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Abstract

Dr. Krzysztof Fic of the Poznań University of Technology discusses energy storage, aesthetic medicine’s quest for immortality, and how much time goes into being a scientist.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Fic
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Abstract

The article presents methods of evaluating energy consumption of water pumps. Pump characteristics during work at variable rotational speed and constant head are discussed. Characteristics of the upper slope of pump efficiency curve were determined for the cases of constant and variable growth of rotational speed The left-sided coefficient of pump efficiency correction was defined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szychta
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Abstract

The article presents criterion of evaluating energy consumption of water pumping. The lower slope of pump efficiency characteristic curve was plotted for the case of: constant gain of rotational speed and variable gain of rotational speed. The unified form of the lower slope of pump efficiency characteristic curve was defined for variable head. The right-side coefficient of pump efficiency correction was defined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Leszek Szychta
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Abstract

Unmanned, battery-powered quadrotors have a limited onboard energy resources. However, flight duration might be increased by reasonable energy expenditure. A reliable mathematical model of the drone is required to plan the optimum energy management during the mission. In this paper, the theoretical energy consumption model was proposed. A small, low-cost DJI MAVIC 2 Pro quadrotor was used as a test platform. Model parameters were obtained experimentally in laboratory conditions. Next, the model was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and then validated using the data collected during real flight trials in outdoor conditions. Finally, the Monte-Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the model reliability in the presence of modeling uncertainties. It was obtained that the parameter uncertainties could affect the amount of total consumed energy by less than 8% of the nominal value. The presented model of energy consumption might be practically used to predict energy expenditure, battery state of charge, and voltage in a typical mission of a drone.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Głębocki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Żugaj
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mariusz Jacewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effect of electric car performance characteristics on vehicle energy consumption and driving range. The test object was a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle. The characteristic curves of basic and additional resistance to motion (sum of rolling resistance and air resistance and inertia resistance or grade resistance, respectively) were applied to the model characteristic curve of electric motor torque of the tested vehicle. Based on that, the graphs describing the relationships between vehicle energy consumption and vehicle speed were made (for specific values of car acceleration / acclivity grade) as well as the relations between vehicle driving range and its traction properties. It was concluded that the use of performance characteristics significantly increased the vehicle’s energy consumption and decreased the available vehicle’s driving range.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski
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Abstract

The predicted annual growth of energy consumption in ICT by 4% towards 2020, despite improvements and efficiency gains in technology, is challenging our ability to claim that ICT is providing overall gains in energy efficiency and Carbon Imprint as computers and networks are increasingly used in all sectors of activity. Thus we must find means to limit this increase and preserve quality of service (QoS) in computer systems and networks. Since the energy consumed in ICT is related to system load, ]this paper discusses the choice of system load that offers the best trade-off between energy consumption and QoS. We use both simple queueing models and measurements to develop and illustrate the results. A discussion is also provided regarding future research directions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Erol Gelenbe
Ricardo Lent
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Abstract

The effect of total energy consumption and electric energy consumption on cumulated noxiousness index (SWU) value of coke production process, steel rolled goods and PVC windows profiles is presented in the paper. Using the sequential analysis it was proved that in SWU of the prediction process, from the stage of law materials to the final product, the onerousness connected with energy consumption amounts from 70% up to 81%, whereas that connected with electric energy directly or indirectly consumed - from 60% up to 77%.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Malina
Jan Konieczyński
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Abstract

This research presents a 3D FE method for the simulation of the variable reluctance stepper motor dynamics. The proposed model is used to obtain the optimal minimum energy control law that minimizes the energy injected by the controller. The method is based on the strong coupling of field - circuit equations and extended to eddy current, motion and nonlinearity problem. The linearization technique for the coupled problem is presented. Also the lamination of the motor core is considered. In the paper the open - loop control problem is analyzed. The proposed model is validated by the comparison with measurements. Next, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed optimal minimum energy control method is applied. In both cases, the examination of the variable reluctance stepper motor dynamics and the steel loss in the core is presented and compared.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Bernat
Jakub Kołota
Sławomir Stępień
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Abstract

This paper presents a study on the effect of cleaning factors on the energy consumption of the cleaning process in a CIP system, and the correlation between single components of electricity necessary to perform this process and the cleanliness degree obtained. Studies were carried out in a laboratory cleaning station, wherein a plate heat exchanger contaminated with hot milk was included. The research program was developed according to a 5-level statistical plan. Based on the results, obtained with Experiment Planner 1.0, a regression function of energy requirement considering variables such as: cleaning time, temperature and flow rate of the cleaning liquid via the cleaned exchanger has been developed. Describing this relationship, linear and quadratic functions with double interactions were used. Significance level for the analysis was established at α = 0.05. Correlation analysis between components of the electricity necessary to perform the cleaning process (pump drive and heating of the cleaning agent) and the resulting degree of cleaning of heat exchanger plates was performed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Joanna Piepiórka-Stepuk
Jarosław Diakun
Marek Jakubowski
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Abstract

