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Dynamics of coking coal pricing in international trade in 1980–2020

Urszula Ozga-Blaschke
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2021 | vol. 37 | No 3 | 125-138 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2021.138656
Keywords coking coal benchmark prices spot market
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Abstract


The demand for coking coal in international trade is determined mainly by demand from the steel industry, which, in turn, is dependent on the global economic situation and the condition of the steel market.
Business cycles in commodity markets are normal, but in the 21st century the good and bad times in the global coal market have shortened, and the amplitudes of price fluctuations have been much greater than they used to be.
China, as the world’s biggest producer and consumer of coking coals, and at the same time the largest importer and major participant in the Asian spot market, played a leading role in these events.
On the supply side, the main factor for these events is the concentration of production of premium hard coals on the east coast of Australia (in Queensland), in an area exposed to strong weather conditions (floods, hurricanes). Australia’s share of coal supply to the international metallurgical coal market (seaborne) is about 60%.
Coal prices on the international market are mainly shaped by the relationships between Australian suppliers and Asian customers. The increased share of China and India in global coking coal trade has weakened the bargaining power of Japanese giant companies in benchmark price negotiations.
Using the example of FOB prices of the Australian Premium HCC, the article shows how prices in metallurgical coal trade have evolved (in a long time horizon) against the background of market conditions. It also describes how the ongoing changes have affected the way benchmark prices are set in international coking coal trade.
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Bibliography


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Metallurgical Coal 2018 – Metallurgical Coal 2018 Spot Trade Review. Metals special report. March 2019. S&PGlobal Platts. [Online] www.platts.com/metals [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2004. Prices of metallurgical coke and of coking coal on foreign markets (Ceny koksu metalurgicznego i węgla koksowego na rynkach międzynarodowych). Przegląd Górniczy 60(7–8), pp. 21–24 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2006. State of the art and forecast of international coking coal market development (Stan aktualny i prognozy rozwoju międzynarodowego rynku węgla koksowego). Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 9(is. special), pp. 633–643 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2009. The impact of the economic crisis on the steel, coking coal and coke markets (Wpływ kryzysu gospodarczego na rynki stali, węgla koksowego i koksu). Przegląd Górniczy 65(3–4), pp. 8–13 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2010. Coking coal management (Gospodarka węglem koksowym). Kraków: MEERI PAS (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2012. Coking coal market development within the context of the global economic situation (Rozwój rynku węgli koksowych na tle sytuacji gospodarczej na świecie). Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 15(4), pp. 255–267 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2016. Metallurgical Raw Materials Markets (Rynki surowców metalurgicznych). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 95, pp. 7–22 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2017. Evolution of price mechanism on the international market of metallurgical coal (Ewolucja mechanizmu cenowego na międzynarodowym rynku węgli metalurgicznych). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 98, pp. 65–76 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke U. 2018. Coking coal prices on the international market – the current situation and forecasts (Ceny węgla koksowego na rynku międzynarodowym – sytuacja bieżąca i prognozy). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 105, pp. 53–62 (in Polish).
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Ozga-Blaschke
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland

Exploring heuristic techniques for flow shop scheduling

Zuzana Soltysova Pavol Semanco Jan Modrak
Management and Production Engineering Review | 2019 | vol. 10 | No 3 | DOI: 10.24425/mper.2019.129598
Keywords Benchmarking flow shop makespan relative percent deviation heuristics
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Abstract

This paper explores selected heuristics methods, namely CDS, Palmer’s slope index, Gupta’s

algorithm, and concurrent heuristic algorithm for minimizing the makespan in permutation

flow shop scheduling problem. Its main scope is to explore how different instances sizes

impact on performance variability. The computational experiment includes 12 of available

benchmark data sets of 10 problems proposed by Taillard. The results are computed and

presented in the form of relative percentage deviation, while outputs of the NEH algorithm

were used as reference solutions for comparison purposes. Finally, pertinent findings are

commented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzana Soltysova
Pavol Semanco
Jan Modrak

Numerical benchmarks for topology optimization of structures with stress constraints

Grzegorz Fiuk Mirosław W. Mrzygłód
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | 6 | e139317 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.139317
Keywords topology benchmarks stress constraints topology optimization additive manufacturing
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Abstract

Modern industry requires an increasing level of efficiency in a lightweight design. To achieve these objectives, easy-to-apply numerical tests can help in finding the best method of topological optimization for practical industrial applications. In this paper, several numerical benchmarks are proposed. The numerical benchmarks facilitate qualitative comparison with analytical examples and quantitative comparison with the presented numerical solutions. Moreover, an example of a comparison of two optimization algorithms was performed. That was a commonly used SIMP algorithm and a new version of the CCSA hybrid algorithm of topology optimization. The numerical benchmarks were done for stress constraints and a few material models used in additive manufacturing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Fiuk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław W. Mrzygłód
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Opole University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, ul. Mikołajczyka 5, 45-271 Opole, Poland

A Study of the Efficiency of Polish Foundries Using Data Envelopment Analysis

A. Stawowy J. Duda
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2017 | vol. 17 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2017-0039
Keywords Benchmarking Data Envelopment Analysis Application of information technology to the foundry industry
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Abstract

The article presents a study on the effectiveness of the foundries using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The aim of the article

is to analyze the usefulness of DEA method in the study of the relative efficiency of the foundries. DEA is a benchmarking technique

based on linear programming to evaluate the effectiveness of the analyzed objects. The research was conducted in four Polish and two

foreign plants. Evaluated foundries work in similar markets and have similar production technology. We created a DEA model with two

inputs (fixed assets and employment) and one output (operating profit). The model was produced and solved using Microsoft Excel

together with its Solver add-in. Moreover, we wrote a short VBA script to perform automating calculations. The results of our study

include a benchmark and foundries’ ranking, and directions to improve the efficiency of inefficient units. Our research has shown that

DEA can be a very valuable method for evaluating the efficiency of foundries.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Stawowy
J. Duda

Innovative triangular plate elements for enhanced plate bending analyses

Arash Karimi Pour Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2024 | Articles accepted | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2024.149637
Keywords triangular element plate benchmark precise stress finite element method variational principle
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Abstract

The performance of triangular elements satisfying either compatibility or incompatibility conditions in the plate bending analyses is of great importance. To achieve highly accurate responses, four elements are formulated for the structural analysis in this study. All of these elements have thirteen nodes with different degree-of-freedom arrangements. Two of them are displacement-based compatible triangular elements, which are named Karimi Pour Compatible Triangular (KCT) and Noroozinejad Compatible Triangular (NCT) elements. Besides, the other two stress-based incompatible triangular elements are also suggested with the names of Karimi Pour Incompatible Triangular (KIT) and Noroozinejad Incompatible Triangular (NIT) elements. In this study, several benchmark problems are solved by using four proposed elements. These structures were previously analyzed by analytical or numerical schemes. Findings clearly indicated the improvement of answers, when various behaviors of the plate bending structures were studied. Additionally, it is concluded that the solution time is considerably declined if the recommended stress-based elements are utilized.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arash Karimi Pour
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ehsan Noroozinejad Farsangi
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), Texas, USA
  2. Urban Transformations Research Centre (UTRC), Western Sydney University ( NSW), Australia

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