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Properties of Bentonites and Bentonite Mixtures used in Casting Processes

S. Paź D. Drożyński M. Górny S. Cukrowicz
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2019 | vol. 19 | No 2 | 35-40 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2019.127113
Keywords Green sands Bentonite Bentonite Mixture
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Abstract

In this work, an assessment and comparison of the quality of selected bentonites and bentonite mixtures was made. The samples consisted of available foundry materials used for bonding green sands. Determining the homogeneity degree and specific surface area of the grains allowed us to compare the examined materials and determine their influence on other parameters. On the basis of a thermal analysis of the bentonites or bentonite mixtures, the changes occurring in the sample during its heating were determined. Determining the potential for ion exchange and montmorillonite content enabled us to assess the binding properties of the materials. The preparation of six green sands with different bentonites or bentonite mixtures gave us the opportunity to assess the changes in apparent density, permeability, compressive strength and friability as a function of humidity, and the impact of different materials on the mentioned parameters. Their charts were analyzed, and the molding sand with the addition of bentonite or a bentonite mixture was selected for which these parameters are favorable. On this basis, the best-presented binding material was assessed and selected.

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Paź
D. Drożyński
M. Górny
S. Cukrowicz

139 Assessment Criteria of Bentonite Binding Properties

S. Żymankowska-Kumon
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2012 | No 3 | DOI: 10.2478/v10266-012-0097-7
Keywords Bentonite Montmorillonite Green sands Growth indicator Copper complex Compression strength
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Abstract

The criteria, with which one should be guided at the assessment of the binding properties of bentonites used for moulding sands, are proposed in the paper. Apart from the standard parameter which is the active bentonite content, the unrestrained growth indicator should be taken into account since it seems to be more adequate in the estimation of the sand compression strength. The investigations performed for three kinds of bentonites, applied in the Polish foundry plants, subjected to a high temperature influences indicate, that the pathway of changes of the unrestrained growth indicator is very similar to the pathway of changes of the sand compression strength. Instead, the character of changes of the montmorillonite content in the sand in dependence of the temperature is quite different. The sand exhibits the significant active bentonite content, and the sand compression strength decreases rapidly. The montmorillonite content in bentonite samples was determined by the modern copper complex method of triethylenetetraamine (Cu(II)-TET). Tests were performed for bentonites and for sands with those bentonites subjected to high temperatures influences in a range: 100-700ºC.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Żymankowska-Kumon

Impact of the Different Moulding Parameters on Properties of the Green Sand Mould

Dheya Abdulamer
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 2 | 5-9 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288
Keywords Green sand Compactability Tensile strength Permeability Taguchi method
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Abstract

Sand Casting process depends mainly on properties of the green sand mould, sand casting requires requires producing green sand mould without failure and breakage during separation the mould from the model, transportation and handling. Production of the green sand mould corresponding to dimensions and form of the desired model without troubles depends on the properties of the green sand. Ratio of constituents, preparation method of the green sand, mixing and pressing processes determine properties of green sand. In the present work, study effect of the moulding parameters of bentonite content, mixing time, and compactability percentage on the properties of the green sand mould have been investigated. Design of experiments through Taguchi method was used to evaluate properties of permeability, compressive strength, and tensile strength of the green sand. It was found that 47% of compactability, 9(min) of mixing time, and 6% of bentonite content gives highest values of these properties simultaneously.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Technology, Iraq

Utilizing of the Statistical Analysis for Evaluation of the Properties of Green Sand Mould

Dheya Abdulamer
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 67-73 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146664
Keywords Green sand mixing time Compactability compressive strength ANOVA
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Abstract

