[1] ASM Handbook Committee. (1990). Properties and selection: nonferrous alloys and special-purpose materials (pp. 597-599). ASM International.
[2] Hernandez, F.C.R., Ramírez, J.M.H., Mackay, R. (2017). Al-Si alloys: automotive, aeronautical, and aerospace applications. Springer International Publishing. Retrieved 30 April 2022 from Springer link http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-58380-8.
[3] Alkahtani, S. (2012). Mechanical performance of heat treated 319 alloys as a function of alloying and aging parameters. Materials & Design. 41, 358-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.034.
[4] Javidani, M. & Larouche, D. (2014). Application of cast Al–Si alloys in internal combustion engine components. International Materials Reviews. 59(3), 132-158. https://doi.org/10.1179/1743280413Y.0000000027.
[5] Lombardi, A., Ravindran, C. & MacKay, R. (2015). Optimization of the solution heat treatment process to improve mechanical properties of 319 Al alloy engine blocks using the billet casting method. Materials Science and Engineering: A, 633, 125-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2015.02.076.
[6] Hegde, S. & Prabhu, K.N. (2008). Modification of eutectic silicon in Al–Si alloys. Journal of materials science. 43(9), 3009-3027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-008-2505-5.
[7] Sigworth, G.K. (2008). The modification of Al-Si casting alloys: important practical and theoretical aspects. International Journal of Metalcasting. 2(2), 19-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355425.
[8] Mahmoud, M.G., Zedan, Y., Samuel, A.M., Doty, H.W., Songmene, V. & Samuel, F.H. (2021). Effect of rare earth metals (Ce and La) addition on the performance of Al-Si-Cu-Mg Cast Alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00669-6.
[9] Mahmoud, M.G., Zedan, Y., Samuel, A.M., Songmene, V. & Samuel, F.H. (2022). The use of rare earth metals in Al–Si–Cu casting alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16(2), 535-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00640-5.
[10] Patel, D.N. & Sutaria, M.P. (2022). Effect of Trace Rare Earth Er Addition on Microstructure and Tensile Properties of 319 Al-Si-Cu Alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 16, 2199–2209. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-021-00730-4.
[11] Xu, C., Xiao, W., Hanada, S., Yamagata, H. & Ma, C. (2015). The effect of scandium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al–Si–Mg alloy: A multi-refinement modifier. Materials Characterization. 110, 160-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2015.10.030.
[12] Mao, F., Yan, G., Xuan, Z., Cao, Z. & Wang, T. (2015). Effect of Eu addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of A356 aluminum alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 650, 896-906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.06.266.
[13] Nie, Z.R., Jin, T., Fu, J., Xu, G., Yang, J., Zhou, J.X. & Zuo, T.Y. (2002). Research on rare earth in aluminum. Materials Science Forum. 396-402, 1731-1740. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.396-402.1731.
[14] Nie, Z. R., Fu, J.B., Zou, J.X., Jin, T.N., Yang, J.J., Xu, G. F., Ruan, H. Q. & Zuo, T.Y. (2004). Advanced aluminum alloys containing rare-earth erbium. Materials forum. 28, 197-201.
[15] Hu, Z., Yan, H. & Rao, Y.S. (2013). Effects of samarium addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of as-cast Al-Si-Cu alloy. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 23(11), 3228-3234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(13)62857-5.
[16] Qiu, H., Yan, H. & Hu, Z. (2014). Modification of near-eutectic Al–Si alloys with rare earth element samarium. Journal of Materials Research. 29, 1270-1277. https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2014.113.
[17] Qiu, H., Yan, H., & Hu, Z. (2013). Effect of samarium (Sm) addition on the microstructures and mechanical properties of Al–7Si–0.7 Mg alloys. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 567, 77-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2013.03.050.
[18] Rao, Y., Yan, H., & Hu, Z.(2013). Modification of eutectic silicon and β-Al5FeSi phases in as-cast ADC12 alloys by using samarium addition. Journal of Rare Earths. 31(9), 916-922. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0721(12)60379-2.
[19] Li, Q., Li, J., Li, B., Lan, Y. & Xia, T. (2018). Effect of samarium (Sm) addition on the microstructure and tensile properties of Al–20% Si casting alloy. International Journal of Metalcasting. 12, 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-017-0193-0.
[20] Ibrahim, M.F., Abdelaziz, M.H., Samuel, A.M., Doty, H. W. & Samuel, F.H. (2020). Effect of rare earth metals on the mechanical properties and fractography of Al–Si-based alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14, 108-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00336-x.
[21] Mahmoud, M.G., Samuel, A.M., Doty, H.W. & Samuel, F.H. (2020). Effect of the addition of La and Ce on the solidification behavior of Al–Cu and Al–Si–Cu cast alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 14, 191-206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40962-019-00351-y.
[22] Pandee, P., Patakham, U. & Limmaneevichitr, C. (2017). Microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of Al-7Si-0.3 Mg alloys with erbium additions. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 728, 844-853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.054.
[23] Sigworth, G.K. & Kuhn, T.A. (2007). Grain refinement of aluminum casting alloys. International Journal of Metalcasting. 1, 31-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03355416.
[24] Basak, S., Biswas, P., Patra, S., Roy, H. & Mondal, M.K., (2021). Effect of TiB2 and Al3Ti on the microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture behaviour of near eutectic Al-12.6 Si alloy. International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials. 28(7), 1174-1185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-020-2070-8.
[25] Liu, Y.X., Wang, R.C., Peng, C.Q., Cai, Z.Y., Zhou, Z.H., Li, X.G. & Cao, X.Y. (2021). Microstructures and mechanical properties of in-situ TiB2/Al− xSi− 0.3 Mg composites. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 31(2), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65499-7.
[26] Li, Z., Hu, Z. & Yan, H. (2016). Effect of samarium (Sm) addition on microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-5Cu alloys. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Materials Science Ed. 31(3), 624-629. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11595-016-1420-x.
[27] Ferdian, D., Pratama, J. R. & Pratesa, Y. (2019). Effect of samarium on microstructure and intermetallic formation in Al-5Zn-0.5 Si alloy. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. 541(1), 012024. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/541/1/012024.
[28] Lu, S.Z., & Hellawell, A. (1987). The mechanism of silicon modification in aluminum-silicon alloys: Impurity induced twinning. Metallurgical transactions A. 18(10), 1721-1733. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02646204.
[29] Hume-Rothery, W., Smallman, R.E., Haworth, C.W. (1969). Structure of Metals and Alloys. London: Institute of Metals and the Institution of Metallurgists.