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Abstract

Capacitive leakage and adjacent interference are the main influence sources of the measuring error in the traditional series step-up method. To solve the two problems, a new algorithm was proposed in this study based on a three-ports network. Considering the two influences, it has been proved that response of this three-ports network still has characteristics of linear superposition with this new algorithm. In this threeport network, the auxiliary series voltage transformers use a two-stage structure that can further decrease measurement uncertainty. The measurement uncertainty of this proposed method at 500/√3 kV is 6.8 ppm for ratio error and 7 μrad for phase displacement ( k = 2). This new method has also been verified by comparing its results with measurement results of the PTB in Germany over the same 110/√3 kV standard voltage transformer. According to test results, the error between the two methods was less than 2.7 ppm for ratio error and 2.9 μrad for phase displacement.
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Authors and Affiliations

Hao Liu
1 2
Lixue Chen
1
Xue Wang
2
Teng Yao
2
Xiong Gu
2

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, No. 1037 Luoyu Road Hongshan District, Wuhan, China
  2. China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China
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Abstract

This paper presents a study on ferroresonance occurring in a high voltage 400 kV transmission grid due to energization of power transformer under no-load conditions. The system scenarios analyzed in the present paper are considered as critical for development and modernization plans as currently announced by the national grid operator in Poland. The PSCADsimulation modelwas developed and applied for several study cases of a system with double-circuit arrangement of a transmission line. It is shown that the ferroresonant oscillations can be initiated by two-phase switching operation of a line circuit breaker. The impact of the double-circuit length on the ferroresonance mode and severity is demonstrated with the use of the Poincaré map analysis and Short Time Fourier Transform. It is demon- strated that the length of the transmission line that is mutually coupled in the double-circuit arrangement has a significant impact on the ferroresonance occurrence and on its mode. As the ferroresonance can pose severe threat to the power system components due to the severe overvoltage and overcurrent oscillations, the analysis presented in this paper demonstrates the necessity of the ferroresonance analyses for any re-designed transmission system.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Polewaczyk
Sylwester Robak
Marcin Szewczyk
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Abstract

This paper demonstrates that if a linear dependence of arc dissipated power on power supplied is introduced at an initial stage of analysis, then, with some simplifying assumptions, the classical Mayr model is obtained. Similarly, if this dependence is taken into account in a model with residual conductance, the modified Mayr model is obtained. The study takes into consideration the local phenomenon of sudden voltage drop accompanying linear current decrease occurring in the circuit breaker. To account for this phenomenon, the Dirac delta function and its approximation by a Gaussian function, representing power or enthalpy disturbances, are introduced to the power balance equation. It is demonstrated that both variants yield the same effect, leading to identical differential equations. Macromodels of the circuit-breaker arc are created and connected with the power source circuit with lin- early decreasing current. The results obtained were found to be consistent with experimental data available in the literature. The models presented are based on a fairly uncomplicated 1st order differential equation and offer a straightforward physical interpretation of the phenomena in question.

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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Sawicki
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The effectiveness of lightning protection on the power and distribution grid is a significant factor, which influences the power distribution reliability and the failure rate of system elements. As part of this article, a mathematical model will be presented, taking into account selected parameters that affect the assessment of the lightning hazard of an overhead line. The proposed model will consider the location of the object near the line and the adjustment of line conductor overhangs. Moreover, the mentioned mathematical model allows for analyzing the impact of considered parameters on the protection level of the power system, and transient overvoltages that occur in this system. The article contains also a detailed description of an effective and fast method to assess the lightning discharge impact on the power system with insufficient data. The introduced model was tested to verify the correctness of its operation by comparison of calculation results and functional data. High convergence of calculated and functional data and uncomplicated model structure ensure a wide range of applications for the proposed solution to easily prevent emergency situations in the power system. Furthermore, the described model gives the opportunity to assess the reduction of the range of selectivity zone associated with the power line, in conjunction with the impact of constructional peculiarities and a near object.