A statistical approach was conducted to investigate effect of independent factors of the mixing time compactability and bentonite percentage on dependent variables of permeability, compression and tensile strength of sand mould properties. Using statistical method save time in estimating the dependent variables that affect the moulding properties of green sand and the optimal levels of each factor that produce the desired results.
The results yielded indicate that there are variations in the effects of these factors and their interactions on different properties of green sand. The outcomes obtained a range of permeability values, with the highest and lowest numbers being 125 and 84. The sand exhibited high values of tensile and compressive strength measuring at 0.33N/cm2 and 17.67N/cm2. Conversely it demonstrated low levels of tensile and compressive strength reaching 0.14N/cm2 and 9.32N/cm2.
These results suggest that the moulding factors and their interactions have an important role in determining properties of the green sand. ANOVA was used to assess effect of various factors on different properties of the green sand. The results obtained suggest that compactability factor play a significant effect on permeability, the mixing time or bentonite factor has a significant effect on the compressive strength and mixing time or compactability factor has a significant impact on the tensile strength with a significance level lower than 5%. It is found that neither the mixing time nor the amount of bentonite used in the green sand mix has a significant impact on its permeability. Compactability of the green sand does not has a significant effect on the compressive strength. Bentonite used in green sand mix does not have a significant impact on its tensile strength.
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Bibliography

[1] Chate, M.G.R. Patel, M.G.C. Parappagoudar, M.B. & Deshpande, A.S. (2017). Modeling and optimization of Phenol Formaldehyde Resin sand mould system. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 17(2), 162-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/afe-2017-0069.
[2] Saikaew, C. & Wiengwiset, S. (2012).Optimization of molding sand composition for quality improvement of iron castings. Applied Clay Science. 67-68, 26-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2012.07.005.
[3] Beňo, J. Poręba, M. & Bajer, T. (2021). Application of non-silica sands for high quality castings. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 66(1), 25-30. DOI: 10.24425/amm.2021.134754.
[4] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2019). Development of mathematical relationships for calculating material-dependent flowability of green molding sand. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3994-4001. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w.
[5] Rundman, K.B. (2000). Metal casting. Department of Material Science and Engineering Michigan Technology University.
[6] Anwar, N., Sappinen, T., Jalava, K., & Orkas, J, (2021). Comparative experimental study of sand and binder for flowability and casting mold quality. Advanced Powder Technology. 32(6), 1902-1910, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2021.03.040.
[7] Ihom, A.P., Olubajo, O.O. (2002). Investigation of bende ameki clay foundry properties and its suitability as a binder for sand casting, NMS proceedings 19th AGM.
[8] Ihom, A.P. Yaro, S.A. & Aigbodion, V.S. (2006). Application of multiple regression - model to the study of foundry clay bonded sand mixtures. JICCOTECH. 2, 161-168.
[9] Abdulamer, D. (2021). Investigation of flowability of the green sand mould by remote control of portable flowability sensor. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering. 112(2), 70-76, DOI: https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289.
[10] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2021). Simulation of the moulding process of bentonite-bonded green sand, Archives of Foundry Engineering. 21(1), 67-73. DOI 10.24425/afe.2021.136080.
[11] Jain, R.K. (2009). Production Technology. Delhi: Khana Publishers.
[12] Ihom, A.P. (2012). Foundry Raw Materials for Sand Casting and Testing Procedures. Nigeria: A2P2 Transcendent Publishers.
[13] Ihom, A.P., Agunsoye, J., Anbua, E.E. & Bam, A. (2009). The use of statistical approach for modeling and studying the effect of ramming on the mould parameters of Yola natural sand. Nigerian Journal of Engineering. 16(1), 186-192.
[14] Kothari, C.R., Garg, G. (2014). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers.
[15] Fatoba, O.S., Adesina, O.S., Farotade, G.A. & Adediran, A.A. (2017). Modelling and optimization of laser alloyed AISI 422 stainless steel using taguchi approach and response surface model (RSM). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 23(3), 1-19. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2017/24512.
[16] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Impact of the different moulding parameters on properties of the green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(2), 5-9. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Technology, Iraq

Simulation of the Moulding Process of Bentonite-Bonded Green Sand

Dheya Abdulamer A. Kadauw
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 67-73 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136080
Keywords Green sand mould Moulding process COMSOL Multiphysics Time-dependent study
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Abstract

Finite Element Method FEM via commercially available software has been used for numerical simulation of the compaction process of bentonite-bonded sand mould. The mathematical model of soil plasticity which involved Drucker-Prager model match with Mohr-Coulomb model was selected. The individual parameters which required for the simulation process were determined through direct shear test based on the variation of sand compactability. The novelty of this research work is that the individual micro-mechanical parameters were adopted depend on its directly proportional to the change of sand density during the compaction process. Boundary conditions of the applied load, roller and fixed constraint were specified. An extremely coarse mesh was used and the solution by time-dependent study was done for investigation of material-dependent behaviour of green sand during the compaction process. The research implemented also simulation of the desired points in sand mould to predict behaviour of moulding process, and prevent failure of the sand mould. Distance-dependent displacement and distance-dependent pressure have been determined to investigate the effective moulding parameters without spent further energy and cost for obtaining green sand mould. The obtained numerical results of the sand displacement show good agreement with the practical results.
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Bibliography

