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Abstract

This work presents the results of the research of the effect of the inoculant Emgesal Flux 5 on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% to 0.6%. The thermal processes were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). During the examination, the DTA samplers were preheated up to 180 °C. A particular attention was paid to finding the optimum amount of inoculant, which would cause fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified by means of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope, and an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS–Elements program were carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is an introduction to a further research of grain refinement in magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better microstructure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the related changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
D. Mikusek
A. Andrzejczak
T. Pacyniak
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research related to the possibility of inoculation of the AZ91 magnesium alloy casted into ceramic moulds by gadolinium. Effects of gadolinium content (0.1–0.6 wt%) on microstructure of the AZ91 alloy under as-cast state were investigated. The influence of the inoculator on the formation of the microstructure investigated by means of the thermal and derivative analysis by analysing the thermal effects arising during the alloy crystallization resulting from the phases formed. The degree of fragmentation of the microstructure of the tested alloys was assessed by means of the light microscopy studies and an image analysis with statistical analysis was performed. Conducted analyses have aimed at examining on the effect of inoculation of the gadolinium on the differences between the grain diameters and average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters of all phases, preliminary αMg and eutectics αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material.
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Bibliography

[1] Wang, Y.N. & Huang, J.C. (2007). The role of twinning and untwining in yielding behavior in hot-extruded Mg-Al-Zn. Alloy Acta Materialia. 55(3), 897-905. DOI: 10.1016/ j.actamat.2006.09.010.
[2] Yu, Zhang et. al (2017). Effects of samarium addition on as-cast microstructure, grain fragmentation and mechanical properties of Mg-6Zn-0.4Zr magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 167(1), 31-33. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(17)60939-6.
[3] Cao, F.Y, Song, G.L. & Atrens, A. (2016). Corrosion and passivation of magnesium alloys. Corrosion Science, 111(10), 835-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2016.05.041.
[4] Mao, X., Yi, Y., Huang, S. & He, H. (2019). Bulging limit of AZ31B magnesium alloy tubes in hydroforming with internal and external pressure. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 101, 2509-2517. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-018-3076-5.
[5] Władysiak, R. & Kozuń, A. (2015). Structure of AlSi20 alloy in heat treated die casting. Archives of Foundry Engineering.15(1), 113-118. DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0021.
[6] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B. & Pacyniak, T. (2017). Effect of intensive cooling of alloy AZ91 with a chromium addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the casting. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 62(4), 2199-2204. DOI: 10.1515/amm-2017-0324.
[7] Zhao, H.L., Guan, S.K. & Zheng, F.Y. (2007). Effects of Sr and B addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Journal of Materials Research. 22, 2423-2428. DOI: 10.1557/jmr.2007.0331.
[8] Bonnah, R.C., Fu, Y. & Hao, H. (2019). Microstructure and mechanical properties ofAZ91 magnesium alloy with minor additions of Sm, Si and Ca elements. China Foundry. 16(5), 319-325. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-019-9067-9.
[9] Jafari, H. & Amiryavari, P. (2016). The effects of zirconium and beryllium on microstructure evolution, mechanical properties and corrosion behaviour of as-cast AZ63 alloy. Materials Science & Engineering A. 654, 161-168 DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2015.12.034.
[10] Boby, A., Ravikumar, K.K., Pillai, U.T.S. & Pai, B.C. (2013). Effect of antimony and yttrium addition on the high temperature properties of AZ91 magnesium alloy. Procedia Engineering 55. 355(5), 98-102. DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng. 2013.03.226.
[11] Huang, W., Yang, X., Mukai, T. & Sakai, T. (2019). Effect of yttrium addition on the hot deformation behaviors and microstructure development of magnesium alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 786, 118-125. DOI: 10.1016/ j.jallcom.2019.01.269.
[12] Pourbahari, B., Mirzadeh, H., Emamy, M. & Roumina, R. (2018). Enhanced ductility of afine-grained Mg-Gd-Al-Zn magnesium alloy by hot extrusion. Advanced Engineering Materials. 20, 1701171. DOI: 10.1002/adem.201701171.
[13] Tardif, S., Tremblay, R. & Dubé, D. (2010). Influence of cerium on the microstructure and mechanical properties of ZA104 and ZA104 + 0.3Ca magnesium alloys. Material Science and Engineering A. 527, 7519-7529. DOI: 10.1016/j.msea.2010.08.082.
[14] Wang, X.J. et al. (2018). What is going on in magnesium alloys? Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 34(2), 245-247. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2017.07.019.
[15] Nan, J. et. al (2016) Effect of neodymium, gadolinium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ80 magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 34(6), 632-637. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(16)60072-8.
[16] Miao, Y., Yaohui, L., Jiaan, L. & Yulai, S. (2014). Corrosion and mechanical properties of AM50 magnesium alloy after being modified by 1 wt.% rare earth element gadolinium. Journal of Rare Earth. 723, 558-563. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(14)60108-3.
[17] Mingbo, Y., Caiyuan, Q., Fusheng, P. & Tao, Z. (2011). Comparison of effects of cerium, yttrium and gadolinium additions on as-cast microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-3Sn-1Mn magnesium alloy. Journal of Rare Earths. 29(6), 550-557. DOI: 10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60496-6.
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[19] Pietrowski, S. & Rapiejko, C. (2011). Temperature and microstructure characteristics of silumin casting AlSi9 made with investment casting method. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 177-186.
[20] PN-EN 1753:2001. Magnesium and magnesium alloys. Magnesium alloy ingots and castings.
[21] Rapiejko, C., Pisarek, B, Czekaj, E. & Pacyniak, T. (2014). Analysis of AM60 and AZ91 Alloy Crystallisation in ceramic moulds by thermal derivative analisys (TDA). Archive of Metallurgy and Materials. 59(4) DOI: 10.2478/amm-2014-0246.
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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Mikusek
1
P. Just
1
T. Pacyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, ul. Stefanowskiego 1, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

