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Number of results: 6
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Abstract

Regaining independence by each country (Tunisia, Morocco 1956, Algeria 1962) and the publication of relevant documents (codes of family law, constitutions) created opportunities to speak more widely about social and economic rights, or about political rights for women. However, the rights granted to women were characterized by the principle of inequality, especially in Algeria and Morocco. In this difficult and complex situation, the emancipation movement of women went through various phases. In Algeria, its strength began to appear at the turn of the seventies and eighties of the twentieth century and has been constantly increased. In Morocco, in principle, the awakening took place in the early nineties of the twentieth century. Women themselves played a significant role in the activities for emancipation, engaging in various undertakings, organizations and associations, and in activating Non Profit Organizations (Organisation Non-Gouvernementale -ONG) with women participation from the end of the 80s of the twentieth century, which, in its turn, created opportunities for legal reforms, which would not exist without activities carried out by various associations, including women’s associations. The Jasmine Revolution, also known as the Arabic spring, was initiated in Tunisia, and has had a significant impact on the contemporary activities of women.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Barska
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Abstract

The Berbers, an indigenous people of North Africa, belong to the group of “nations without a state.” For centuries, they were marginalized by the Arab majority or manipulated by European colonizers. Since the mid-twentieth century in North Africa, a movement for a Berber and Pan-Berber identity has been growing strongly. The movement has disseminated the neologism “Amazigh” as the endoethnonim of this group of peoples. The process of building (creating) a Berber identity has been slightly different in Morocco (where the stabilizing role of the monarchy has been highlighted) and in Algeria (where it has taken more violent forms). With the rise of Berber self-awareness in North Africa and the activity of the Berber diaspora in Europe (mainly in France), civil society organizations (associations) were established in Morocco and Algeria to defend the rights of the Berber minority. After many attempts and despite the resistance of Arab elites the Berber language and culture were recognized by the state authorities as equivalent to the Arabic component of the Algerian and Moroccan identity. State institutions (the Institut royal de la culture Amazighe—the IRCAM—in Morocco, and the Haut Commissariat à l’Amazighité—the HCA—in Algeria) were established for the revitalization of the Berber culture and langua
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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Vorbrich
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza
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Abstract

The cartography and quantification of irrigated fields in the context of decreasing rainfall constitute a key element for water resources management. Therefore, in this context, the use of remote sensing methods applied to Landsat-type images with a high spatial resolution for monitoring the changes in land use in general and irrigated crops, in particular, is highly relevant. This paper aims to present a method for mapping spatial and temporal changes in irrigated parcels in the Guigou Plain, located in the central Middle Atlas, based on Landsat images and fieldwork. For the years 1985, 1998, 2010 and 2018, the use of a supervised classification method based on the principle of machine learning, fed by precise field surveys, has made it possible to highlight a significant extension of irrigated areas to the expense of pastureland and rainfed crops. Over the entire period under consideration, the results obtained with good precision (98.5% overall accuracy) showed that the area under irrigated crops has increased from approximately 699 ha to 3988 ha, i.e. an increase of 570%. The corollary of this increase is strong pressure on the water resource, especially groundwater. This information on the total extension of irrigated plots can be taken as a reference in the perspective of reasoned management of water resources in the sector.
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Authors and Affiliations

Abdelaziz El-Bouhali
1 2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Adeline Cotonnec
2
ORCID: ORCID
Sébastien Lebaut
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mhamed Amyay
3
Alban Thomas
2
ORCID: ORCID
Khadija El Ouazani Ech-Chahdi
3
Mohamed Laouanne
3
Emmanuel Gille
1

  1. University of Lorraine, Research Unit “LOTERR”, F-57000 Metz, France
  2. Rennes 2 University, LETG-Rennes UMR 6554 CNRS, Rennes, France
  3. Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Fez, Morocco
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Abstract