[1] Naeimi, K., Baradaran, H., Ahmadi, R. & Shekari, M. (2015). Study and simulation of the effective factors on soil compaction by tractors wheels using the finite element method. Journal of Computational Applied Mechanics. 46(2), 107-115. DOI: 10.22059/jcamech.2015.55093.
[2] Soane, B. (1990). The role of organic matter in soil compatibility: A review of some practical aspects. Soil & Tillage Research. 16(1-2), 179-201. DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.1016/0167-1987(90)90029-D.
[3] Minaei, S. (1984). Multi pass effects of wheel and track- type vehicles on soil compaction. MS Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
[4] Chen, Y. Tessier, Y. & Rauffignat, S. (1998). Soil bulk density estimation for tillage systems and soil texture. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers. 41(4), 1601-1610.
[5] Wenzhen, L. & Junjiao, W. (2007). Numerical Simulation of Compacting Process of Green Sand Molding Based on Sand Filling. Materials Science Forum. 561-565, 879-1882. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.561-565.1879.
[6] Hovad, E., Larsen, P., Walther, J., Thorborg, J. & Hattel,. J.H. (2015). Flow Dynamics of green sand in the DISAMATIC moulding process using Discrete element method (DEM). IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering. 84(1) 1-8. DOI: 10.1088/1757-899X/84/1/012023.
[7] Hua, L., Junjiao, W., Tianyou, H. & Hiroyasu, M. (2011). A new numerical simulation model for high pressure squeezing moulding. China foundry. 8(1) 25-29. ID: 1672-6421(2011)01-025-05.
[8] Schijndel, van, A.W.M.(2007). Integrated heat air and moisture modeling and simulation. Doctoral dissertation, Eindhoven University of Technology. https://doi.org/ 10.6100/IR622370.
[9] Terzaghi, K. (1976). Earthwork mechanics based on soil physics (in German). G. Gistel & Cie. GmbH, Wien.
[10] Tomas, J. (1991). Modeling of the flow behavior of bulk solids on the basis of the interaction forces between the particles and applications in the design of bunkers (in German). Habilitation thesis, TU Bergakademie Freiberg.
[11] Inoue, Y., Motoyama, Y., Takahashi, H., Shinji, K. & Yoshida, M. (2013). Effect of sand mold models on the simulated mold restraint force and the contraction of the casting during cooling in green sand molds. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 213(7), 1157-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2013.01.011.
[12] Kadauw, A. (2006). Mathematical modeling of the moulding material processes (in German). Doctoral dissertation, TU- Bergakademie Freiberg.
[13] Lang, H.-J., Huder, J., Amann, P., Puzrin, A.M. (1996). Soil mechanics and foundation (in German). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
[14] Suroso, P., Samang, L., Tjaronge, W. & Muhammad Ramli. (2016). Estimates of Elasticity and Compressive Strenght in Soil Cement Mixed With Ijuk-Aren, International Journal of Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering (IJIRAE), 3(4), 21-26.
[15] Nujid, M.M. & Taha, M.R. (2016). Soil Plasticity Model for Analysis of Collapse Load on Layers Soil. EDP Sciences, MATEC Web of Conferences. 47(03020) 1-6. DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/ 20164703020.
[16] Chen, W.F. Mizuno, E. (1990). Nonlinear Analysis in Soil Mechanics: Theory and Implementation, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., ISBN 978-0444430434, 5-36.
[17] Bast, J., Kadauw, A. (2004). 3D-Numerical Simulation of Squeeze Moulding with the Finite element Method. Proceeding of 66th World Foundry Congress Istanbul, 247 - 258.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
ORCID: ORCID
A. Kadauw
1 2
  1. IMKF. TU - Bergakademie Freiberg, Germany
  2. Salahddin University-Erbil, Iraq

