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Synthesis of Natural Phenolic Compound Contained Alkaline Phenolic Foundry Resin and Its Performance Evaluation on Casting

A.E. Güvendik K. Ay
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 2 | 46-56 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136097
Keywords Phenolic resins Lignin Sustainability Foundry No-Bake
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Abstract

In foundry, metal casting can be done with various methods. One of the most important methods preferred around the world is sand casting. Ester curable alkaline phenolic resins have produced to make sand molds by No-bake systems. They must have specific properties to make sand casting efficient and reliable. Production of these resins depends on some fossil raw-materials like phenol. To investigate more sustainable and green resin synthesis method, lots experiment have been done by substitution of phenol with renewable alternative phenolic materials like resorcinol, lignosulphonates and tannic acid and its derivatives. Different properties of resins were produced with competitive performance with the market product, ÇKE Alfanol A 72 No-Bake Resin. Without loss of performance, calcium lignosulfonate was used in polymer synthesis at the rate of 15% instead of phenol. On the other hand, the reaction in which lignin and resorcinol were combined instead of phenol by reducing it by 25% gave better results in terms of mechanical and thermal properties. Thermal properties were investigated for resorcinol and lignin modified resins by using TGA-DSC and mechanical performance of cured sand core sample were tested by Simpson Sand Strength Testing Machine as compression strength as N/cm2.. After laboratory testing casting performance of new resins are compared with two different companies’ resins in steal casting demo. Experimental results were matched with casting trail and no defect was detected.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A.E. Güvendik
1
K. Ay
2
  1. Çukurova Kimya Endüstrisi A.Ş., Turkey
  2. Manisa Celal Bayar University, Turkey

Proximate analysis of lignocellulosic biomass and its utilization for production, purification and characterization of ligninolytic enzymes by Aspergillus flavus

Jehangir Khan Muahammad Javaid Asad Raja Tahir Mahmood Feeroza Hamid Wattoo Tayyaba Zainab Sidrah Nazir Muhammad Basir Shah Dawood Ahmed
Archives of Environmental Protection | 2020 | vol. 46 | No 1 | 3-13 | DOI: 10.24425/aep.2020.132520
Keywords Aspergillus flavus acid detergent lignin ammonium sulfate igninolytic enzymes Platanus
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Abstract

Ligninolytic enzymes are employed for the production of second-generation biofuel to minimize fuel crisis. Additionally, they play a crucial role in global carbon cycle and a variety of applications in food, agriculture, paper and textile industries. On a large scale production of ligninolytic enzymes, microorganisms can be cultured on lignocellulosic wastes. In the present study, proximate analysis including acid detergent lignin (ADL), acid detergent cellulose (ADC), acid detergent fi ber (ADF) and acid insoluble ash (AIA) were performed for Platanus orientalis (chinar), Bauhinia variegata (orchid tree), Pinus roxburghii (chir pine), wheat straw and wheat husk. Platanus orientalis was selected as substrate because of higher lignin contents for the production of ligninolytic enzymes by Aspergillus flavus. Solid State Fermentation was used and Response Surface Methodology was employed for optimizing various parameters and enzymes production. Maximum production was achieved at temperature 32°C, fermentation period 120 hours, pH 4.5, inoculums size 3.5 mL, substrate mesh size 80 mm, substrate size 7 g. Maximum purifi cation of laccase, manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin peroxidase (LiP) was achieved with 50%, 60% and 40% ammonium sulfate respectively and it was enhanced by gel filtration chromatography. Characterization of enzymes shows that Laccase has 35°C optimum temperature, 4.5 pH, 0.289 mM Km and 227.27 μM/ml Vmax. Manganese peroxidase has 30°C optimum temperature, 5.5 pH, 0.538 mM Km and 203.08 μM/ml Vmax. Lignin peroxidase has 30°C optimum temperature, 3 pH, 2 mM Km and 2000 µM/ml Vmax. Protein concentrations found in crude extracts and partially purified enzymes are respectively: laccase 1.78 and 0.71 mg/ml, MnP 1.59 and 0.68 mg/ml. LiP, 1.70 and 0.69 mg/ml.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jehangir Khan
1 3
Muahammad Javaid Asad
1
Raja Tahir Mahmood
2
Feeroza Hamid Wattoo
1
Tayyaba Zainab
1
Sidrah Nazir
1
Muhammad Basir Shah
4
Dawood Ahmed
5
  1. University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan
  2. Department of Biotechnology, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur-10250 (AJK), Pakistan
  3. Department of Biosciences, University of WAH, WAH Pakistan
  4. Department of Plant Breeding & Genetics, Balochistan Agriculture College Quetta, Pakistan
  5. Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Haripur University, Haripur, KPK, Pakistan

Effect of harvest date on structural carbohydrates and lignin content in meadow sward in different pluvio-thermal conditions

Barbara Wróbel Waldemar Zielewicz Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska Bartosz Spychalski Zuzanna Jakubowska
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 55 | 60-66 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.142305
Keywords air temperature cellulose digestibility of feed hemicelluloses lignin nutritional value sum of precipitation
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Abstract

The content of structural carbohydrates and lignin are important assessment criteria of the feed value of meadow plants. It is affected by many independent factors, including among others its development stage during the harvest as well as climatic conditions, especially the amount of rainfall. During the years 2014–2016, plant samples were harvested at weekly intervals, respectively five times from late April to late May. The effect of harvest date on cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin contents was evaluated. The chemical composition of plants was varied, depending not only on harvest date but also on the year of study. Regardless of the course of meteorological conditions in subsequent growing seasons, the increase of cellulose (from 236.5 to 297.9 g∙kg–1 DM), hemicelluloses (from 159.3 to 210.8 g∙kg–1 DM), and lignin (from 31.5 to 43.1 g∙kg–1 DM) in the following dates of harvest were observed. These parameters were also positively correlated with the total rainfall from the begging of vegetation season to the date of plants sampling (R2 = 0.65, 0.12 and 0.44 for cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively), and with the average daily air temperature in the moment of harvest (R2 = 0.66, 0.32 and 0.52 for cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, respectively). The cellulose and lignin content, regardless of the harvest date, were significantly higher in the first year of the study (2014), when moisture conditions for plant development were optimal.
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Authors and Affiliations

Barbara Wróbel
1
ORCID: ORCID
Waldemar Zielewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Paszkiewicz-Jasińska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Bartosz Spychalski
1
Zuzanna Jakubowska
1
  1. Institute of Technology and Life Sciences – National Research Institute, Falenty, al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
  2. Poznań University of Life Sciences, Department of Grassland and Natural Landscape Sciences, Poznań, Poland

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