The objective of this paper is to study the hydrochemical characteristics of Lake Dayet Erroumi (Khemisset, Morocco). Three sampling campaigns were carried out in April, July and November 2019. The temperature, pH and electrical conduct-ivity were measured in situ using Hanna Instruments HI 98280. Concentrations of calcium, magnesium, carbonate, bicar-bonate and chloride were analysed by the volumetric method. The atomic absorption technique was used to determine sodium, potassium, nitrate and sulphate. The physico-chemical analysis of the water indicates that the pH is basic. The nitrate and sulphate concentrations show that the water is of good quality according to Moroccan surface water guidelines. Furthermore, the hydrochemical facies of water is of the sodium-chloride type according to the Piper diagram. The value of the electrical conductivity indicates that the lake water has high salinity. The high mineralization of water is explained by the leaching from evaporitic rocks in the region. The principal component analysis shows that the spatial and temporal variation in salinity constitutes the major phenomenon of the hydrochemical characteristics of this lake. Salinity varies inversely with the pH value. The salinity of the water is controlled by abiotic factors (rain and evaporation). However, other parameters (pH, nitrate, carbonate and bicarbonate) depend on biotic factors. Evaporation plays a crucial role in the seasonal variation of the water chemical composition. During wet seasons, the mineralization of water decreases due to dilution by rainwater and the water level of the lake rises (high water period). During dry seasons, lake water evaporates and consequently the mineralization of the water increases, which explains the increase in salinity during the low water period.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed El Qryefy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jamila Ouardi
2
Mohamed Najy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Driss Belghyti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khadija El Kharrim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Campus Universitaire B.P. 242, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
  2. Regional Centre for Careers of Education and Training, CRMEF Casablanca-Settat, Morocco
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Abstract

In order to determine the nature of the high salinisation rate of the waters of Lake Sidi Boughaba, which has been listed in the Ramsar list since 1980, 23 samples that were taken during four sampling operations were subjected to physicochemical analyses. The obtained results were processed using a combination of bi-varied methods (correlation tests) and multivariate statistical methods (principal component analysis – PCA). The physicochemical analyses reveal that they are alkaline waters with a pH ranging between 8.38 and 9.03, an electrical conductivity ( EC) of the order of 12.4 to 17.4 mS∙cm –1, and high levels of Na + and Cl , up to 3700 and 6630 mg∙dm –3 respectively, indicating a marine origin of these waters. In addition, the statistical treatment revealed that the mineralisation of the waters of this ecosystem is controlled by four main mechanisms of the salinisation; the main mechanism underlying this strong mineralisation is due to the impact of the marine spray. The second-order processes are about the phenomenon of the ion exchange, the dissolution/precipitation of evaporitic and carbonate formations, the oxidation–reduction processes, notably the reduction of sulphates as well as biochemical phenomena due to the selective absorption of certain ions by fauna and flora.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Lachhab
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed Najy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fatima Zahra Talbi
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Aziz Taouraout
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mohamed El Qryefy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hassan Ech-Chafay
1
ORCID: ORCID
Driss Belghyti
1
ORCID: ORCID
Khadija El Kharrim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Natural Resources and Sustainable Development Laboratory, BP 133, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
  2. Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Settat, Morocco
  3. Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdellah University, Faculty of Sciences Dhar El Mahraz, Laboratory of Biotechnology, Conservation and Valorization of Naturals Resources (LBCVNR), Fez, Morocco
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Abstract

The goal of the research was to evaluate the heavy metal detection and potential ecological risks in lake’s water. Geological formations consisting essentially of sandstone and quaternary marine or dune sands characterize the study area. With a climate of the Mediterranean type winters are mild and humid, whereas summers hot and dry. At the analysis center of the Faculty of Sciences, the monitoring of ETMs is carried out by ICP-MS, the processing of data and the validation of the analysis method have been drafted according to the NF T 90-120 standard applicable to the analysis in a laboratory. The analysis covers concentrations of heavy metals, which include Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and As, in the water. Pollution load index ( PLI) values were above one (>1) which indicates progressive deterioration of the water quality. However, contamination factor ( CF) values of Pb and Cu, ranging from 8.31 to 15.68 and from 5.5 to 28.05 respectively, show that the studied water remains under a strong impact by Pb and Cu. Considering the severity of the ecological risk ( Er) for a single metal, the descending order of contaminants is Cu > Pb > Mn > Fe > Zn. In relation to the total ecological risk index ( RI), water from the lake shows low to considerable ecological risk.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Najy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Fatima Z. Talbi
2
ORCID: ORCID
Hassan Ech-Chafay
1
ORCID: ORCID
Omar Akkaoui
1
Mohamed Lachhab
1
ORCID: ORCID
Abderrahman Achhar
3
Nordine Nouayti
4
Driss Belghyti
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Natural Resources and Sustainable Development, Campus Universitaire B.P. 242, 14000 Kenitra, Morocco
  2. Hassan First University of Settat, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Settat, Morocco
  3. University Ibn Tofail, Faculty of Sciences, Laboratory of Environment & Renewable Energy, Kenitra, Morocco
  4. Abdelmalek Essaadi University, National School of Applied Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Sciences, Research Team of Water and Environment Management (G2E), Al Hoceima, Morocco

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