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Number of results: 15
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Abstract

Author presents an analytical method of calculation of unit power losses in magnetic laminations used in electrical machines and transformers. The idea of this method, based on the solution of Maxwell's equations in the lamination material, was described by the author in the previous work [3], taking into account approximation of constitutive static hysteresis loop by elliptic form of the function B = f(H) depending on magnetic saturation. In the previous formula for new isotropic and anisotropic materials it is needed to introduce so called "anomaly coefficient" deduced from the comparison of measured and calculated value of power losses in arbitrary excitation frequency for assumed induction. The method was tested by comparison with the results of experiments presented in commercial catalogues [1, 2]. Assuming superposition of harmonic power losses it is possible to enlarge this method for the estimation of overloss coefficient in dynamo sheet during axial magnetization with nonsinusoidal flux generated e.g. by PWM voltage supply.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kazimierz Zakrzewski
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Abstract

The reverse bending and straightening test is conducted on wires used for civil engineering applications to detect laminations which can pose a threat to the integrity of the wires. The FE simulations of the reverse bending and straightening of wires with laminations revealed that the reverse bending and straightening test is only effective in revealing or detecting near-surface laminations with lengths from 25 mm located up to 30% of the wire’s thickness and may not be an effective test to detect mid-thickness, near-mid-thickness, and short near-surface laminations with lengths below 15 mm. This is because wires with mid-thickness, near-mid-thickness and short near-surface laminations will pass through the reverse bending and straightening procedures without fracturing and therefore mid-thickness, near-mid-thickness and short near-surface laminations may go undetected. Consequently, other in-line non destructive testing methods might have to be used to detect mid-thickness, near-mid-thickness and short near-surface laminations in the wires.

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Authors and Affiliations

K.K. Adewole
S.J. Bull
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Abstract

This work deals with the analysis of elasto-plastic post-buckling state of rectangular laminated plates subjected to combined loads, such as uniform compression and shear. The plates are built of specially orthotropic symmetrical layers. The analysis is carried out on the basis of nonlinear theory of orthotropic plates involving plasticity. The solution can be obtained in the analytical-numerical way using Prandtl-Reuss equations. The preliminary results of numerical calculations are also presented in figures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Grądzki
Katarzyna Kowal-Michalska
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Abstract

The study is devoted to a parametric analysis of the stability and load carrying capacity of prismatic segment shells built of rectangular sections of cylindrical shells and subjected to compression. Segment shells (columns) with a constant crosssectional area (weight) have been analysed and all the results obtained have been compared with the results obtained for the cylindrical shell with a radius R and a thickness c; First, an influence of geometrical parameters of the cross-section of single-layer isotropic shells has been analysed and such profiles have been sought for which the load carrying capacity is significantly higher than in the case of the cylindrical shell. Then, for a selected shape of the shell (apart from higher load carrying capacity, this choice could be influenced by other factors such as, e.g. easiness of manufacturing), an effect of the arrangement and thickness of orthotropic layers of the shell (laminate) on the stability and load carrying capacity has been investigated. The analysis has shown that one can design a segment shell made of the same orthotropic material and characterised by higher resistance to buckling and load carrying capacity than a single-layer cylindrical orthotropic shell. The results are depicted in the form of plots.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Królak
Zbigniew Kolakowski
Tomasz Kubiak
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In the present paper, the damage of fiber-reinforced composite laminates is considered with the aim to examine the change of their mechanical properties. The crucial issue for theoretical analysis is to construct constitutive relations, which talce into account the development of damage, along with stress and strain. The paper is mainly focused on this problem. In order to derive an adequate description, the author employs an approach based on polynomial invariants functions and invariants integrity basis by Adkins.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz German
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine how the change of glass laminate fibres to flax fibres will affect the stability of thin-walled angle columns. Numerical analyses were conducted by the finite element method. Short L-shaped columns with different configurations of reinforcing fibres and geometric parameters were tested. The axially compressed structures were simply supported on both ends. The lowest two bifurcation loads and their corresponding eigenmodes were determined. Several configurations of unidirectional fibre arrangement were tested. Moreover, the influence of a flange width change by ±100% and a column length change by ±33% on the bifurcation load of the compressed structure was determined. It was found that glass laminate could be successfully replaced with a bio-laminate with flax fibres. Similar results were obtained for both materials. For the same configuration of fibre arrangement, the flax laminate showed a lower sensitivity to the change in flange width than the glass material. However, the flax laminate column showed a greater sensitivity to changes in length than the glass laminate one. In a follow-up study, selected configurations will be tested experimentally.
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Bibliography

