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Number of results: 17
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Abstract

For at least two centuries Europeans, in particular the political elites of Europe, have assumed that modernity and the rational character of the civilization require a marginalization of religion. A separation and juxtaposition of reason and faith, sci-ence and religion or the state and the church are regarded as almost obvious. Gradual-ly the legitimate principle of religious freedom has started to be understood as a pos-tulate of “purification” of public life from any references to sacrum and religion itself as an area of irrational and random opinions has been located in the private sphere. This has led to the conviction that religion (Christianity) does not have or should not have any significance in social life, the public order, the legal system or the widely understood political sphere . The central issue of the paper, which is the possibility of reversing the direction taken by European civilization, is conditioned not only by making the secularist policy of the West more friendly towards Christian tradition (for instance by grounding it on natural law) but still more by the revitalization of religious life of the Churches and Christian communities.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Jan Perszon
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Abstract

Jakie są przesłanki i istota migracji we współczesnym świecie oraz kim są jej uczestnicy – migranci?
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef M. Fiszer
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Abstract

ABSTRACT:

The main goal of this publication is to familiarize western numismatists with the current trends and findings in the research on medieval payment ingots (grivnas) in Eastern Europe. The author presents up-to-date chronological classification of silver payment ingots, shortly describes their basic types and gives the basic list of classic and modern works in this field.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ilya Shtalenkow
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Abstract

The article offers a critical insight into the social history of ideas as a research trend that has been dynamically developing within French academic circles since 2010. Methodologically, the social history of ideas attempts to apply sociological tools to study the diffusion and embedding of political ideas within specific groups. After presenting the general directions of this trend's development, the author focuses on its critics, offering their own reflections on the difficulties one might encounter when applying its principles to research on Central‑Eastern Europe. To tackle this task, the author provides a methodological exercise to verify the extent to which the principles of social history of ideas can be applied to the study of (semi)peripheral ideas. In conclusion, the author emphasises the invigorating nature and critical tasks that social history of ideas can fulfill within Polish historiography as well.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Kuligowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Warszawa
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Abstract

German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, later Pope Benedict XVI, is one of the great-est Catholic theologians of the 20th and 21st century. The main field of his theological activity is fundamental theology, which is perceived by him as the area of a broadly understood dialogue on the credibility of Christianity in the modern world. This article attempts to analyze the views of Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI on the Christian identity of Europe. The various issues of this study are as follows: Europe as a phenomenon of cultural interaction; Right to the place of Christianity in the Europe of tomorrow; European crisis of values; European Homo oeconomicus and the Gospel; Dismissing former Eurocentrism; Courage in the struggles of the new face of Chris-tian Europe. In the conclusion the author emphasizes validity of Joseph Ratzinger’s/Benedict XVI’s thoughts on the future of Europe in the context of the ongoing changes in the European Union and the migration crisis.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Ignacy Bokwa
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Abstract

Late, unlike heavy, modernity until now has been devoid of any radical project for the future. It rather makes people use a rose‑tinted past to cope with future‑oriented anxieties. Solidarity’s desire for heavy modernity demonstrates that this sickness has been around for a long time. In what ways were the people of Solidarity nostalgic, and how did modernity’s global crisis reinvigorate the “desirable heaviness of being”? “The desirable heaviness of being” depicts the phenomenon of nostalgia for postwar heavy modernity within the early Solidarity movement. The theory of post‑socialist nostalgia highlights the importance of nostalgia for the future‑oriented past of heavy modernity in appraising the system during the Solidarity period. The interplay between Solidarity, late state socialism, and the crisis of heavy modernity exemplifies Eastern Europe’s interactions with globalising economies before and after 1989. The recollections of the August Strike as well as the Solidarity trade union’s programme provide examples for the longing. The links between state socialism and the global crisis of modernity shed light on current reasons for nostalgia, which may be of interest to “rescue history”.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Perkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Gdański
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Abstract

