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Abstract

In the present study performance of an airflow window in removing contaminants as well as providing thermal comfort for the occupants was investigated. Both natural/mixed ventilation methods were studied and the full heating load as well as contaminant sources in the office rooms considered. Then, the local and average temperature, relative humidity, velocity as well as CO2 and dust concentration were extracted from simulation results and compared to criteria in international ventilation standards. It was found that except in the big room having 8 m×6 m flooring, natural ventilation from the airflow window can satisfy the thermal and relative humidity conditions in the international ventilation standard except for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers. However, the thermal comfort in the room which was measured by extended predicted mean vote could not be achieved when the window operates in the natural ventilation mode, even with a 0.4 m height opening in the small (3 m×4 m) room. Finally, results indicated that the airflow ventilation system installed in small and medium offices operation can provide indoor condition in the ventilation standard either in natural/mixed operation mode consuming less energy than the traditional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Besides, the airflow system not only was not able to provide thermal comfort condition in the big office but also its application was not economically feasible.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Ildar Fathi Ajirlou
1
Cüneyt Kurtay
1

  1. Gazi University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Department of Architecture, Yükselis 5, 06570 Maltepe-Ankara, Turkey
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Abstract

Heating, ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) is one of crucial system in a vehicle. Unfortunately, its performance can be affected by the vibration of HVAC components, which subsequently produced unwanted noises. This paper presents an innovative design solution which called as tuneable dynamic vibration absorber (TDVA) to reduce the humming-type noise and vibration in the HVAC system. A detail investigation is carried by developing a lab-scale HVAC model that has the capability to imitate the real HVAC operation in a vehicle. An alternated air-condition (AC) with a fixed blower speed is implied in the study. The analysis of hummingtype noise and vibration induced from the HVAC components are performed, and the TDVA is designed and tuned according to the natural frequency of the AC pipe before the attachment. The humming-type noise and vibration characteristics of the HVAC components are compared before and after the implementation of the TDVA. The findings shown that the HVAC model data compares well with the vehicle data, whereby the implementation of TDVA is found to reduce the vibration of the AC pipe by 79% and 61% in both idle and operating conditions and this subsequently improved the humming-type noise of the HVAC system. It also been observed that the TDVA has an effective frequency range around 75–255 Hz and 100–500 Hz for the HVAC model and vehicle systems, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Safwan Abdul Aziz
1
Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan
1
Mohd Hafiz Abdul Satar
1
Muhammad Abdul Rahman Paiman
2
Mohd Zukhairi Abd Ghapar
2

  1. The VibrationLab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Penang, Malaysia
  2. Testing and Development, Vehicle Development and Engineering, Proton Holdings Berhad, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract

The presence of noises in the vehicle cabin is an annoyance phenomenon which is significantly affected by the heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. There are very limited studies reported on the specific type of noise characterisation and validation for both model and vehicle system levels. The present study developed a model of HVAC system that reflects the operation as in real vehicle, and the investigation of the HVAC components were carried out individually to determine which component contributes to the humming-type noise and vibration. The study was conducted under two conditions; idle speed of engine (850 rpm) and operating condition (850–1400 rpm). A ixed blower speed and fullface setting were applied throughout the experimental process. Three different sensors were used for the experiment, which are: accelerometer, tachometer, and microphone. From the results, the compressor and AC pipe components have contributed the most in generating the noise and vibration for both the model and vehicle systems. The findings also highlight that the humming-type noise and vibration were produced in the same operating frequency of 300–400 Hz and 100–300 Hz for idle and operating conditions, respectively, and this result was validated for both model and vehicle system levels.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Hafiz Abdul Satar
1
Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan
1
Muhd Hidayat Hamdan
1
Mohd Syazwan Md Isa
1
Muhd Abdul Rahman Paiman
2
Mohd Zukhairi Abd Ghapar
2

  1. The Vibration Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
  2. Testing & Development, Vehicle Development & Engineering, Proton Holdings Berhad, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract

Heating, ventilation and air conditional (HVAC) system provides a cold ventilation for the comfort of the driver and passengers in a vehicle. However, the vibration induced by the HVAC contributes to a reasonable level of noise emission, and hissing is one of the critical noises. So far, the characterization of hissing noise from the vehicle is least to be reported compared to other type of noises. Hence, this paper investigates the occurrence of hissing noise from several HVAC components. A lab-scale HVAC system was developed to imitate the real-time operations of the vehicle HVAC system. Two engine conditions, namely as ambient and operating conditions, were tested at speed of 850 rpm and 850–1400 rpm, with the blower speed maintained constantly at one level. The result shows that the hissing noise from the labscale HVAC was produced at frequency range of 4000–6000 Hz. The finding also highlights that the main component contributors of noise emission are an evaporator and a thermal expansion valve. The validation with a real vehicle system showed a good consensus whereby the hissing noise was produced at the similar operating frequency ranges. Also, the hissing noise was found to be louder when in an operating condition which could be taken into consideration by the vehicle manufacturers to improve the HVAC design.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohd Hafiz Abdul Satar
1
Ahmad Zhafran Ahmad Mazlan
1
Muhd Hidayat Hamdan
1
Mohd Syazwan Md Isa
1
Muhd Abdul Rahman Paiman
2
Mohd Zukhairi Abd Ghapar
2

  1. The Vibration Lab, School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
  2. Testing & Development, Vehicle Development & Engineering, Proton Holdings Berhad, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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Abstract

HVAC systems use a substantial part of the whole energy usage of buildings. The optimizing of their operation can greatly affect the power use of a building, making them an interesting subject when trying to save energy. However, this should not affect the comfort of the people inside. Many approaches aim to optimize the operation of the heating and cooling system; in this paper, we present an approach to steer the heat pumps to reduce energy usage while aiming to maintain a certain level of comfort. For this purpose, we employ a market-based distributed method for power-balancing. To maintain the comfort level, the market-based distributed system assigns each device a cost-curve, parametrized with the current temperature of the room. This allows the cost to reflect the urgency of the HVAC operation. This approach was tested in a real-world environment: we use 10 heat pumps responsible for temperature control in 10 comparable-sized rooms. The test was performed for 3 months in summer. We limited the total peak power, and the algorithm balanced the consumption of the heat pumps with the available supply. The experiments showed that the system successfully managed to operate within the limit (lowering peak usage), and - to a certain point - reduce the cost without significantly deteriorating the working conditions of the occupants of the rooms. This test allowed us to estimate the minimal peak power requirement for the tested set-up that will still keep the room temperatures in or close to comfortable levels. The experiments show that a fully distributed market-based approach with parametrized cost functions can be used to limit peak usage while maintaining temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Radziszewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin A. Bugaj
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Łuniewski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Gerwin Hoogsteen
3
ORCID: ORCID
Patryk Chaja
1
ORCID: ORCID
Sebastian Bykuć
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery Polish Academy of Science, ul. Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Nowowiejska 21/25, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
  3. Department of Electrical Engineering, Mathematica and Computer Science,University of Twente, PO BOX 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands

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