[1] S.V. Joshi, L.T. Drzal, A.K Mohanty, and S. Arora. Are natural fiber composites environmentally superior to glass fiber reinforced composites? Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 35(3):371–376, 2004. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2003.09.016.
[2] P. Wambua, J. Ivens .and I.Verpoest. Natural fibers: can they replace glass in fiber reinforced plastics? Composites Science and Technology, 63(9):1259–1264, 2003. doi: 10.1016/S0266-3538(03)00096-4.
[3] D.B. Dittenber and H.V.S. GangaRao. Critical review of recent publications on use of natural composites in infrastructure. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 43(8):1419–1429, 2012. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2011.11.019.
[4] A. Stamboulis, C.A. Baillie, and T. Peijs. Effects of environmental conditions on mechanical and physical properties of flax fibers. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 32(8):1105–1115, 2001. doi: 10.1016/S1359-835X(01)00032-X.
[5] L. Pil, F. Bensadoun, J. Pariset, and I. Verpoest. Why are designers fascinated by flax and hemp fiber composites? Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 83:193–205, 2016. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.11.004.
[6] H.Y. Cheung, M.P. Ho, K.T. Lau, F. Cardona, And D. Hui. Natural fiber-reinforced composites for bioengineering and environmental engineering applications. Composites Part B: Engineering, 40(7):655–663, 2009. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.04.014.
[7] M.I. Misnon, Md M. Islam, J.A. Epaarachchi, and K.T. Lau. Potentiality of utilising natural textile materials for engineering composites applications. Materials & Design, 59:359–368, 2014. doi: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.03.022.
[8] T. Gurunathan, S. Mohanty, and S.K. Nayak. A review of the recent developments in biocomposites based on natural fibers and their application perspectives. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 77:1–25, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2015.06.007.
[9] H.L. Bos, M.J.A. Van Den Oever, and O.C.J.J. Peters. Tensile and compressive properties of flax fibers for natural fiber reinforced composites. Journal of Materials Science, 37:1683–1692, 2002. doi: 10.1023/A:1014925621252.
[10] C. Baley. Analysis of the flax fibers tensile behavior and analysis of the tensile stiffness increase. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 33(7):939–948, 2002. doi: 10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00040-4.
[11] C. Baley, M. Gomina, J. Breard, A. Bourmaud, and P. Davies. Variability of mechanical properties of flax fibers for composite reinforcement. A review. Industrial Crops and Products, 145:111984, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2019.111984.
[12] I. El Sawi, H. Bougherara, R. Zitoune, and Z. Fawaz. Influence of the manufacturing process on the mechanical properties of flax/epoxy composites. J ournal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 8(1):69–76, 2014. doi: 10.1166/jbmb.2014.1410.
[13] K. Strohrmann and M. Hajek. Bilinear approach to tensile properties of flax composites in finite element analyses. Journal of Materials Science, 54:1409–1421, 2019. doi: 10.1007/s10853-018-2912-1.
[14] Z. Mahboob, Y. Chemisky, F. Meraghni, and H. Bougherara. Mesoscale modelling of tensile response and damage evolution in natural fiber reinforced laminates. Composites Part B: Engineering, 119:168–183, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.03.018.