This article shows incidents associated with the use of gas as an energy carrier. It presents selected incidents which have occurred in Poland and around the world in recent decades. Based on this, consequences of gas and air mixture explosions were analysed as well. The article presents the main causes of gas incidents which have taken place, as per instances which are similar worldwide. Incidents associated with the use of gas are not frequent, but at the same time very tragic as they often lead to illness or even death. In Poland, in the last twenty years, construction area disasters caused by gas explosions account for only 5% of all which have occurred, but the number of fatalities resulting from these cases is approximately 14%. The number of individuals injured reached 39% of all construction disaster victims. Considering all these facts, it is necessary to undertake wide preventive measures in order to increase safety in the use of gaseous fuels.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Szer
E. Błazik-Borowa
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Abstract

The paper outlines the possible repercussions of the strong presence of Islamic representatives in Europe at the beginning of the 21st century. The percentage of Muslims in Europe increased from 2% in 1950 to 6% in 2020. The reception of the new wave of Muslim migration to the Old Continent leads to predictable consequences. Two scenarios can be considered. One of them is the growing perception of the threat from the increasing Muslim population in Europe. Another possible solution is their gradual integration. For both scenarios, clear premises based on known facts, socio-political decisions, ratified agreements and declarations of decision makers are presented. Discussions have been held on the emerging stereotypes that indicate an aversion to the growing presence of Islam on the Old Continent. Practices implemented to integrate the Muslim community have also been presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Stanisław Jan Rabiej
1

  1. Uniwersytet Opolski
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Abstract

This article deals primarily with La quistione polacca, an anthology of historical documents on Poland after the partitions compiled by Giorgio d’Acandia. Ever since its publication in 1916, in Italy this book has remained an important source of information about Poland and manifest proof of reciprocity of the Polish-Italian relations. Its direct effect was to raise the awareness of ‘the Polish question’ among the Italian politicians and to help them make up their minds about the justness of the struggle for Poland’s independence. The article assesses the content of the book and the selection criteria of its texts. It also presents a profile of the author Umberto Zanotti Bianco (Giorgio d’Acandia was a pseudonym), which features his contacts with Attilio Begey and the community of Italian polonophiles, his interest in Polish literature and culture, his worldview, grounded in Christianity, and, last not least, his philanthropic work and political activities.
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Bibliography

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● U. Zanotti Bianco, Carteggio 1906–1918, a cura di V. Carinci, Laterza, Roma–Bari 1987.
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● F. Grassi Orsini, Introduzione, [w:] U. Zanotti Bianco, La mia Roma. Diario 1943–1944, a cura di C. Cassani, int. F. Grassi Orsini, Piero Lacaita Editore, Manduria–Bari–Roma 2011.
● H. Pańczyk, Maria Konopnicka a walka z polityką germanizacyjną władz pruskich, „Przegląd Zachodni” 1960 nr 6.
● O. Płaszczewska, Włoskie divertimento. Szkice komparatystyczne, Kraków 2017.
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● E. Słoński, Ta, co nie zginęła, w: Zbiór poetów polskich. Seria IV, opr. P. Hertz, Warszawa 1965, s. 855-856.
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● J. Torraca, Umberto Zanotti Bianco, „Nuova Antologia”, gennaio – aprile 1953, vol. CDLVII, s. 78–87.
● C. Valluari, Caffi, Andrea, w: Dizionario biografico degli italiani, a cura di R. Romanelli et al., vol. 16, 1973, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/andrea-caffi_(Dizionario-Biografico) [8/09/2021].
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● S. Zoppi, Umberto Zanotti-Bianco. Patriota, educatore, meridionalista: il suo progetto e il nostro tempo, Rubettino Editore, Soveria Mannelli (Catanzaro) 2009.
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● Między literaturą a historią: Giorgio D’Acandia... 757
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Authors and Affiliations

Olga Płaszczewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków
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Abstract