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Bibliography

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  25.  Y. Xie, M. Dong, H. He, J. He, H. Cai, and X. Chen, “A new tool for lightning performance assessment of overhead transmission lines”, Proc. 7th Asia-Pacific Int. Conf. Light., 2011, pp. 513‒519.
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  27.  G. Benysek, M.P. Kazmierkowski, J. Popczyk, and R. Strzelecki, “Power electronic systems as a crucial part of Smart Grid infrastructure – a survey”, Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 59(4), 455‒473 (2011).
  28.  S. Robak and R.M. Raczkowski, “Substations for offshore wind farms: a review from the perspective of the needs of the Polish wind energy”, Bull. Pol. Ac.: Tech. 66(4), 517‒528 (2018).
  29.  M. Borecki and J. Starzyński, “Selected Aspects of Numerical Models and Cost Comparison Analysis of Surge Protection Device”, Progress in Applied Electrical Engineering (PAEE), Poland, 2019, pp. 1‒4.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Borecki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Ciuba
1
Yevhen Kharchenko
2 3
Yuriy Khanas
3

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, ul. Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 2, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. Lviv Polytechnic National University, ul. S. Bandery St 12, 79000 Lviv, Ukraine
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Abstract

Diagnostic methodologies are of fundamental importance for operational strategies of electrical devices, both in the power grid and in industrial applications. This paper reports about a novel approach based on partial discharge analysis applied to high voltage electrical insulation. Especially dynamics of charges deposited by partial discharges is explored applying a chopped sequence. The applications refer to microvoids occurring inside solid insulating systems or at the interfaces, such as delaminations at the electrodes. The experiments were carried out on embedded voids having distinctive wall dielectric materials. The underlying physical phenomena of post discharge charge transport are analyzed. The assessment is performed using phase-resolved partial discharge patterns acquired applying a chopped sequence. The chopped partial discharge (CPD) method provides quantitative insight into post discharge charge decay processes due to deposited and accumulated charges fluctuations. The assessment indicator is based on comparing partial discharge inception angle between chopped sequence and continuous run. The experiments have shown that materials with distinctive surface conductivity revealed adequately different charge decay time dynamics. The detailed analysis yields time constant of walls charge decay for insulating paper equal to 12 ms and cross-linked polyethylene 407 ms. The CPD method may be further used to investigate streamer physics inside bounded cavities in the form of voids. The presented method provides a quantitative approach for charge non-invasive decay assessment and offers high potential in future diagnostics applications.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The life of Jerzy Ignacy Skowronski, Professor of High Voltages, Dean of the Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and the first Dean of the Electrical Faculty of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, member of the real Polish Academy of Sciences and President of the Wrocław Scientific Society, founder of the Wrocław Scientific School of Electrical Materials, was described. Documents contained in the Archives of the Wrocław University of Science and Technology, works published by Jerzy I. Skowronski, previously published publications on his scientific merits written by his former Ph.D. students and information from his grandson Jan Paweł Skowronski were used. The author's intention was to show unknown facts from the life of the Professor and his works unknown until now.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Leonard Chrzan
1

  1. Politechnika Wrocławska
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Abstract

This paper presents a concept and the results of an investigation of a DC–DC boost converter with high voltage gain and a reduced number of switches. The novel concept assumes that the converter operates in a topology composed of series connection switched- capacitor-based multiplier (SCVM) sections. Furthermore, the structure of the sections has significant impact on parameters of the converter which is discussed in this paper. The paper demonstrates the basic benefit such a multisection SCVM idea in the converter, which is the significant reduction in the number of switches and diodes for high voltage gain in comparison to an SCVM converter. Aside from the number of switches and diodes, such parameters as efficiency and volume of passive components in the multisection converter are analyzed in this paper. In figures, the analysis is demonstrated using the example of 100 kW thyristor-based converters. All the characteristics of the converter are compared between various configurations of switching cells in the particular sections, thus the paper can be useful for a design approach for a high voltage gain multicell converter.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Piróg
Robert Stala
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Abstract

