One of the mathematical tools to measure the generation rate of new patterns along a sequence of symbols is the Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZ). Under additional assumptions, LZ is an estimator of entropy in the Shannon sense. Since entropy is considered as a measure of randomness, this means that LZ can be treated also as a randomness indicator. In this paper, we used LZ concept to the analysis of different flow regimes in cold flow combustor models. Experimental data for two combustor’s configurations motivated by efficient mixing need were considered. Extensive computer analysis was applied to develop a complexity approach to the analysis of velocity fluctuations recorded with hot-wire anemometry and PIV technique. A natural encoding method to address these velocity fluctuations was proposed. It turned out, that with this encoding the complexity values of the sequences are well correlated with the values obtained by means of RMS method (larger/smaller complexity larger/smaller RMS). However, our calculations pointed out the interesting result that most complex, this means most random, behavior does not overlap with the “most turbulent” point determined by the RMS method, but it is located in the point with maximal average velocity. It seems that complexity method can be particularly useful to analyze turbulent and unsteady flow regimes. Moreover, the complexity can also be used to establish other flow characteristics like its ergodicity or mixing.

Fifteen species of isopods, representing 10 families, were recorded on holdfasts of the brown alga Himantothallus grandifolius . Material was collected in the 15–75 m depth range during the austral summer of 1979/80. The isopod community was dominated by Caecognathia antarctica (mean density 12.4 ± 13.1 ind./100 ml) followed by Cymodocella tubicauda (mean density 0.7 ± 2.1 ind./100 ml). Mean total density of isopods reached the value of 16.1 ± 14.0 ind./100 ml. The comparison with the other studies showed that hold− fasts are inhabited by a distinctive isopod community that differs from the isopod fauna associated with soft bottom of Admiralty Bay.

This paper presents a novel low-complexity soft demapping algorithm for two-dimensional non-uniform spaced constellations (2D-NUCs) and massive order one-dimensional NUCs (1D-NUCs). NUCs have been implemented in a wide range of new broadcasting systems to approach the Shannon limit further, such as DVB-NGH, ATSC 3.0 and NGB-W. However, the soft demapping complexity is extreme due to the substantial distance calculations. In the proposed scheme, the demapping process is classified into four cases based on different quadrants. To deal with the complexity problem, four groups of reduced subsets in terms of the quadrant for each bit are separately calculated and stored in advance. Analysis and simulation prove that the proposed demapper only introduces a small penalty under 0.02dB with respect to Max-Log-MAP demapper, whereas a significant complexity reduction ranging from 68.75% to 88.54% is obtained.

Deposits in the form of seams are most often exploited by means of mechanised longwall systems. Hard coal seams of various thicknesses are mined by plowing and shearer complexes. Both solutions are commonly used in Polish and global mining. Mechanised longwall systems consist of many machines, the most important of which are the mining machine, powered support, armoured face conveyor and beam stage loader. The article is concerned with the failure frequency of longwalls equipped with plow and shearer longwall systems in one of the Polish hard coal mines. The analysis covers a period of 13 months of the mine’s operation, during which 2,589 failures were recorded. It was carried out for all longwalls exploited in that period, i.e. five plow and five shearer ones, operating in six different sections. In the analysed period, these longwalls worked for an average of 150 days, and a total of 1,484 days. The analysis takes into account the basic division of failures used in the mining branch, i.e. mining, electrical and mechanical failures. The plow and shearer complexes were analysed separately, taking into account the failure category for all devices. A comprehensive analysis of the failure rates has revealed that the failure rate of longwalls equipped with plow complexes is noticeably higher than that of shearer ones. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that mining failures are prevalent in the analysis of both the number of failures and the average duration of failures.

The never before published paper is one of the last writings of Juliusz Żórawski (1898–1967), professor architect and theoretician of architecture. The notion of limited complexity introduced here relates to individual characteristics of the conceptual abilities of man. Tasks of architecture are based on prognoses, and this brings with it the risk of making errors. The author criticises J. Fourastié’s prognoses related to the Earth’s overpopulation in 3000 AD, which would force building new cities above the ground, contrary to human psychosomatic nature and habitude.

This paper is an attempt to explain the concept of emergence of spatial systems. It indicates basic features of this concept, such as: coevolution, selforganization, patterns, sudden changes, hierarchy. The emergence of complex systems is very fruitful approach to the theoretical reconstruction of the processes of space economy. It should be included in the discussion on evolutionary economics and geography. Recently, in both disciplines creative research is carried out on this subject matter.