[15] Z. Mahboob, I. El Sawi, R. Zdera, Z. Fawaz, and H. Bougherara. Tensile and compressive damaged response in Flax fiber reinforced epoxy composites. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 92:118–133, 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2016.11.007.
[16] C. Nicolinco, Z. Mahboob, Y. Chemisky, F. Meraghni, D. Oguamanam, and H. Bougherara. Prediction of the compressive damage response of flax-reinforced laminates using a mesoscale framework. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, 140:106153, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.compositesa.2020.106153.
[17] R.T. Durai Prabhakaran, H. Teftegaard, C.M. Markussen, and B. Madsen. Experimental and theoretical assessment of flexural properties of hybrid natural fiber composites. Acta Mechanica, 225:2775–2782, 2014. doi: 10.1007/s00707-014-1210-5.
[18] M. Fehri, A. Vivet, F. Dammak, M. Haddar, and C. Keller. A characterization of the damage process under buckling load in composite reinforced by flax fibers. Journal of Composites Science, 4(3):85, 2020. doi: 10.3390/jcs4030085.
[19] V. Gopalan, V. Suthenthiraveerappa, J.S. David, J. Subramanian,A.R. Annamalai, and C.P. Jen. Experimental and numerical analyses on the buckling characteristics of woven flax/epoxy laminated composite plate under axial compression. Polymers, 13(7):995, 2021. doi: 10.3390/polym13070995.
[20] J. Gawryluk and A. Teter. Experimental-numerical studies on the first-ply failure analysis of real, thin-walled laminated angle columns subjected to uniform shortening. Composite Structures, 269:114046, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2021.114046.
[21] J. Gawryluk. Impact of boundary conditions on the behavior of thin-walled laminated angle column under uniform shortening. Materials, 14(11):2732, 2021. doi: 10.3390/ma14112732.
[22] J. Gawryluk. Post-buckling and limit states of a thin-walled laminated angle column under uniform shortening. Engineering Failure Analysis, 139:106485, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2022.106485.
[23] ABAQUS 2020 HTML Documentation, DassaultSystemes.
[24] T. Kubiak and L. Kaczmarek, Estimation of load-carrying capacity for thin-walled composite beams. Composite Structures, 119:749–756, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.09.059.
[25] T. Kubiak, S. Samborski, and A. Teter. Experimental investigation of failure process in compressed channel-section GFRP laminate columns assisted with the acoustic emission method. Composite Structures, 133:921–929, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.023.
[26] M. Urbaniak, A. Teter, and T. Kubiak. Influence of boundary conditions on the critical and failure load in the GFPR channel cross-section columns subjected to compression. Composite Structures, 134:199–208, 2015. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.076.
[27] A. Teter and Z. Kolakowski. On using load-axial shortening plots to determine the approximate buckling load of short, real angle columns under compression. Composite Structures, 212:175–183, 2019. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2019.01.009.
[28] A. Teter, Z. Kolakowski, and J. Jankowski. How to determine a value of the bifurcation shortening of real thin-walled laminated columns subjected to uniform compression? Composite Structures, 247, 12430, 2020 doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2020.112430.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Gawryluk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Applied Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