This paper describes multiple electric field control methods for foil coils in high-voltage coreless linear actuators and their sensitivity to misalignment. The investigated field control methods consist of resistive, refractive, capacitive and geometrical solutions for mitigating electric stress at edges and corners of foil coils. These field control methods are evaluated using 2-D boundary element and finite element methods. A comparison is presented between the field control methods and their ability to mitigate electric stress in coreless linear actuators. Furthermore, the sensitivity to misalignment of the field control methods is investigated.
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Authors and Affiliations

T.A. van Beek
J.W. Jansen
E.A. Lomonova
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Abstract

This article presents the results of an examination performed on a set of samples of glass-epoxy core rods used in composite insulators with silicone rubber housings. The goal of the examination was to test the aging resistance of the core material when exposed to Direct Current (DC) high voltage. Long term exposure of a glass-epoxy core rod to DC high voltage may lead to the gradual degradation of its mechanical properties due to the ion migrations. Electrolysis of the core material (glass fiber) may cause electrical breakdown of the insulators and consequently lead to a major failure. After being aged for 6000 hours under DC high voltage, the samples were subjected to microscopic analysis. Their chemical composition was also examined using Raman spectroscopy and their dielectric losses and conductance in the broad range of frequencies were tested using dielectric spectroscopy.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Wieczorek
M. Jaroszewski
P. Ranachowski
Z. Ranachowski
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Abstract

Food processing technologies for food preservation have been in constant development over a few decades in order to meet current consumer’s demands. Healthy competitive improvements are observed in both thermal and non-thermal food processing technology since past two decades due to technical revolution. Among these novel technologies, pulsed electric field food processing technology has shown to be a potential non-thermal treatment capable of preserving liquid foods. The high-voltage pulse generators specifically find their applications in pulsed electric field technology. So, this paper proposes a new structure of a high-voltage pulse generator with a cascaded boost converter topology. The choice of a cascaded boost converter helps in selecting low DC input voltage and hence the size and space requirement of the high-voltage pulse generator is minimized. The proposed circuit is capable of producing high-voltage pulses with flexibility of an adjusting duty ratio and frequency. The designed circuit generates a maximum peak voltage of 1 kV in the frequency range of 7.5–20 kHz and the pulse width range of 0.8–1.8 μs. Also, the impedance matching between the cascaded boost converter and the high-voltage pulse generator is found simple without further additional components. The efficiency can be improved in the circuit by avoiding low frequency transformers.
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Authors and Affiliations

S. Krishnaveni
1
ORCID: ORCID
V. Rajini
1

  1. Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, India
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Abstract

For voltage-source-converter based high-voltage-direct-current (VSC-HVDC) transmission systems, fault ride-through (FRT) capability is a very important grid requirement in order to enhance its operational availability under an alternating current (AC) grid fault condition. Voltage sags during a short-circuit fault in power transmission lines can lead to fluctuations in the direct current (DC) link voltage of converter systems, and may induce reversed power flow and even trip a VSC-HVDC transmission system. A practical method is developed in this paper for investigating FRT capability of VSC-HVDC transmission system characteristics during a voltage sag event using experimental results from Smart Grid Laboratory. Symmetrical and asymmetrical voltage sag events with different remaining voltages are applied to an AC grid that lasts with a variable duration. The experimental waveforms of the two converter systems are recorded and analyzed in order to evaluate the FRT capability of VSC-HVDC transmission systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ngo Minh Khoa
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nguyen An Toan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Doan Duc Tung
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Quynhon University, Vietnam
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Abstract

This paper presents the current state of a photoconductive semiconductor switch engineering. A photoconductive semiconductor switch is an electric switch with its principle of operation based on the phenomenon of photoconductivity. The wide application range, in both low and high-power devices or instruments, makes it necessary to take design requirements into account. This paper presents selected problems in the scope of designing photoconductive switches, taking into account, i.e. issues associated with the element trigger speed, uniform distribution of current density, thermal resistance, operational lifespan, and a high, local electric field generated at the location of electrodes. A review of semiconductor materials used to construct devices of this type was also presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