Linguistic materials of uncertain syntactic status in a corpus of blog posts – This article proposes an analysis of some modalities of the interfrastic connection in the linguistic productions of bloggers. In particular, attention is focused on cases that present a structural interest as they fall into an intermediate space between autonomy and syntactic-semantic integration. More specifically, it focuses on cases of hypercoding and hypocoding of the the syntactic linking of clauses, as well as on cases of deviant coding.

The main objective of the research work was to identify the dimensions of complexity and study the relationship between these defined dimensions in the industrial automation sector. To achieve these objectives in the study, there was assumed the following major hypothesis: With the increasing role of dynamic cross-section of the complexity there is growing importance of relationship dimension for competitive advantage. In the study there were diagnosed four dimensions of complexity. Existence of the relationship between these four identified dimensions of complexity occurred by the use of the Fisher’s exact test, which is a variant of the test of independence ��2. Furthermore, there were calculated V-Cramer factors to estimate the intensity of the above-mentioned relationship between analyzed dimensions. The research discovered that the three out of four dimensions such as the number of elements, variety of elements and uncertainty depend on the last dimension of complexity which is the relationship between elements. In the turbulent environment there is a growing importance of the relationship dimension. It forms competitive advantage and is a key condition of success in creating a new type of modern enterprise strategy that occurs within complexity management in the industrial automation sector.

The article discusses the expansion of the influence of the museum as a culture forming structure on the example of one of the most beautiful cities in Eastern Europe. Lviv is considered a regional metropolis, its cultural influence extends across Western Ukraine. The paper presents the evolution of the museum’s function in the spatial development of Lviv and urban conditions of expanding this function in a modern city. The need for the placement of museum complexes on the outskirts of Lviv’s city center was determined.

This paper reviews parametric audio coders and discusses novel technologies introduced in a low-complexity, low-power consumption audio decoder and music synthesizer platform developed by the authors. The decoder uses parametric coding scheme based on the MPEG-4 Parametric Audio standard. In order to keep the complexity low, most of the processing is performed in the parametric domain. This parametric processing includes pitch and tempo shifting, volume adjustment, selection of psychoacoustically relevant components for synthesis and stereo image creation. The decoder allows for good quality 44.1 kHz stereo audio streaming at 24 kbps. The synthesizer matches the audio quality of industry-standard sample-based synthesizers while using a twenty times smaller memory footprint soundbank. The presented decoder/synthesizer is designed for low-power mobile platforms and supports music streaming, ringtone synthesis, gaming and remixing applications.

Optimal random network coding is reduced complexity in computation of coding coefficients, computation of encoded packets and coefficients are such that minimal transmission bandwidth is enough to transmit coding coefficient to the destinations and decoding process can be carried out as soon as encoded packets are started being received at the destination and decoding process has lower computational complexity. But in traditional random network coding, decoding process is possible only after receiving all encoded packets at receiving nodes. Optimal random network coding also reduces the cost of computation. In this research work, coding coefficient matrix size is determined by the size of layers which defines the number of symbols or packets being involved in coding process. Coding coefficient matrix elements are defined such that it has minimal operations of addition and multiplication during coding and decoding process reducing computational complexity by introducing sparseness in coding coefficients and partial decoding is also possible with the given coding coefficient matrix with systematic sparseness in coding coefficients resulting lower triangular coding coefficients matrix. For the optimal utility of computational resources, depending upon the computational resources unoccupied such as memory available resources budget tuned windowing size is used to define the size of the coefficient matrix.

Following the results presented in [21], we present an efficient approach to the Schur parametrization/modeling of a subclass of second-order time-series which we term p-stationary time-series, yielding a uniform hierarchy of algorithms suitable for efficient implementations and being a good starting point for nonlinear generalizations to higher-order non-Gaussian nearstationary time-series.

Maintenance of process plants requires application of good maintenance practice due to

a great level of complexity. From a plant maintenance point of view, the most significant activity

is turnaround, an activity carried out through project task with long planning process

period and very short execution period, which makes it one of the most complex projects

of maintenance in general. It is exactly this kind of maintenance that is based on multidisciplinarity

which has to be implemented through the system of quality management on all

levels of maintenance management. This paper defines the most significant factors determining

the process of turnaround projects quality management and its efficiency. Such relation

is observed through moderating influence of complexity on process management efficiency

in the turnaround project. The empirical research was conducted based on the survey of

turnaround project participants in five refineries in Croatia, Italy, Slovakia and Hungary.