Herein, the effects of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the mechanical and dielectric performance of hybrid carbon nanotube-woven glass fiber (GF) reinforced epoxy laminated composited are investigated. CNTs are deposited on woven GF surface using an electrospray deposition method which is rarely reported in the past. The woven GF deposited with CNT and without deposited with CNT are used to produce epoxy laminated composites using a vacuum assisted resin transfer moulding. The tensile, flexural, dielectric constant and dielectric loss properties of the epoxy laminated composites were then characterized. The results confirm that the mechanical and dielectric properties of the woven glass fiber reinforced epoxy laminated composited increases with the addition of CNTs. Field emission scanning electron microscope is used to examine the post damage analysis for all tested specimens. Based on this finding, it can be prominently identified some new and significant information of interest to researchers and industrialists working on GF based products.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Razlan Zakaria
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Nur Aishahatul Syafiqa Mohammad Khairuddin
3
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Firdaus Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hazizan Md Akil
3
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Shayfull Zamree Abd Rahim
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sam Sung Ting
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Azida Azmi
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology, Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellent (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Sciences, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Abstract

The introduction of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) onto glass fibre (GF) to create a hierarchical structure of epoxy laminated composites has attracted considerable interest due to their merits in improving performance and multifunctionality. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to analyze the woven hybrid GF-CNT. The results demonstrated that CNT was successfully deposited on the woven GF surface. Woven hybrid GF-CNT epoxy laminated composites were then prepared and compared with woven GF epoxy laminated composites in terms of their tensile properties. The results indicated that the tensile strength and tensile modulus of the woven hybrid GF-CNT epoxy laminated composites were improved by up to 9% and 8%, respectively compared to the woven hybrid GF epoxy laminated composites.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Razlan Zakaria
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Firdaus Omar
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Hazizan Md Akil
3
ORCID: ORCID
Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi Othman
4
ORCID: ORCID
Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology Perlis, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Geopolymer & Green Technology, Centre of Excellent (CEGeoGTech), Perlis, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
  4. Universiti Sains Malaysia, School of Chemical Sciences, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
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Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of the behaviour of bent reinforced concrete beams strengthened with CFRP laminates fixed with adhesive before and after unloading, and more importantly, an analysis of the work of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with pre-stressed CFRP laminates fixed with adhesive. The analyses were based on a moment-curvature model prepared by the author for reinforced concrete beams strengthened under load with pre-stressed CFRP laminates. The model was used to determine the effect of compression with CFRP laminates and their mechanical properties on the effectiveness of strengthening the reinforced concrete beams analysed in this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Korentz
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Abstract

The paper deals with bifurcation and/or non-bifurcation post-buckling curves of composite plates under biaxial compression. For different lay-up sequences, a coupling, i.e. extension-bending (EB) is considered. The current investigations present distinct equilibrium paths describing when they have bifurcation-type and/or non-bifurcation-type responses. The novel parameter (i.e. EB coupling imperfection) is calculated to show the amount of non-bifurcation in the equilibrium path as a quantitative parameter. For the case of non-square plates, a novel mixed-mode analysis is conducted. The effects of different characters in laminated composites such as layer arrangement, loading ratio, aspect ratio, and boundary conditions are investigated. A novel result concluded in the numerical examples where there are some possibilities to have different mode shapes in linear and non-linear buckling analysis. FEM results of ANSYS software verify the results of analytical equations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mehdi Bohlooly Fotovat
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Kubiak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Strength of Materials, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 1/15, 90-537 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

The paper studies the mechanical properties of glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) with various types and orientation of reinforcement. Analyzed specimens manufactured in the infusion process are made of polymer vinyl ester resin reinforced with glass fibres. Several samples were examined containing different plies and various fibres orientation [0, 90] or [+45, –45]. To assess the mechanical parameters of laminates, a series of experimental tests were carried out. The samples were subjected to the uniaxial tensile tests, which allowed us to obtain substitute parameters, such as modulus of elasticity or strength. After all, results from experiments were used to validate the numerical model. A computational model was developed employing ABAQUS software using the Finite Element Method (FEM). The analysis was performed to verify and compare the results obtained from numerical calculations with the experiments. Additionally, the following failure criteria were studied, based on the index of failure IF Maximum Stress, Maximum Strain, Tsai–Hill, and Tsai–Wu. The results confirmed the assumptions made for the footbridge's design purpose, which is made using examined material. Moreover, comparing the experimental and numerical results found that in the linear-elastic range of the material, they are consistent, and there is no significant difference in results.
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Bibliography


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[7] J. Di, L. Cao, and J. Han, “Experimental Study on the Shear Behavior of GFRP–Concrete Composite Beam Connections,” Materials, vol. 13, no. 5, p. 1067, Feb. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma13051067
[8] H. M. Elsanadedy, Y. A. Al-Salloum, S. H. Alsayed, and R. A. Iqbal, “Experimental and numerical investigation of size effects in FRP-wrapped concrete columns,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 29, pp. 56–72, Apr. 2012. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.10.025
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[10] R. Haj-Ali and H. Kilic, “Non-linear behavior of pultruded FRP composites,” Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 173–191, Apr. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-8368(02)00011-2
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Wiczenbach
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Ferenc
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdańsk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
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Abstract