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono koncepcję brytyjskiej polityki zagranicznej w stosunku do państw Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, realizowanej przez ministra spraw zagranicznych Geoffreya Howe’a w końcu lat 80. XX wieku, gdy zimna wojna zmierzała ku końcowi. Howe był ministrem sprawa zagranicznych i Wspólnoty Narodów w rządzie Margaret Thatcher. Polityka zagraniczna Zjednoczonego Królestwa w stosunku do państw Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej w tym okresie, była zdeterminowana paroma ważnymi czynnikami, przykładowo: pozycją geopolityczną, sojuszem ze Stanami Zjednoczonymi i pozostałymi państwami z NATO i resztą świata „kapitalistycznego”, reformami Michaiła Gorbaczowa (szczególnie tzw. P ierestrojką, G lasnostią o raz Nowym Myśleniem) i ich znaczeniem dla stosunków międzynarodowych. Autor zwraca uwagę na brytyjską „politykę różnicowania” w ramach bloku radzieckiego w tamtym czasie. Z jednej strony były w nim państwa z rodzajem reform ekonomicznych jak ZSRR, Polska i Węgry, a z drugiej – państwa „starego reżimu” bez oznak liberalizacji – jak np. Rumunia, Niemiecka Republika Demokratyczna czy Bułgaria.
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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Leszczyński
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Abstract

In this article, we wish to address the potential of cities and built environments as important sites for international education. We will introduce Urban Labs Central Europe, methodological concept that frames our pedagogies, which we practice in the context of international education, more specifically, American University study abroad programs in Poland and Central Europe. We will begin by considering several dimensions in which cities are important for international education and how they are central to our pedagogies. We will then explain our concept of Urban Labs and give some examples from our work with students.

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Authors and Affiliations

Juliet D. Golden
Hana Červinková
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Abstract

Fifty years after Linda Nochlin wrote her essay Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists? female artists are still struggling with limitations, a weak position in the field of art and their own dependence on others. In the text I discuss selected works of artists from Central Europe, which indicate the gender and geographical dependencies prevailing in the Western art world. Such artists as Tanja Ostojić, Anetta Mona Chisa and Lucia Tkáčova, Agata Zbylut and Aneta Grzeszykowska use diversion and mimicry strategies in their art, and the artists themselves can be described as tricksters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Izabela Kowalczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Artystyczny im. Magdaleny Abakanowicz w Poznaniu
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Abstract

ABSTRACT:

The text discusses medieval and modern sepulchral finds of coins from Eastern Europe, conventionally referred to as the “obol of the dead”. For the first time the phenomenon was observed in 8th century graves of nomads in the Khazar Khaganate. In the 9th and 10th century, Arab dirhams and Byzantine miliarenses appear in graves in the areas of the Scandinavian expansion, mainly in the basin of the upper Volga and the Dnieper. In the 11th century the custom of equipping the dead with coins becomes common and it is mainly West European pennies that are used for the purpose. In the 12th and 13th century, the practice becomes virtually obsolete to experience a revival in the 15th century. In modern times the observance of the custom reaches its peak in the 17th century and remains to be recorded in ethnographic sources until today.

SUMMARY:

The text presents the custom of equipping the dead with coins, followed in medieval and modern Eastern Europe.

In this area coins appear for the first time in richly equipped graves of nomads, dated to the 8th century, along the lower course of the Don and Volga rivers in the Khazar Khaganate. They are predominantly gold issues — Byzantine solidi and gold-plated dirhams, placed in the mouth of the dead.

In the 9th and 10th centuries coins and their fragments, which can be referred to as “the obol of the dead”, occur in the barrow mounds in the north-west areas of ancient Rus’, on the east and south coast of Ladoga Lake, in the interfluve of the Volga and the Oka as well as in sites located along the upper and middle course of the Dnieper, particularly in the Czernichow Land. In the second part of the 10th and 11th century the custom becomes widespread, and most of the finds come from inhumation burial. Apart from those areas, coins appear in graveyards located along the upper course of the Volga River, in the areas of Lake Peipus and Lake Ilmen as well as in the basin of the Dnieper and further down to Kiev. Characteristically enough, all the sites are located in the area of the Scandinavian expansion and colonisation.

The predominant types of coins found in graves dated to the 10th century are Arab dirhams as well as Byzantine folles, miliarenses and solidi. It should also be noted that graves with pendant-coins become more frequent. At the end of the 10th century there is an observable decrease in the inflow of Arab gold into the Baltic region. At the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century, coins from Western Europe appear and dominate the entire next century. They are usually German issues, but also English and, to a smaller extent, Bohemian and Hungarian coins. Interestingly enough, the number of coins left in the form of “the obol of the dead” is much higher than that of pendant-coins. Sometimes the local, Rus’ coins occur, although rather infrequently.