For exploring the influence of research variables testing of the target relation is carried out

by applying logistical regression. Research results confirm the significance of complexity as

variable that significantly contributes to the project performance through the moderating

influence on success of the project, as well as the influence of an efficient management on

a plant turnaround project key results. Beside theoretical indications, practical implications

that arise from this research study mainly refers to management process of the industrial

plant maintenance project.

One of the main challenges to solve in an Industry 4.0 context for manufacturing leaders worldwide is increasing product and value-stream complexity. In this paper we present a standardized visualization methodology through multichannel plots applied to complex organizational design network configurations. Combining network theory and strategic lean management oriented organizational design through Hoshin Kanri Forest technology, this approach is expected to allow scholars and organizational leaders to systematically visualize strategic organizational design KPI (key performance indicator) dynamic states and hence significantly reduce KPI interpretation complexity. An example is briefly shown for explanatory purposes

The aim of this paper is to analyse various animal-specifi c complex lexical units together with patterns that can be held responsible for their underlying conceptual structure. Many examples of the data investigated in the paper seem to represent compounds as they are traditionally understood in the literature of the subject (see, among others, Bauer 2003; Katamba and Stonham 2006; Lieber and Štekauer 2009; Fàbregas and Scalise 2012; Bauer et al. 2013); however, others do not meet the basic criteria for compoundhood as postulated by, for example, Altakhaineh (2016). In my research I use the term animal-specifi c complex lexical units with reference to all animal-related composite expressions being the result of the working of metaphor-metonymy interaction.

This article presents our key arguments about the usefulness of the concept of superdiversity for reimag-ining migration in European societies, based on the example of migration from Poland to the UK. We argue that, despite some criticism of ‘superdiversity’, this concept is beneficial to avoid over-simplifi-cations related to ethno-nationalised homogeneity as the prevailing ascribed feature of Polish migrants, offering a helpful lens through which the complexities and fluidity of contemporary migrant populations and receiving societies may be investigated. Our main point is that such the reimagination might be commenced through applying the concept of superdiversity in research on migrants from Poland in Great Britain. The concept of superdiversity is also beneficial to understand complexities associated with the urban contexts in which migrants settle, their adaptation pathways as well as the intersectional factors shaping migrants’ lives and experiences.

In this article the capabilities or mathematical heavy gas atmospheric dispersion models to describe the dispersion or heavy gases in complex and obstructed terrain arc presented. The models have been entegorizcd into three main classes: phenomenological (empirical) models. intermediate (engineering) models and computational fluid dynamic (research) models. Each group or models is discussed separately. The general features or the models arc discussed briefly, Examples of the heavy gas atmospheric dispersion models carable to treat the influence or non-Ilut and obstructed terrain on the heavy gas dispersion result from the work carried out in the European Union and in the US. No model simulating the heavy gas atmospheric dispersion over complex or obstructed terrain has been yet developed in Poland. The need lor future work on the effects of complex and obstructed terrain on the heavy gas atmospheric dispersion is expressed. future research in the area should include both experimental and modeling work. In the context of this raper future modeling work is worth considering in more detail. il seems that all the approaches 10 describe the hcavv gas atmospheric dispersion over complex and obstructed terrain arc worth further aucntion. This opinion is supported by the fact that these approaches arc used in different types of heavy gas dispersion models. which in turn differ in applications. The simpler methods arc introduced to the simpler heavy gas atmospheric dispersion models applied mainly in the routine calculations. The advanced techniques capable to describe the: now near complicated geometrics are used in the sophisticated models applied mainly as a research tools.

The first record of an oriental, alien aphid species belonging to the genus Takecallis, associated with the cold hardy bamboo Fargesia rufa T.P.Yi, collected in Słupsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland, is provided. The increase in worldwide trade of new frost-resistant ornamental bamboo varieties as a source of introducing alien species of insects in Europe and the role of garden centers as potential dispersal sites for these species is discussed.

Complex gaps may be formed when carrying out live working in substations, while the discharge characteristics of complex gaps are different from those of single gaps. This paper focuses on the prediction of critical 50% positive switching impulse breakdown voltage ( U _{50–crit +} of phase-to-phase complex gaps formed in 220 kV substations. Firstly, several electric field features were defined on the shortest discharge path of the complex gap to reflect the electric field distribution. Then support vector machine (SVM) prediction models were established according to the connection between electric field distribution and breakdown voltage. Finally, the U _50–crit¸+ data of the complex gap were obtained through twice electric field calculations and predictions. The prediction results show that the minimum U _{50–crit +} of phase-to-phase complex gaps is 1147 kV, and the critical position is 0.9 m away from the high voltage conductor, accounting for 27% of the whole gap. Both critical position and voltage are in good agreement with the values provided in IEC 61472.