In this article, an outline of the key questions connected with the essential problems of energy-consumption of air-stream moulding machines has been presented. Research results and calculations of requisite parameters appraisable of energy-consumption of air-stream moulding machines have been supplemented also by the data analysis of offer of the moulding machines manufacturers. The attention on constructional and technological factors which are favourable for the diminution of energy-consuming of the moulding process has been paid.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Brzeziński
K. Smyksy
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Abstract

Mobile devices have become an integral part of our life and provide dozens of useful services to their users. However, usability of mobile devices is hindered by battery lifetime. Energy conservation can extend battery lifetime, however, any energy management policy requires accurate prediction of energy consumption, which is impossible without reliable energy measurement and estimation methods and tools. We present an analysis of the energy measurement methodologies and describe the implementations of the internal (profiling) software (proprietary, custom) and external software-based (Java API, Sensor API, GSM AT) energy measurement methodologies. The methods are applied to measure energy consumption on a variety of mobile devices (laptop PC, PDA, smart phone). A case study of measuring energy consumption on a mobile computer using 3DMark06 benchmarking software is presented

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Authors and Affiliations

Robertas Damaševičius
Vytautas Štuikys
Jevgenijus Toldinas
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Abstract

This paper proposes an analysis of the effect of vertical position of the pivot point of the inverted pendulum during humanoid walking. We introduce a new feature of the inverted pendulum by taking a pivot point under the ground level allowing a natural trajectory for the center of pressure (CoP), like in human walking. The influence of the vertical position of the pivot point on energy consumption is analyzed here. The evaluation of a 3D Walking gait is based on the energy consumption. A sthenic criterion is used to depict this evaluation. A consequent reduction of joint torques is shown with a pivot point under the ground.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sahab Omran
Sophie Sakka
Yannick Aoustin
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Abstract

This article systematizes the experience of conducting energy audits of production facilities and municipal establishments in the form of recommendations. The purpose of the analysis is to substantiate the criteria for an effective energy audit for thermal power stations. The object of the study is the formal and regulatory content of such criteria. The subject of the analysis (a prerequisite for objectification) is the systemic relationship of formal criteria with production efficiency. Based on the experience of energetic examinations, the general requirements for the subjects of the energy audit of thermal power stations are highlighted and the general approaches and the sequence of the analytical audit are recommended. It is generalized that the restoration and improvement of thermal power stations as elements of the Ukrainian energy system are cost-effectively provided that the relations between the customer and the energy auditor are transparent and open. From the perspective of energy management, the external on-site energy examination assesses the technical and economic performance of thermal power stations in a broad, comprehensive manner, identifying shortcomings and reserves, providing forecasting and determining the main areas of a thermal power station’s operation, and improving the plant’s reputation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Volodymyr Yevtukhov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Natalya Dunaievska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dmytro Bondzyk
2
ORCID: ORCID
Danylo Yevtukhov
3
ORCID: ORCID
Oleksandr Galinskiy
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Thermal Energy Technology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
  2. Department of Solid Fuel Energy Use, Thermal Energy Technology Institute of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Ukraine
  3. Individual Entrepreneur Danylo Volodymyrovych Yevtukhov, Ukraine
  4. Scientific Technical Center “Aeroplast”, Ukraine
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Abstract

The world economy is constantly faced with crises that cause a significant negative impact. Each crisis poses new challenges to the economy and, on the one hand, inhibits economic growth, and on the other hand, can become a powerful stimulus for the development and rethinking of fundamental approaches to its construction. Conducting an analysis and establishing relationships between the economic situation and the state of the energy sector make it possible not only to predict the future but also to develop specific steps to prevent crises or reduce their negative impact. At the same time, establishing and evaluating the relationship between key economic and energy indicators, the main one of which is definitely the energy intensity of GDP, will provide an opportunity to understand how improving energy security will affect the economic situation in the country. The generalization of Ukraine’s experience in rebuilding and recovering the economy after the biggest crisis creates a basis for further research in the field of energy management, crisis management, economics, and the construction of investment policy. The reconstruction of Ukraine after the war has the potential to become the most significant stimulus for development and economic growth. During the crisis, it is very important to pay attention to the country’s energy security. In particular, it is necessary to ensure the diversification of energy resources, taking into account their rising cost. Energy markets are currently experiencing extreme volatility caused by geopolitical tensions, which requires additional attention in the development and implementation of strategic guidelines for sustainable economic recovery in Ukraine.
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Authors and Affiliations