Effectiveness of SCADA Systems in Control of Green Sands Properties

Z. Ignaszak J. Kozłowski M. Perzyk R. Sika A. Kochański
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2016 | No 1 | DOI: 10.1515/afe-2015-0094
Keywords Computer aided foundry production SCADA systems Data Acquisition Green sands Green sand properties
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Abstract

The paper undertakes an important topic of evaluation of effectiveness of SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems,

used for monitoring and control of selected processing parameters of classic green sands used in foundry. Main focus was put on process

studies of properties of so-called 1st generation molding sands in the respect of their preparation process. Possible methods of control of

this processing are presented, with consideration of application of fresh raw materials, return sand (regenerate) and water. The studies

conducted in one of European foundries were aimed at pointing out how much application of new, automated plant of sand processing

incorporating the SCADA systems allows stabilizing results of measurement of selected sand parameters after its mixing. The studies

concerned two comparative periods of time, before an implementation of the automated devices for green sands processing (ASMS -

Automatic Sand Measurement System and MCM – Main Control Module) and after the implementation. Results of measurement of

selected sand properties after implementation of the ASMS were also evaluated and compared with testing studies conducted periodically

in laboratory.

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Authors and Affiliations

Z. Ignaszak
J. Kozłowski
M. Perzyk
R. Sika
A. Kochański

Optimizing Sand Moulding Process through Regression Models and Destructive Testing

Dheya Abdulamer
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 163-168 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.148959
Keywords Green sand mould Moulding parameters design of experiments Destructive tests regression methods
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Abstract

The main objective of the present study is enhanced of the sand moulding process through addressing the sand mould defects and failures, ultimately lead to improve production of the sand castings with well-defined of pattern profiles. The research aimed to reduce the cost and energy expenditure associated with the compaction time of the sand moulding process. Practical destructive tests were conducted to assess properties of the green sand moulds. Linear regression and multi-regression methods were employed to identify the key factors influencing the sand moulding process. The proposed experimental destructive tests and predicted regression methods facilitated measurement of the green sand properties and enabled evaluation of the effective moulding parameters, thereby enhancing the sand moulding process. Factorial design of experiments approach was employed to evaluate effect of parameters of water content and mixing time of the green sand compaction process on the mechanical properties of green sand mould namely the tensile strength, and compressive strength.
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Bibliography

