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Abstract

The article reconstructs the dispute that evolved in the first decade of the 20th century between Maxim Gorky and Leo Tolstoy – who both in addition to being world‑famous fictionists, played an essential part as notable public figures in Russian philosophical and political life. The outbreak and the course of the First Russian Revolution (1905– 1908) prompted both thinkers to define their positions on the most important problems of Russian thought. In this dispute, Gorky represented the position of socialist humanism, social revolution, civilizational development, activism, the culture‑formingr ole of the intelligentsia and Western‑style modernization. Against these hopes Tolstoy advocated archaic anarchism, negation of civilization, rural primitivism, personal and moral excellence, in short a Russian Sonderwege. The author puts forward that this debate is an important extension of the famous discussion triggered by the publication of the Vekhi almanac („The Milestones”, 1909).
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bohun
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Abstract

This work presents an outline of the history of scientists and the city where the world’s first relativistic CRM device, known today as a Gyrotron, was created. CRM can be explained as “a microwave source of stimulated radiation based on the cyclotron resonance phenomenon.”. The story begins in 1898 with the establishment of the Emperor Nicolas II Warsaw Polytechnic Institute and ends in 1964 with the launch of the world’s first Gyrotron at the Nizhegorodsky Polytechnical Institute (later Gorky). The principle of gyrotron operation is very briefly presented in the paper, but mainly, according to the idea of this work, a lot of space is devoted to people, scientists and organizers of science in Gorky, the first who created this device, and therefore the work is limited to presenting the events related to the creation of the Gyrotron in 1959‒1967.

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Authors and Affiliations

E.F. Pliński

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