The awareness of the growing importance of the complexity in creating a new type of a modern enterprise strategy and in introducing changes within planning, control and organizational structures contributed to undertaking studies on relationships occurring between the complexity of a modern enterprise and its flexibility in the sector of industrial automation, as well as filling the gap relating to the cognitive impact of poor complexity management on the flexibility of the company. The main objective of the research work is to check whether there is an important relationship between the complexity of the business and its flexibility in the industrial automation sector. Quantification of the relationship between these two quantities – the complexity and flexibility – happened by the use of the Multidimensional Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and Perceptual Maps. The study which has been carried out indicated that the flexibility and complexity functions in the enterprise management rise, however, the knowledge of these issues is highly insufficient. The research discovered that the obstacles which hamper striking a balance between the flexibility and complexity in their advanced stages exert a devastating impact on the quality of the process management. Reducing the flexibility at its higher levels generates a context in which the market risk is enhanced. Companies characterised by improper flexibility management bear higher workforce costs and their processes of decision-making last longer. Methodical and systematized study of flexibility and complexity will decrease the destructive influence of the interaction between these two categories.

In this work, the spectrophotometric studies on the kinetics of redox reaction between gold(III) bromide complexes and sodium nitrite, were carried out. From the kinetic curves collected under different conditions of reactants concentration, addition of bromide ions, temperature, pH and ionic strength, corresponding rate constants have been determined. The obtained results suggest the complex path of the [AuBr4]– reduction consisting of two parallel, bimolecular reactions where different reductant species (HNO2 and NO2–) take place and consecutive step with the metallic gold production. The second-order rate constants at 20oC are equal to 2.948 and 0.191 M–1·s–1, respectively. The values of activation enthalpy and activation entropy for the first and the second parallel step of the reaction were found to be ΔH‡ = 29.18 kJ·mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –13.95 J·mol–1·K, and ΔH‡ = 40.75 kJ·mol–1 and ΔS‡ = –31.06 ­J·mol–1·K, respectively. It was found that the reaction accelerates significantly with the increase of pH and is inhibited with the increase of Br– concentration. The substitutive, inner-sphere mechanism of electron transfer in the studied system was also suggested.

The green logistics item as a part of distribution processes represents an innovative perspective in many views. This perspective is current from an offer and demand point of view. Many authors examine only the businesses aspect, while labour market acceptance is important. The aim of this article is to create and verify a green distribution model and this examines the green distribution perception from the consumer’s point of view in a context of chosen demographic characteristics. The creation of a green distribution model is supported by secondary research at which consists of four parts – input, transport, production and sale. Model verification was taken with primary research which base was created of 409 respondents. In the study, we use many statistical and mathematical, as well as scientific and philosophical methods. Among the most significant belong Cronbach’s alpha and McDonald’s omega. We used to verify and estimate model reliability, correlation analysis for relation research, one-way ANOVA test for research hypotheses verification and cluster analysis for identification of possible hidden clusters. The model can be considered a reliable one. Results indicate a low influence of distribution ecological factor in a consumer’s perspective, as well, it can be stated, the age, contrary to sex, represents a significant factor in a green distribution perception. Results can be used in both the academic and commercial spheres in various fields and disciplines. The primary survey was conducted in Slovakia, but it would be appropriate to examine the model in other countries, as well as to identify factors that may affect the model of green distribution in the future.

The aquifers in the M’léta Plain are crucial for supplying drinking water and supporting industrial and agricultural water needs. However, they are facing a pollution risk and environmental degradation. The present study aims to assess the groundwater quality in the M’léta Plain, focusing on its physicochemical properties, statistics of the aquifer, pollution risks, and factors influencing the water mineralisation process. The analysis of 16 samples reveals that the water contains high levels of sulphates and chlorides, often accompanied by sodium, calcium, or magnesium. This suggests two distinct water types or facies: one characterised by sodium chloride or calcium chloride, and the other with calcic or sodic sulphate waters, sometimes including magnesium sulphate. These facies may be attributed to the influence of different formations at the outcrop. Statistical analyses reveal a strong correlation between electrical conductivity and the majority of chemical elements, indicating the impact of freshwater interacting with the underlying rock formations on mineralisation. Some results also show undersaturation of certain minerals. Furthermore, the study evaluates the water's suitability for irrigation in the M’léta Plain in accordance with Richards’ classification.