[1] Abdulamer, D. & Kadauw, A. (2019). Development of mathematical relationships for calculating material-dependent flowability of green molding sand. Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance. 28(7), 3994-4001. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11665-019-04089-w.
[2] Shahria, S., Tariquzzaman, M., Rahman, H., Al Amin, M., & Rahman, A. (2017). Optimization of molding sand composition for casting Al alloy. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Applications. 5(3), 155-161. DOI:10.11648/j.ijmea.20170503.13.
[3] Patil, G. & Inamdar, K. (2014). Optimization of casting process parameters using taguchi method. International Journal of Engineering Development and Research. 2(2), 2506-2511.
[4] Kassie, A. & Assfaw, S. (2013). Minimization of casting defects. IOSR Journal of Engineering. 3(5), 31-38. DOI:10.9790/3021-03513138.
[5] Gadag, S. Sunni Rao, K. Srinivasan, M. et al. (1987). Effect of organic additives on the properties of green sand assessed from design of experiments. AFS Transactions. 42, 179-186.
[6] Karunaksr, D. & Datta, G. (2007). Controlling green sand mold properties using artificial neural networks and genetic algorithms- A comparison. Applied Caly Science. 37(1-2), 58-66. DOI:10.1016/j.clay.2006.11.005.
[7] Said, R. Kamal, M. Miswan, N. & Ng, S. (2018). Optimization of moulding composition for quality improvement of sand casting. Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 12(1(1), 301-310.
[8] Pulivarti, S. & Birru, A. (2018). Optimization of green sand mould system using Taguchi based grey relational analysis. China Foundry. 15, 152-159. DOI: 10.1007/s41230-018-7188-1.
[9] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Impact of the different moulding parameters on engineering properties of the green sand mould. Archives of Foundry. 23(2), 5-9. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288.
[10] Kumar, S. Satsangi, P. & Prajapati, D. (2011). Optimization of green sand casting process parameters of a foundry by using taguchi’s method. International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 55(1-4), 23-34. DOI: 10.1007/s00170-010-3029-0.
[11] Murguía, P. Ángel, R. Villa González del Pino, E. Villa, Y. & Hernández del Sol, J. (2016). Quality improvement of a casting process using design of experiments. Prospectiva. 14(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.15665/rp.v14i1.648.
[12] Abdullah, A. Sulaiman, S. Baharudin, B. Arifin, M. & Vijayaram, T. (2012). Testing for green compression strength and permeability properties on the tailing sand samples gathered from ex tin mines in perak state, Malaysia. Advanced Materials Research. 445, 859-864. DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.445.859.
[13] Abdulamer, D. (2021). Investigation of flowability of the green sand mould by remote control of portable flowability sensor. Archives of Materials Science and Engineering, 112(2), 70-76. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.6289.
[14] Bast, J., Simon, W. & Abdullah, E. (2010). Investigation of cogs defects reason in green sand moulds. Archives of Metallurgy and Materials. 55(3), 749-755. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144288.
[15] Montgomery, D.C. (2001). Design and Analysis of Experiments. (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
[16] Dhindaw, B.K., Chakraborty, M. (1974). Study and control of properties and behavior of different sand systems by application of statistical design of experiments In the 41st International Foundry Congress, (pp. 9-14). Belgique.
[17] Abdulamer, D. (2023). Utilizing of the statistical analysis for evaluation of the properties of green sand mould. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 23(3), 67-73, DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146664, 2023.
[18] Parappagoudar, M. Pratihar, D. & Datta, G. (2007). Linear and non-linear statistical modelling of green sand mould system. International Journal of Cast Metals Research. 20(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1179/136404607X184952.
[19] Dietert, H. W. Brewster, F. S. & Graham, A. L. (1996). AFS Trans. 74, 101-111.
[20] Parappagoudar, M. Pratihar, D. & Datta G. (2005). Green sand mould system modelling through design of experiments. Indian Foundry Journal. 51(4), 40-51.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dheya Abdulamer
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. University of Technology- Iraq

Evaluation of Mixing Efficiency and How it Affects the Properties of the New Green Sand Mixtures

Š. Kielar M. Bašistová P. Lichy
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 3 | 88-93 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146666
Keywords Green sand mixture Eddy mixer mixing time Optimization of mixing Green compressive strength
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Abstract

The current trend in the preparation of green sand mixtures emphasizes the acceleration of the mixing process while maintaining the quality of the mixture. This requirement results in the necessity of determining the optimal conditions for mixing the mixture with a given mixer. This work aims to determine the optimal mixing conditions for the newly introduced eddy mixer LM-3e from the company Multiserw-Morek in the sand laboratory at the Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Faculty of Materials and Technology, VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava. The main monitored properties of mixtures will be green compressive strength and moisture of the mixture. The measured properties of the mixture mixed on the eddy mixer will be compared with the properties of the mixture mixed on the existing LM-2e wheel mixer. The result of the experiment confirmed that the eddy mixer is suitable for the preparation of a mixture of the same quality as the wheel mixer but with a significantly reduced mixing time.
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Bibliography

[1] Pastierovičová, L., Kuchariková, L., Tillová, E., Chalupová, M. & Pastirčák, R. (2022). Quality of automotive sand casting with different wall thickness from progressive secondary alloy. Production Engineering Archives. 28(2), 172-177. https://doi.org/10.30657/pea.2022.28.20.
[2] Kamińska, J., Stachowicz, M., Puzio, S. et al. (2023). Studies of mechanical and technological parameters and evaluation of the role of lustrous carbon carriers in green moulding sands with hybrid bentonite. Archivives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. 23, 11, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-022-00550-1.
[3] Radkovský, F., Gawronová, M., Merta, V., Lichý, P., Kroupová, I., Nguyenová, I., Kielar, Š., Folta, M., Bradáč, J., Kocich, R. (2022). Effect of the composition of hybrid sands on the change in thermal expansion. Materials. 15(17), 6180, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15176180.
[4] Troy, E. C. et al. (1971). A mulling index applied to sand-water-bentonite. AFS Transactions. 79, 213-224.
[5] Gawronová, M., Kielar, Š. & Lichý, P. (2022). Mulling and its effect on the properties of sand-water-bentonite moulding mixture. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 22(3), 107-112. DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140243.
[6] Multiserw-Morek. Catalogue of moulding and core mass testing equipment. Propagation catalogue. Retrieved January 20, 2023, from http://multiserw-morek.pl/!data/attachments/odlewnictwo_pl_a4_24str.pdf. (in Polish).
[7] Silica sand Biała Góra. Sand Team. Technical sheet. Holubice. Retrieved January 20, 2023 from: https://www.sandteam.cz/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Biala_Gora_v6.pdf (in Czech).
[8] Keramost. Activated bentonite. Product Safety data sheet. Retrieved January 20, 2023 from: https://www.keramost.cz/dokumenty/sds-bentonite-activated-en.pdf.