Musa Khan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Economics & Banking, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Abstract

Primary energy consumption depends on the size of the economy and its structure, including both industrial and service sectors, characterized by different energy demands. Some of the basic energy and economic indicators that can be used to analyze primary energy consumption include energy intensity, energy productivity and indicators measuring the activity of the economy (gross domestic product or gross value added). In the years 1995–2021, the Polish economy developed at a relatively constant pace, and the value of gross domestic product increased in real terms by almost 290% over the entire analyzed period. However, despite this increase, total primary energy consumption remained at the relatively constant level of around 3,800–4,600 PJ/year. This was caused by, among other factors, an increase in energy productivity on the one hand and a reduction in energy intensity on the other. It should be emphasized that a descriptive analysis of changes in primary energy consumption in Poland in the analyzed period, including changes in selected energy and economic indicators, does not allow the identification and quantification of the impact of all key factors on the total change of the examined value over time. In this context, the main aim of the research presented in this paper is to propose a decomposition model of primary energy consumption in Poland and adapt it to conduct analyses covering the period of economic and energy transition to quantitatively determine the impact of the identified factors on the total change in primary energy consumption in the 1995–2021 period. To perform the described research, decomposition analysis was applied, including a multiplicative and additive approach. A decomposition model was developed based on the formulated decomposition identity. Mathematical formulas of two methods were used to perform the calculations: a generalized Fisher index and the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI). The obtained results indicate that the effects of demand and energy intensity factors had the most significant impact on the primary energy consumption change.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Kaszyński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
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Abstract

Fresh water is essential for life. More and more countries around the world are facing scarcity of drinking water, which affects over 50% of the global population. Due to human activity such as industrial development and the increasing greenhouse effect, the amount of drinking water is drastically decreasing. To address this issue, various methods of sea and brackish water desalination are used. In this study, an energy analysis (specific energy consumption, SEC) of two laboratory membrane processes, reverse osmosis (RO) and pervaporation (PV), was conducted. A model feed system saline water at 0.8, and 3.5% wt. NaCl was used. The efficiency and selectivity of membranes used in PV and RO were examined, and power of the devices was measured. The desalination processes were found to have a high retention factor (over 99%) for both PV and RO. For PV, the permeate fluxes were small but they increased with increasing feed flow rate, process temperature and salt content in the feed. The calculated SEC values for both laboratory processes ranged from 2 to 70 MWh/m 3. Lowering the process temperature, which consumes 30 to 60% of the total energy used in the PV process, can be an important factor in reducing energy consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Gortat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Joanna Marszałek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Wawrzyniak
1

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Faculty of Process and Environmental Engineering, Wólczańska 213, 93-005 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

The article deals with a widely used method of measuring the overall efficiency of equipment (OEE), which in combination with technologies and software tools is gaining in importance. The overall efficiency of OEE equipment is a key performance metric for machines and equipment to identify hidden capacities and increase production productivity. The intensification of Industry 4.0 in traditional manufacturing companies supports and creates the conditions for their transformation into a smart factory. The integration of intelligent machines and devices with complex human-machine communication network systems requires a new direction in measuring and increasing OEE. Mass customization, resp. personalization of production raises a high need to monitor, improve and further maintain productivity. The aim of the article is to create a simulation model of the production process and test the energy consumption of selected equipment using TX Plant Simulation software with a proposal of measures to increase the OEE of the company.
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Authors and Affiliations

Miriam Pekarcíková
1
Peter Trebuna
2
Marek Kliment
2
Jozef Trojan
1
Ján Kopec
1
Michal Dic
1
Jana Kronová
1

  1. Department of Industrial and Digital Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Košice, Slovak Republic
  2. Department of Industrial and Digital Engineering, Technical University of Košice
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Abstract

The aim of the research is to assess and discuss the diversity of energy production and consumption in European Union countries. The time scope covers the years 2007 and 2016. The diversity of EU countries was examined using the cluster analysis. The following diagnostic features were adopted for the analysis: energy dependency rate (in %), gross inland consumption of energy per 10,000 inhabitants (toe/10,000 inhabitants), primary production of energy (all products) per 10,000 inhabitants (toe/10,000 inhabitants), primary production of renewable energies per 10,000 inhabitants (toe/10,000 inhabitants), primary production of energy (without renewable energy) per 10,000 inhabitants (toe/10,000 inhabitants). Comparing the included indicators from 2016 to 2007 for all EU countries, an increase was recorded only for the primary production of renewable energies per 10,000 inhabitants,. Based on the cluster analysis, the examined countries were divided into six groups. According to the results of the research carried out, Northern and Eastern European countries are characterized by low energy dependence. However, according to the analysis carried out, this dependence is guaranteed based on various energy sources. The Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Finland) owe their high independence to the production of large amounts of energy from renewable sources. On the other hand, countries such as the Netherlands, Denmark, Estonia and the whole of Eastern Europe are based on primary energy sources such as: coal, oil and gas. Southern Europe countries (Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Cyprus, Malta) are characterized by high energy dependence, as evidenced by low rates in the area of energy production, both in total and renewable and non-renewable energy production.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Agnieszka Janiszewska
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Abstract