The effect of Ca element on the microstructure evolution of the AZ91 magnesium alloy was investigated in this research. The magne-sium-aluminium alloy AZ91 was inoculated with the Emgesal® Flux 5 to refine its microstructure and also improve its microstructure. Six different concentrations of the Emgesal® Flux 5 content were tested, ranging from 0.1 to 0.6% wt., and compared to the baseline of the AZ91 alloy without inoculation. Melted metal was poured into a preheated metallic mould. Samples to test were achieved after turning treatment. Formed microstructure was assessed using an optical microscope. The microstructure was refined for every tested samples. Me-chanical properties such as tensile strength, elongation, Brinell hardness, Vickers microhardness, abrasion resistance and adhesive resistance were tested on the inoculated samples and compared to the non-inoculated AZ91. Introducing an Emgesal®Flux 5 inoculant caused a change in the tensile strength, elongation, Brinell hard-ness, Vickers microhardness, abrasive wear resistance as well as adhesive wear resistance in each examined concentration.
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Authors and Affiliations

C. Rapiejko
1
ORCID: ORCID
D. Mikusek
1
K. Kubiak
2
ORCID: ORCID
T. Pacyniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Materials Engineering and Production Systems, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1-15, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  2. Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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Abstract

In this paper is discussed the effect of the inoculant mischmetal addition on the microstructure of the magnesium alloy AZ91. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in the samples within the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The thermal process was performed with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). A particular attention was paid to finding the optimal amount of the inoculant, which causes fragmentation of the microstructure. The concentration of each element was verified with use of a spark spectrometer. In addition, the microstructures of every samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope and also was performed an image analysis with a statistical analysis using the NIS–Elements program. The point of those analyses was to examine the differences in the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg+γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared samples as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters. This paper is the second part of the introduction into a bigger research on grain refinement of magnesium alloys, especially AZ91. Another purpose of this research is to achieve better microstructure fragmentation of magnesium alloys without the relevant changes of the chemical composition, which should improve the mechanical properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Mikusek
C. Rapiejko
ORCID: ORCID
D. Walisiak
T. Pacyniak
ORCID: ORCID

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