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Abstract

In this work, 25 wheels were cast with three different grain refiners: Al5Ti1B, Al3Nb1B and MTS 1582. Samples were machined from the wheels to check the mechanical properties. It was found that Nb grain refinement had the lowest grain size (260 mm) and highest tensile properties (yield strength of 119-124 MPa and ultimate tensile strength of 190-209 MPa). Al5Ti1B and MTS 1582 revealed quite similar results (110 MPa yield and 198 MPa ultimate tensile strength). The fading of the grain refining effect of Al5TiB1 master alloy was observed in both Nb and Ti added castings whereas during the investigated time interval, the fading was not observed when MTS 1582 was used.
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Authors and Affiliations

F. Aydogan
1
K.C. Dizdar
2
ORCID: ORCID
H. Sahin
2
ORCID: ORCID
E. Mentese
1
D. Dispinar
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Doktas Wheels, Turkey
  2. Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
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Abstract

A fading mechanism during casting of treated Al-B-Sr master alloys in an aluminium-silicon cast alloy was investigated. Two different master alloys, the Al-3%B-3%Sr and Al-4%B-1%Sr were demonstrated for the efficiency test both grain refinement and modification microstructure. From experimental result, the addition of Al-3%B-3%Sr master alloy led to a refined grain size and fully modified eutectic Si. However, smaller grain sizes were found with Al-4%B-1%Sr master alloy addition while eutectic Si had coarser acicular morphology. The formation of high amounts of SrB6 compound in the Al-3%B-3%Sr master alloy resulted to increase of grain size and eutectic Si. In fading mechanism test when holding the melt for prolong time, the agglomeration of the SrB6 and AlSiSr compounds at the bottom of the casting specimen was important factors that decreased both grain refinement and modification efficiency. The stirring of the melt before pouring was found that the grain size and Si morphology were improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Muangnoy
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Eidhed
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Technology North Bangkok, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, King Mongkut’s Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract

The forming limit of AZ31 alloy, a representative Mg-Al-Zn-based wrought alloy, and the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by examining the microstructure change caused by dynamic recrystallization led by high temperature and high dislocation density at 300℃ using a biaxial alternate forging (BAF) were investigated in this study. As a result of BAF test for AZ31 Mg alloy, significant cracks on the ends of workpieces occurred after 7 passes. The microstructure of as-extruded specimen showed the non-uniform distribution of the relatively coarse grains and the fine grains considered to be sub-grains. However, as the number of passes increases, the area of coarse grains gradually disappeared and the fine grains became more dominant in the microstructures. The result of tensile test for workpieces with each forging pass showed an increase in strength depending on pass number was shown with a slight increase of elongation. The Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) results exhibited that, the microstructure showed the presence of coarse grains and twins after only 1 pass, while the grains appeared to be significantly refined and uniformly distributed after 3 pass, at which the strength and elongation began to increase, simultaneously.
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Authors and Affiliations

Young-Chul Shin
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seong-Ho Ha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abdul Wahid Shah
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Molding & Metal Forming R&D Department, 156 Gaetbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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Abstract

Hot tearing is a casting defect responsible for external and internal cracks on casting products. This irregular undesired formation is often observed during solidification and freezing. The solidification of molten metal also causes thermal contraction and shrinkage, indicating the occurrence of hot tearing when the alloy is restrained by the mould design. The parameters affecting this process include the pouring and mould temperatures, the chemical composition of the alloy, and the mould shape. Also, the factors affecting hot tearing susceptibility include pouring and mould temperatures, the grain refiner, as well as pouring speed. There are many methods of measuring the level of susceptibility to hot tearing, one of which is the thermal contraction evaluation during metal solidification, observed in cast products through several mould types. This paper discusses the hot tearing overview, the effect of pouring temperature, mould temperature, grain refiner, pouring speed on hot tearing, the type of mould, and criterion for hot tear observation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Akhyar
1

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Univeritas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Syech Aburrauf No.7, Darussalam, Banda Aceh, 23111, Indonesia
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of research on GX120Mn13 modification performed with the SiZr38 inoculant. The microstructure of Hadfield cast steel in as-cast condition was studied through optical microscopy before and after inoculant introduction into the liquid steel. After heat treatment, mechanical properties and wear resistance tests were conducted to analyse the influence of the inoculant. The wear rate was determined according to the Standard Test Method for Determination of Slurry Abrasivity (ASTM G-75). The results show that average grain diameter, area of eqiuaxed grains crystallization and secondary dendrite arm spacing were lower after inoculation. After inoculation, the ultimate tensile strength and proof strength were higher by 8% and 4% respectively, in comparison to the initial state. The results of abrasion wear tests show that the introduction of 0.02 wt. % of zirconium significantly improved wear resistance, which was 34% better in comparison to steel without zirconium.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Sobula
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Kraiński
2

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland
  2. PGO S.A. Pioma Odlewnia, Oddział w Piotrkowie Trybunalskim, ul. Romana Dmowskiego 38, 97-300 Piotrków Trybunalski, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents research aimed at determining the effect of adding rare earth elements to near-eutectic Al-Si and Al-Si-Ni alloys on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the obtained products. Material for the research was prepared using a melt spinner – a device used for rapid crystallization, casting thin ribbons, which were then subjected in subsequent stages to fragmentation, consolidation and plastic working. The ribbons and extruded rods cast were described in terms of their structure and their strength properties were determined at different measurement temperatures. It was shown that the lightweight materials produced from aluminium alloys using the rapid solidification process have an ultra-fine structure and good strength properties.