This paper presents the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) analysis concerning the selected options of supercritical coal power units. The investigation covers a pulverized power unit without a CCS (Carbon Capture and Storage) installation, a pulverized unit with a "post-combustion" installation (MEA type) and a pulverized power unit working in the "oxy-combustion" mode. For each variant the net electric power amounts to 600 MW. The energy component of the LCA analysis has been determined. It describes the depletion of non-renewable natural resources. The energy component is determined by the coefficient of cumulative energy consumption in the life cycle. For the calculation of the ecological component of the LCA analysis the cumulative CO2 emission has been applied. At present it is the basic emission factor for the LCA analysis of power plants. The work also presents the sensitivity analysis of calculated energy and ecological factors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ziębik
Krzysztof Hoinka
Marcin Liszka
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Abstract

Energy efficiency improvement and ecological safety of heat power plants are urgent problems, which require scientifically grounded approaches and solutions. These problems can be solved partly within the presented heat-and-power cycles by including contact energy exchange equipment in the circuits of existing installations. A significant positive effectis obtained in the contact energy exchange installations, such as gas-steam installation ‘Aquarius’ and the contact hydrogen heat generator that also can use hydrogen as a fuel. In these plants, the efficiency increases approximately by 10–12% in comparison with traditional installations, and the concentration of toxic substances, such as nitrogen oxides and carbon monoxide in flue gas can be reduced to 30 mg/m3and to 5 mg/m3, respectively. Moreover, the plants additionally ‘generate’ the clean water, which can be used for technical purposes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gennadii Borysovich Varlamov
Kateryna Alexandrovna Romanova
Iryna Nazarova
Olga Daschenko
Andry Kapustiansky
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Abstract

In this article, the authors propose and investigate a new concept of HAPS aerostat design in a modular form, which allows for sequential increasing or decreasing of the total volume, up to the desired size. In its initial form, the aerostat has relatively small dimensions but its central cylindrical part is multi-segmented and can be easily extended. The application of controllable construction couplings enables precise control of the aerostat expansion process and significantly improves its vertical mobility. The paper describes details of telescopic aerostat construction, presents a mathematical model of its vertical motion and investigates numerically two volume control strategies aimed at maximization of operation efficiency and minimization of operation cost. The results obtained reveal the main problems that have to be addressed and the factors that play a key role in design of such telescopic aerostats and control of their vertical mobility.

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Authors and Affiliations

L. Knap
C. Graczykowski
J. Holnicki-Szulc
Z. Wołejsza
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Abstract

The article aims to evaluate the Portuguese building stock energy policies and strategy for energy saving in buildings among the EU members. It was found out the average heat transfer coefficients of the main structural elements of Portuguese Buildings and analyzed the U-values of this elements considering different time periods.

The fundamentals of this study were funded by the Agency for Development and Innovation (ADI) and co-financed by the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) through the Operational Program for Competitiveness Factors (POFC) assigned to the Building Physics and Construction Technology Laboratory with the reference SB Tool SPT_2011_4.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Sousa
L. Bragança
M. Almeida
P. Silva
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Abstract

Higher active power of a submerged arc furnace is commonly believed to increase its capacity in the process of ferrosilicon smelting. This is a true statement but only to a limited extent. For a given electrode diameter d, there is a certain limit value of the submerged arc furnace active power. When this value is exceeded, the furnace capacity in the process of ferrosilicon smelting does not increase but the energy loss is higher and the technical and economic indicators become worse. Maximum output regarding the reaction zone volumes is one of parameters that characterize similarities of furnaces with various geometrical parameters. It is proportional to d3 and does not depend on the furnace size. The results of statistical analysis of the ferrosilicon smelting process in the 20 MVA furnace have been presented. In addition to basic electrical parameters, such as active power and electrical load of the electrodes, factors contributing to higher resistance of the furnace bath and resulting lower reactive power Px demonstrate the most significant effect on the electrothermal process of ferrosilicon smelting. These parameters reflect metallurgical conditions of ferrosilicon smelting, such as the reducer fraction, position of the electrodes and temperature conditions of the reaction zones.

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Authors and Affiliations

B. Machulec
W. Bialik
S. Gil

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