In the 12th and 13th century the custom of equipping the dead with coins disappears completely from the forest zone of Eastern Europe, which is caused by the cessation of the inflow of Western European coins into Novgorod Rus’ and predominantly, by the evolution of burial practices, manifesting itself in abandoning the custom of equipping the dead. In the 13th and 14th century, after the Mongol invasions, coins reappear in the graves of the nomads of the Golden Horde, who bring the custom from the grasslands of Central Asia. The finds are dominated by Golden Horde issues.

In the 14th century, coins are occasionally used in the burials of Lithuanian and Slavic population in the Polish-Rus’ and Lithuanian-Rus’ border areas (today’s Eastern Poland and Grodno Region). In the latter case, the finds of coins are particularly frequent in graves from the 15th century. Similarly to the 11th century Rus’ this is an area of intensive Christianisation and transformations of burial practices. Outside the Grodno Region, the coins appear frequently in graves across Lithuania, Samogitia, Semigallia, Latgale, Livonia and Courland. In the 16th century, coins start to appear in graves of newly Christianised Finno-Ugric peoples of Mari, Mordva and Udmurt. They appear both as the “obols of the dead” and pendants in lavishly decorated necklaces and hats.

The culmination of the practice of equipping the death with coins falls on the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century. The areas of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and of the Grand Duchy of Moscow are dominated by local issues, mostly small coins of low nominal value.

In archaeological sources, there is a rapid decrease in the number of sepulchral finds of coins in graves from the second half of the 18th century. We know of only one burial with coins from the 19th century. Similarly, coins were discovered only in one 20th-century grave, which does not, however, signify that the practice of equipping the dead disappeared — it only reflects the current state of examination of contemporary archaeological sites. Ethnographic sources frequently record the tradition of equipping the death and confirm the presence of such practices in the areas of Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Miechowicz
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Abstract

Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s academic profile is presented in the light of his interest in the problems of universal history in relation to events, but above all to phenomena which allow for a better knowledge and understanding of the mentality of the people of the time, their activities and their consequences. Gierowski’s studies on the history of Europe were closely linked to the history of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth (especially the period of the Saxon Wettin dynasty on the Polish throne), highlighting its international position and associations, and the resulting foreign policy of its rulers. Among the questions raised, there was no shortage of issues relating to the culture and ideology of the Baroque and the Enlightenment and, of primary interest to the researcher, the problem‑laden, not fully deciphered transition period between the two currents.
The second ‘part’ of the article emphasises Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s understanding of Europe as a certain whole, encompassing not only political history, social or economic affairs, but also cultural patterns and phenomena to which he was particularly sensitive.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej K. Link Lenczowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński
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Abstract

This article discusses Benedict the XVI’s charting of the formation and history of Europe around a mission to reign as a sacred duty for the sake of Human Dignity in the light of Edith Stein’s insights into the relationship between community formation and objective values. First, an account of Ratzinger’s understanding of Europe as a concept of political geography is given. Secondly is discussed the mission at the heart of the formation of Europe according to Ratzinger, and how such a mission would, according to Stein, be particularly suited for shaping a people and a continent. The third section discusses Ratzinger’s understanding of Human Dignity in the light of Stein’s understanding of values.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mette Lebech
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Abstract

In the first part of the article, Krzysztof A. Makowski describes how the idea of granting Poland the opportunity to host the 23rd International Congress of Historical Sciences in 2020 in Poznań came about and how Poznań’s application to host the Congress was prepared. Moreover, the author presents the ongoing preparations for the Congress. In the second part of the article, Ewa Domańska discusses the origins and evolution of the idea of “alter-native modernities” and “epi- stemic justice” as leitmotifs of Poznań’s application. She stresses the need and importance of developing an intellectual alliance of East-Central European countries and lists activities that could help raise the region’s status as an important centre of knowledge building.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Domańska
ORCID: ORCID
Krzysztof A. Makowski

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