In recent years significant progress has been made in structural application of glass elements in building industry. However, the issues related to computer modelling of glass panes, as well as analytical procedures allowing for taking into account the bonding action of PVB foil are not widely known in the engineering environment. In this paper results of numerical study of laminated glass plates are presented. The scope of the research covers over 40 cases of panes. Narrow (characterized by edge length ���� >2) and square (��/�� = 1) panes made of two or three layer laminated glass have been taken into account. The paper deals mainly with point supported glass. However, selected results for linearly supported plates have been included as well for comparison. For each considered case an advanced computational model have been developed within the environment of Abaqus software. Pointwise supports have been modelled using methods of various complexity. The obtained results have been compared with the results of standard calculations using Wölfel–Bennison and Galuppi– Royer–Carfagni hypotheses. The analytical procedures proposed by CEN have been applied as well. As a result, recommendations for static calculations of laminated glass panes have been formulated. The computational procedure based on the hypothesis presented by L. Galuppi and G. Royer-Carfagni should be considered the most universal. The remaining methods may be applied only in limited scope. In order to estimate maximum principal stress in the support zone an advanced computer model has to be used. The support may be modelled in an exact or simplified manner.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Woźniczka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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Abstract

Due to the ongoing climate change, the issues currently in focus are the reduction of CO2 emissions into the atmosphere and sustainable construction. The search for ecological alternatives to traditional building structures that will reduce a building’s carbon footprint seems to be a desirable direction of modern construction development. At present, the first projects of office buildings that use cross-laminated timber as the main construction material are being completed, which can have a positive impact not only on the environment but also on the users of the building.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksander Janicki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture
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Abstract

Glass is a material commonly used in construction. The development of technology related to it, and the increase in knowledge concerning its mechanical and strength properties offer opportunities for glass to be applied as a structural material. The advancement in glass structures, methods for their design, as well as guidelines and standards in this fields are being developed in parallel. This article describes the main assumptions contained in the German TRxV guidelines, the series of German DIN 18008 standards, and the European EN 16612, and EN 16613 standard. Moreover, the following article presents the concept of structural glass design included in the draft pre-standard prCEN/TS 19100, which provides the basis for the formulation of the European standard Eurocode 10. According to this pre-standard, structural elements of glass will be verified in four limit states, depending on the Limit State Scenario (LSS). Apart from the classic limit states, i.e., the ultimate limit state (ULS), and the serviceability limit state (SLS), it is also assumed to introduce a fracture limit state (FLS), and postfracture limit state (PFLS). The article also addresses the issue of laminated glass working in structural elements. Depending on the coupling between the glass panes and the polymer or ionomer interlayers, laminated glass can be divided into complete coupled or uncoupled, and can work in intermediate situations. The methods for determining the effective thickness contained in European standards and guidelines are discussed in this article.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Jóźwik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Koszykowa Street 55, 00-659 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This paper presents a study of laminated veneer lumber panels subjected to bending. Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is a sustainable building material manufactured by laminating 3-4-mm-thick wood veneers, using adhesives. The authors of this article studied the behaviour of type R laminated veneer lumber (LVL R), in which all veneers are glued together longitudinally – along the grain. Tensile, compressive and bending tests of LVL R were conducted. The short-term behaviour, load carrying-capacity, mode of failure and load-deflection of the LVL R panels were investigated. The authors observed failure modes at the collapse load, associated with the delamination and cracking of veneer layers in the tensile zone. What is more, two non-linear finite element models of the tested LVL R panel were developed and verified against the experimental results. In the 3D finite element model, LVL R was described as an elastic-perfectly plastic material. In the 2D finite element model, on the other hand, it was described as an orthotropic material and its failure was captured using the Hashin damage model. The comparison of the numerical and experimental analyses demonstrated that the adopted numerical models yielded the results similar to the experimental results.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Chybiński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Polus
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5 Street, 60-965 Poznan, Poland

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