Przez twórców Poznańskiej Szkoły Metodologicznej rozumie się badaczy skupionych wokół Jerzego Kmity, Leszka Nowaka, Jerzego Topolskiego i Jana Sucha. Założenia badawcze kultywowane przez krąg poznańskich uczonych dotyczą warstwy ontologicznej oraz metodologicznej. Wśród twórców pewne istotne rozbieżności odnoszą się do zasady abstrakcji i w konsekwencji metod badawczych stosowanych w naukach społeczno-humanistycznych. Podczas gdy Leszek Nowak był przekonany, że główną metodą badań naukowych we wszystkich dziedzinach jest metoda idealizacji, to Jerzy Kmita sądził, iż nauki społeczno-humanistyczne głównie stosują nie metodę idealizacji, lecz metodę wyodrębniania w badanym przedmiocie układów relacyjnych za pomocą abstrakcji izolującej. Pojawienie się w naukach społecznych, a ściślej w polskiej humanistyce, zjawiska, które później miało uzyskać miano Poznańskiej Szkoły Metodologicznej, datuje się od 1970 roku. Przyjęty program badań metodologicznych w Polsce stanowił zapowiedź nowego stylu prowadzenia refleksji metodologicznej, stylu skrupulatnie zresztą później realizowanego. Najbardziej intensywny rozwój ośrodka poznańskiego przypada na lata siedemdziesiąte i dalsze. Do Poznańskiej Szkoły Metodologicznej należą jednak nie wszyscy metodologowie tego ośrodka. Ewolucja poglądów głównych twórców Szkoły świadczy, iż wiele idei ulegało daleko idącym przekształceniom. Modyfikowane, osiągały nieraz postać zaprzeczającą ich pierwotnej wersji.
During the second half of the past century the Catholic Christology suffered an anthioquian twist in order to overcome what the German theologian K. Rahner called «orthodox monophysitism» in his article about Chalcedon on the occasion of its 1500 th anniversary. For this, he proposed the recovery of a «strict chalcedonism» that opposed to the neochalcedonian interpretations of the 451’s Concillium. Maximus the Confessor has a decisive role in both Balthasar and Ratzinger’s Christology. With this, Ratzinger pretends to answer what he believed is the true danger in today’s theology. Contrary to J.A. Jungmann, K. Adam, K. Rahner, and F.X. Arnold’s thesis that denounced a factical monphysitism amongst the faithful, Ratzinger upholds that the reapparition of a new Nestorianism (and arianism) in today’s Christology is the true danger that must be fought against. In the first place, the article presents, synthetically, the post chalcedonian discussion, concentrating on the apparition of the theological trend of neochalcedonism and on Maximus the Confessor’s Christological contribution. From there on it approaches the neochalcedonian and maximillian interpretations that J. Ratzinger formulates in his sixth thesis of «Behold the Pierced One» and that will be later developed in the Gethsemani chapter of «Jesus of Nazareth».
The contribution of mercury and iodine in the particles of atmospheric aerosol and in the surface film of marine waters were estimated in the region of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, South Shetlands. Aerosols were collected with microscopic copper grids and on fibrous filters of microsorban type, and surface film with glassy slides. The obtained data are significant as natural background data.
The aim of the article is to examine the specific properties of language actions in terms of their moral evaluation. The author starts from the question whether responsibility for words has the same meaning as responsibility for a physical action. In her analysis, the author deliberates whether in both cases the same rules and criteria are applicable. Referring to the classical theory of speech acts proposed by John L. Austin, who introduced a fundamental division into constative and performative utterances and went on to distinguish illocutionary effects from perlocutionary consequences of speech acts, the author investigates how far a subject is responsible for the words he uses.
The study focuses on the relationship between the ethics of reading and the narrator’s unreliability in the novel by Kazuo Ishiguro The Remains of the Day. Drawing on James Phelan’s research, the authoress states that unreliability that can be attributed to the narrator of Ishiguro’s novel can be classified as either an error of being in the wrong or withholding some information consciously. Consequently, six types of unreliability can be distinguished: misreporting, misinterpreting, misevaluating, underreporting, underinterpreting, underevaluating. Employing these categories, the authoress analyses a literary text and lists different types of unreliability which are characteristic of Stevens, the main character and the narrator in Ishiguro’s novel.
The article expands and modifi es the contexts in which literary onomastics currently operates. This strictly interdisciplinary field of research, primarily originating from linguistics, has sought out the contexts that triggered non-obvious meanings of names readable in the artistic work from the outset. The references were varied – stylistics, textology, philosophy, structural poetics. All of them significantly enriched onomastic analyses, leaving some fundamental sense of insufficiency at the same time. That is the reason why we propose the project of the connection between literary onomastics and — now extremely extensive — theoretical thought. The article is not the end of this discussion, but rather an exploratory study and the beginning of scientific research. Consequently, there is no one ordering and chronological concept with a clear conclusion, but the main aim is to show the analysis of the claims relevant for further research. Therefore, several concepts of theoreticians interested in proper names in literature were discussed (far from a common phenomenon in this case). From the research projects analyzed, including among others: U. Eco, J.F. Lyotard, P. de Man, there emerges a clear conviction of the need to end the search for a referential, texted name. In this place it refers, on the one hand, to itself, establishing its own unreal meaning (image-forming, phonic, intertextual); on the other, it concerns the author’s system of naming (and beyond), which is also an epistemological concept. The starting point of these diagnoses was the thoroughly interpreted self-analysis of artistic works made by Marcel Proust; for further analysis, the thesis of Walter Benn Michaels was also employed, which brings interest in proper names from literature to the domain of artistic experiences. The conducted analysis (designing future literary onomastic research) leads to the fi nal conclusion that the proper name indicates the essence itself, the arche of our existence.
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