E. Majda-Zdancewicz
M. Suproniuk
M. Pawłowski
M. Wierzbowski
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Abstract

The aim of this paper is to compare three different methods of analysis of results of lightning impulse breakdown voltage measurements of solid materials such as insulating pressboard. These three methods are the series method, the step method and the up-and-down method which are applied to withstand voltage estimation commonly in high voltage engineering. To obtain the data needed for the analysis a series of experimental studies was carried out. It included studies of mineral oil and natural ester impregnating 1 mm of thick cellulose-based pressboard. In order to show the distribution of breakdown voltage the Weibull distribution was additionally applied in data analysis. The results were also assessed from the viewpoint of dielectric liquid used for impregnation. The studies carried out showed that series and step methods give comparable results opposite to the up-and-down method. The latest overstates the results for mineral oil impregnated pressboard and understates for natural ester impregnated pressboard when juxtaposing them with the rest of the methods applied. In addition, there is lack of possibility to assess the withstand voltage for the up-and-down method directly from the vector of random variable. It is possible only as a result of a specially developed equation which always arouses doubt. From the methods applied it seems that the step method can be a great substitution for the series method as intuitive, fast in application and limiting the number of samples in solid insulation material testing.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Klarecki
1 2
Paweł Rózga
1
Filip Stuchała
1

  1. Lodz University of Technology, Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Stefanowskiego 18/22, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
  2. Lodz University of Technology, Interdisciplinary Doctoral School, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

High voltage DC insulation plays an important role, especially in power transmission systems (HVDC) but also increasingly on medium voltage levels (MVDC). The space charge behavior under DC voltage has great importance on electrical insulation reliability. This paper reports investigations of encapsulated space charge in homo-multilayer dielectric materials using the pulsed electro-acoustic (PEA) method. The charge has been introduced on the homo-layer interface by corona sprinkling prior to encapsulation. Two doses of charge density were accumulated on the dielectric surface in two types of dielectric materials Kapton and LDPE. The polarization DC voltage was applied in 2 min intervals in steps corresponding to an effective electric field strength in a range of 8-40 kV/mm for Kapton and 10-50 kV/mm for LDPE. The PEA-based detected space charge was compared at the initial, reference stage, prior to charge accumulation, and after corona sprinkling of defined charge density. The evaluation was based on the PEA time-dependent charge distributions and charge profiles referring to the DC polarization field strength. The goal of the experiment was to identify the relationship and the character of the known sprinkled and encapsulated charge inside homo-layered materials using the PEA method. According to the observations, the ratio between sprinkled charge densities is proportional to the encapsulated, charge densities measured by the PEA method on the interfacial homo-layer for the Kapton specimen. In the case of LDPE, a fast decrease of interfacial charge was observed, especially at a higher polarization field above 10 kV/mm. The encapsulation of the known charge amount can be extended to different types of multilayer material. The presented methodology might be used also for extended calibration of the PEA measurement system.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Florkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Kuniewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

A principle diagram of a high-voltage low-power power supply for devices comprising a microchannel plate (MCP) has been developed. A mathematical model was built according to the developed scheme for a detailed study of the operation of the power supply and the selection of the optimal parameters of its components and obtaining the best output voltages. The power supply circuit comprises a control circuit, a pulse transformer, a voltage multiplier circuit, a feedback circuit, and an input stabilizer. The input stabilizer provides the maintenance of the voltage switched in the primary winding of the transformer at a given level regardless of the voltage drop of the power supply primary source. Moreover the stabilizer provides constant voltage maintenance when the load resistance changes. (with Rload changing from 100 to 200 MΩ, Uout did not exceed 3 V).
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Authors and Affiliations

Boris Martemianov
1
Alexander Ryzhkov
1
Grigoriy Vdovin
1

  1. Limited Liability Company Vladikavkaz Technological Center "BASPIK", North Osetia

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