Analysis under a microscope confirmed that the addition of rare earth alloys Al-Si and Al-Si-Ni causes fragmentation of the microstructure in the tapes produced. The presence of rare earth elements in the alloys tested has an impact on the type and the morphology of the particles of the microstructure’s individual components. In addition to the change in particle morphology, the phenomenon of the separation of numerous nanometric particles of intermetallic phases containing rare earth elements was also observed. The change in microstructure caused by the addition of rare earth elements in the form of a mischmetal increases the mechanical properties.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Kapinos
M. Szymanek
B. Augustyn
ORCID: ORCID
S. Boczkal
ORCID: ORCID
W. Szymański
T. Tokarski
ORCID: ORCID
J. Lelito
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Abstract

In this study, the effects of grain size refiner addition and various pre-heating mold temperatures on AlSi9 cast alloy microstructure and solidification have been evaluated. For different process conditions, thermal analysis was performed for all samples and cooling curves were established. Important parameters in liquidus and eutectic Si-phase regions have been calculated using the first derivative cooling curves. Secondary Dendrite Arm Spacing (SDAS) variation was also determined. Experimental results question the effectiveness of cooling curve parameters in providing the microstructure data as a function of refinement. The present work shows that the effect of grain refiner addition on the value of SDAS was higher when the solidification time was lower. It indicated that the solidification parameters such as nucleation temperatures of α-Al phase, undercooling temperature and total solidification time were affected by grain refinement. It has been found that the addition of grain refiner affect the eutectic phase formation time. However, it has no effect on the eutectic phase morphology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Badiâ Ait El Haj
Aboubakr Bouayad
Mohammed Alami
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Abstract

Ferrtic/martensitic and ODS steels were fabricated by the mechanical alloying process, and their microstructures and mechanical properties were investigated. The 9Cr-1W and 9Cr-1W-0.3Ti-0.35Y2O3 (in wt.%) steels were prepared by the same fabrication process such as mechanical alloying, hot isostatic pressing, and hot rolling processes. A microstructural observation of these steels indicated that the Ti and Y2O3 additions to 9Cr-1W steel were significantly effective to refine the grain size and form nano-sized Y-Ti-O oxide particles. As a result, the tensile strengths at room and elevated temperatures were considerably enhanced. Considerable improvement of the creep resistances at 700°C was also evaluated. It is thus concluded that 9Cr-1W ODS steel with Ti and Y2O3 additions would be very effective in improving the mechanical properties especially at elevated temperatures.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ga Eon Kim
Tae Kyu Kim
Sanghoon Noh
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The presented results describe the effect of severe plastic deformation on the structure and mechanical properties of AA5083 and AA5754 alloys. Both materials were subjected to single hydrostatic extrusion (HE) and cumulative hydrostatic extrusion in the case of AA5083 and a combination of plastic deformation by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) with the next HE for AA5754. After the deformation, both alloys featured a homogeneous and finely divided microstructure with average grain size deq = 140 nm and 125 nm for AA5083 and AA5754, respectively. The selection of plastic forming parameters enabled a significant increase in the UTS tensile strength and YS yield stress in both alloys – UTS =  510 MPa and YS = 500 MPa for alloy AA5083 after cumulative HE, and 450 MPa and 440 MPa for alloy AA5754 after the combination of ECAP and HE, respectively. It has been shown on the example of AA5083 alloy that after the deformation the threads of the fasteners made of this material are more accurate and workable at lower cutting speeds, which saves the cutting tools. The resultant properties of AA5083 and AA5754 alloys match the minimum requirements for the strongest Al-Zn alloys of the 7xxx series, which, however, due to the considerably lower corrosion resistance, can be replaced in many responsible structures by the AA5xxx series Al-Mg alloys presented in this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Kulczyk
J. Skiba
W. Pachla
J. Smalc-Koziorowska
S. Przybysz
M. Przybysz
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Abstract

This paper presents results of a study of the effect of inoculation of yttrium on the microstructure of AZ91 alloy. The concentration of the inoculant was increased in samples in the range from 0.1% up to 0.6%. The influence of Y on the thermal effects resulting from the phase transformations occurring during the crystallisation at different inoculant concentrations were examined with the use of Derivative and Thermal Analysis (DTA). The microstructures of the samples were examined with the use of an optical microscope; and an image analysis with a statistical analysis were also carried out. Those analyses aimed at examining oh the effect of inoculation of the Y on the differences between the grain diameters of phase αMg and eutectic αMg + γ(Mg17Al12) in the prepared examined material as well as the average size of each type of grain by way of measuring their perimeters.

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Authors and Affiliations

D. Mikusek
C. Rapiejko
ORCID: ORCID
A. Andrzejczak
T. Pacyniak
ORCID: ORCID

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