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Authors and Affiliations

Š. Kielar
1
M. Bašistová
1
ORCID: ORCID
P. Lichy
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. VSB - Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Czech Republic

Mulling and its Effect on the Properties of Sand-Water-Bentonite Moulding Mixture

M. Gawronová Š. Kielar P. Lichý
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2022 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 107-112 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2022.140243
Keywords Bentonite Green sand mixture Mulling time Green compressive strength Cumulative mulling
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Abstract

Today, foundries are facing increasing demands for greener and more economical production while maintaining or improving the quality of the castings produced. The importance and use of green sand mixtures using bentonite as a binder are thus coming to the fore once again. They have the advantage of both eliminating the chemicalization of production and also allowing the immediate use of the already used mixture, including the binder, after adjustment of the composition and mulling. In order to maintain the quality of the resulting castings, it is necessary to monitor the properties of the moulding mixture through a series of laboratory tests. It is also essential to look at the processing quality of these mixtures, i.e. the combination of good mulling quality and efficient mulling time, which is often neglected. It is the quality of mulling and the effective mulling time that help to develop the bonding properties of the bentonite, improve the properties of the mixture, determine the efficiency of the muller and possibly reduce the time and energy required for mulling. The aim of this work is to present the effect of mulling on the properties of sand-water-bentonite mixtures. The properties studied are mainly the compactability, strength characteristics, moisture content of the mixture and the order of addition of raw materials.
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Bibliography

[1] Jelínek, P. & Mikšovský, F. (1985). Contribution to the evaluation of the efficiency of uniform green moulding mixture. Slévárenství. XXXIII (7), 268-274. (in Czech)
[2] Troy, E.C. et al. (1971). A Mulling Index Applied to Sand-water-bentonite. AFS Transactions. 79, 213-224.
[3] Strobl, S.M. (1995). How to improve green sands through more effective mulling. Modern casting. 85(2), 40-43.
[4] Thambiah, T.R. & Sarkar, A.D. (1973). Effect of mulling time on the properties of greensands. Foundry Trade Journal. 1973, 683-684.
[5] Headington, F., Rothwell, M.D. & Green, R. (1998). Available clay control and mulling efficiency. AFS Transactions. 1998, 271-291.
[6] Dietert, H.W., Graham, A.L. & Schumacher, J.S. (1971). How Mulling Time Affects Sand Properties. Foundry. 1971, 42-47.
[7] Kyncl, M. (2008). Evaluation of mixers efficiency. Diploma thesis, VŠB-TU Ostrava, Fakulta metalurgie a materiálového inženýrství, Ostrava, Czech Republic. (in Czech)
[8] Jelínek, P. (2004). Binder systems of foundry moulding mixtures – chemistry of foundry binders. (1st ed.). Ostrava. ISBN: 80-239-2188-6. (in Czech)
[9] Weniger, C.E. & Volkmar, A.P. (1970) A new control tool: a graph for evaluating effectiveness of available bentonite within foundry system sand. AFS Transactions. 1970, 17-24.
[10] Kumari, A., Murari, A.K., Prasad, U. (2020). Prediction of Green Sand Moulding Properties Using Artificial Neural Network. In U. Prasad (Eds.), Advances in Science & Technology (pp. 39-52). India: Empyreal publishing house.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Gawronová
1
ORCID: ORCID
Š. Kielar
1
P. Lichý
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology, Department of Metallurgical Technologies, Czech Republic

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