hardness increase in comparison to the cast steel base

alloy and one and a half times increase in comparison to the white chromium cast iron 20 % Cr. Finally ball-on-disc wear rate of the

composite zone was five times lower than chromium white cast iron containing 20 % Cr.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

E. Olejnik

T. Tokarski

B. Grabowska

Ł. Szymański

P. Kurtyka

P. Czapla

Search results

Filters

Search results

The Influence of Pearlite Present in the Microstructure of GX120MnCr13 Cast Steel on Wear Resistance

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Locally Reinforcement TiC-Fe Type Produced in Situ in Castings

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Hardness and Wear Resistance of TiC-Fe-Cr Locally Reinforcement Produced in Cast Steel

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations