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Number of results: 8
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Abstract

Roman Ingarden in A Book about a Human Being uses the term ‘tragic’ three times with regard to man. The article follows his understanding of tragedy. Its types include: the tragedy of an inner splitting, the tragedy of incessant struggle, the tragedy of non‑fulfillment, the tragedy of passing away, and the tragedy of guilt. Axiological loneliness turns out to be a feature of all types of Ingarden’s tragedy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bożena Listkowska
1

  1. Uniwersytet Kazimierza Wielkiego, Instytut Filozofii, ul. Ogińskiego 16, 85-092 Bydgoszcz
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Abstract

The article offers an existential interpretation of Roman Polanski’s movie: Two men and the wardrobe (1958). Despite a large number of publications dealing with Polanski’s work, there is still no single study that would directly and primarily show the philosophical and existential potential of this short film. This article aims to amend this situation and reveal this potential. The paper is divided into five parts. Firstly, it depicts the issue of loneliness presented in Polanski’s film, referring – secondly – to the recognition of selected existential philosophers (J. Ortega y Gasset, E. Lévinas, J.‑P. Sartre, A. Camus). Thirdly, the article presents the specificity of the grotesque and absurd motifs characteristic for the film, exposing their connection with the problem of loneliness raised in it. Fourthly, the paper interprets the Polish director’s short film in the context of an authentic way of existence. It refers to the philosophy of Martin Heidegger, and emphasizes the gap between ‘being oneself’ and belonging to community (society). Finally, the article presents a psychological‑existential reading of Polanski’s short film, paying attention to the psychological determinants of human existence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Błaszczyk
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika, Instytut Literaturoznawstwa, ul. Fosa Staromiejska 3, 87-100 Toruń
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Abstract

Understanding and measuring mental well-being among adolescents has recently become a priority. The validity and reliability study of the 7-item short version of the Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS) has not been examined in Turkish adolescents. Therefore, this study aims to adapt the 7-item Warwick Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale to Turkish and examine the relationships between loneliness, emotional flexibility, resilience, and mental well-being. The data were collected by convenience sampling method from 820 adolescents aged 14-18 from 73 city of Turkey. During the adaptation process of SWEMWBS, confirmatory factor analysis, concurrent validity, and reliability analysis were performed. The findings confirmed the one dimensionality of the 7-item scale on the Turkish adolescent sample. In addition, a significant positive relationship was found between mental well-being and emotional flexibility and resilience. However, there was a significant negative correlation between mental well-being and loneliness. The results showed that the Turkish version of SWEMWBS had strong psychometric properties in adolescents.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yakup İme
1

  1. Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya-Turkey, Turkey
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Abstract

Stanisław Wyspiański (1869–1907) was the Polish dramatist, the poet, besides the illustrator and the painter, one of the best known artist of the Young Poland movement. His journey to Europe (particulary to Paris) became very important experience in his life. He discovered the value of loneliness, he had to be alone – as an artist and as a man. He was called “a hermit from Cracow” and for this reason his genius was not always appreciated. However, at the end of life, Wyspiański undergoes a significant transformation: he feels a strong connection to community, as a member of the nation and society, as well as a host.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Tomkowski
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Abstract

Providing informal care to adults, especially elderly people, may affect many aspects of caregivers’ life, such as: physical and mental health, financial situation, social contacts, etc. Supporting dependent seniors is associated to a higher level of stress, burden and depression as well as higher mortality. The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the relationship between caregiving for adults and the subjective quality of life among Poles aged 50–69. We took into account not only the fact of providing care to adult people, but also its beginning, continuation and ending between waves. We assumed that subjective quality of life may be expressed by two variables: one describing life satisfaction, and the second one – loneliness. We used the panel subsample from the Generation and Gender Surveys (GGS) carried out in Poland in 2010/2011 and in 2014. We found a negative effect of stopping caregiving between waves on wellbeing of women-carers, which may be related to the loss of a close person. Moreover, providing care for a longer period of time increases loneliness, which confirms that providing support to others may lead to isolation and smaller social networks.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anita Abramowska-Kmon
Magdalena Maciejasz
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Abstract

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of internal conflict’s intensity among students according to three parameters (loneliness, guilt, and resentment), taking into account digital technology use. The research was conducted in 2020 in Moscow (Russian Federation) among 98 university students, who were diagnosed with intrapersonal conflict. Interviewing methods and Gestalt therapy were used to reduce the intensity of internal conflicts. The level of three parameters among students at the beginning and at the end of the study was taken into account: loneliness, resentment, guilt. The number of students with a high level of loneliness decreased 25 times (p≤0.001) after therapy. The number of students with an average level of loneliness increased because students with a high level of loneliness moved into this category. The number of students with a maximum level of resentment decreased fivefold, and there was a 17-fold decrease in students with a high level of resentment (p≤0.001). There were no students with a maximum level of guilt after the consultation, while the number of students with a high level of guilt decreased only 0.5 times (p≤0.05) because students from the previous category moved to this one. The most popular activities among students were Internet use (100% of students), reading books (61 students, p≤0.05 compared to the Internet use), and watching TV (32 students, p≤0.01).
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Authors and Affiliations

Kseniia Pitulko
1
Olga Li
2
Olga Kolosova
3 4
Tatiana Sedova
5
Nataliya Antonova
6

  1. Saint Petersburg’ Institute of the All-Russian State University of Justice, Russian Law Academy of the Ministry of Justice of Russian Federation
  2. Perm State Research University, Perm Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service
  3. State University of Management, Moscow
  4. State University named by A. N. Kosygina (Technology. Design. Art), Moscow
  5. Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
  6. Moscow City University
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Abstract

Of the Victorian writers Tolstoy read, Charles Dickens was the most eminent, and his appreciation of the English author was permanent and unchangeable. Tolstoy admired Dickens for the democratic and humanistic qualities in his writings. The theme of social isolation and gradual re‑adaptation into society is explored by Dickens in A Christmas Carol and Tolstoy in Where Love Is, There Is God Also. The story of Scrooge’s mean‑spirited solitude which was later replaced by open‑hearted sociability was not like Martin’s. Scrooge deliberately isolated himself from his family and avoided all human contact. Martin was unable to find a purpose and meaning in life after the death of his wife and children. A series of events and encounters with people lead both protagonists towards the development of a new moral understanding and make life worth living. The moral lesson is to treat all people with compassion. Dickens and Tolstoy took the commonest and simplest sorts of human kindness and showed them intensified. Both stories are also openly didactic, and the main characters are developed through their actions, and good deeds. The details of place, time and people are made very real to the reader. They are intensified through the use of imagery, motifs of light and dark; and cold and heat, which recur throughout A Christmas Carol and Where Love Is, There Is God Also. In Tolstoy’s story there are also many examples of Biblical imagery which are used to add weight to the moral teaching of his story. In the final part of the stories the protagonists no longer desire isolation. Martin helps those in need and is glad to have guests. His every act of kindness is done as an act of charity, and accepted as such. According to Tolstoy, all people are able to do good if they will because man, as a child of the Heavenly Father, is himself good, and the evils of the world are obstructions which prevent him from being himself. What is more, striving towards God means striving for goodness and man’s progress towards his own perfection. In the final part of Dickens’s novel Scrooge visits his nephew Fred, where he has a wonderful time. Being a part of a family is equated for him with happiness. While the backdrop of A Christmas Carol is a Christian festival and moral values underpin the novel in the shape of kindness, generosity and care for others, there is little sense of solemn religious ceremony in the novel. Dickens’s vision of Christmas is largely a secular one. He focuses on secular aspects of Christmas as a joyous holiday with parties and gatherings of friends and family.
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Bibliography

Birns N., The Novel Uncontained: Victorian Fiction, Tolstoy, and the Anglo‑Russian Literary ‘Channel’, [in:] https://www.academia.edu/8566986/The_Novel_Uncontained_Victorian_-Fiction_Tolstoy_and_the_Anglo_Russian_Literary_Channel.

Blumberg E.J., Tolstoy and the English Novel: A Note on “Karenina”, “Slavic Review” 1971, № 30/3.

Dickens C., A Christmas Carol, Waiheke Island 2009.

Jahn G.S., Tolstoy as a writer of popular literature, [in:] D.T. Orwin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy, Cambridge 2002.

Newton A.E., Introduction, [in:] C. Dickens, A Christmas Carol, Boston 1920.

Orwin D.T., Chronology, [in:] D.T. Orwin, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy, Cambridge 2002.

Rielly M., Papa Panov’s Special Christmas, [in:] https://clausnet.com/articles/literature/ papa‑panovs‑special‑christmas‑r50/.

Shestov L., Dostoevsky, Tolstoy and Nietzsche, tr. Bernard Martinand and Spencer Roberts, Ohio 1978.

Snow C.P., The Realists. Portraits of Eight Novelists, London 1980.

Tolstoy L., What is Art?, tr. Aylmer Maude, New York 1898.

Tolstoy L., Where Love Is God Is, [in:] Twenty‑three tales, tr. Louise and Aylmer Maude, Oxford 1906.

Tolstoy L.N., Chto takóe iskússtvo? [v:] L.N. Tolstoy, Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy v 90 tomakh, red. V.G. Chertkov, t. 30, Moskva 1928‑1958.

Tolstoy L.N., Gde lyubovʹ, tam i Bog, [v:] L.N. Tolstoy, Polnoye sobraniye sochineniy v 90 tomakh, red. V.G. Chertkov, tom 25, Moskva 1928‑1958.
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Authors and Affiliations

Brygida Pudełko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Opole, Uniwersytet Opolski
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Abstract

The aim of the article is to present the issue of loneliness of Iraqi women on the basis of selected novels written by Iraqi female writers in the 21st century. The first part of the article, which is preceded by an introduction to the topic, includes general information about the development of novels by Iraqi women writers since the second half of the 1990s and some remarks about their methods of portraying female characters. The second part of the article provides examples of lonely women in their narratives whereas the third part depicts a story of Riyām, the heroine in the novel Riyām wa-Kafā (Riyam and Kafa, 2014) by Hadiya Husayn, in a more detailed way.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adrianna Maśko
ORCID: ORCID

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