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Microstructure Development of Spark Plasma Sintered Ti-Nb Alloy by Heat Treatment

M.A. Haq S.F. Abbas Nu Si A. Eom T.S. Kim B. Lee K.-T. Park B.S. Kim
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2018 | vol. 63 | No 3 | 1429-1432
Słowa kluczowe TiNb alloy spark plasma sintering heat treatment microstructure β-phase Titanium
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Abstrakt

The β-phase Titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been under the spotlight in the recent past for their use as biomedical prosthetic materials owing to their excellent properties such as low elastic modulus, high corrosion resistance and tensile strength. Recently, Niobium (Nb) has gained a lot of attention as a β-phase stabilizing element in Ti alloys to replace Vanadium (V) due to its excellent solubility in Ti, low elastic modulus and biocompatibility. In this work, low cost Ti-20Nb binary alloy has been fabricated via powder metallurgy procedures. The blended powder mixtures of Ti and Nb were sintered at 900°C for 20 mins by the Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) with an applied uniaxial pressure of 40 MPa. The heating rate was fixed at 50°C/min. The sintered alloy was subject to heat treatments at 1200°C in vacuum condition for various time durations. The characterizations of microstructure obtained during this process were done using FE-SEM, EDS and XRD. By increasing heat treatment time, as understood, the volume of residual Nb particles was decreased resulting in accelerated diffusion of Nb into Ti. Micro hardness of the alloy increased from 340 to 355 HV with the increase in β phase content from 30 to 45%. The resultant alloys had relatively high densities and homogenized microstructures of dispersed lamellar β grains in α matrix.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

M.A. Haq
S.F. Abbas
Nu Si A. Eom
T.S. Kim
B. Lee
K.-T. Park
B.S. Kim

Oxide Layer Evolution of Cast Fe24Cr12NiXNb Heat-Resistant Cast Steels at 900°C in Atmospheric Air

P.A. Ramos R.S. Coelho H.C. Pinto F. Soldera F. Mücklich P.P. Brito
Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 1 | 119-124 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136087
Słowa kluczowe Austenitic heat-resistant cast steels Microstructure Nb-alloyed Steels Oxide Scale high temperature oxidation
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Abstrakt

The austenitic stainless steels are a group of alloys normally used under high mechanical and thermal requests, in which high temperature oxidation is normally present due to oxygen presence. This study examines the oxide layer evolution for Fe24Cr12NiXNb modified austenitic stainless steel A297 HH with 0,09%Nb and 0,77%Nb content at 900°C under atmospheric air and isothermal oxidation. The modifiers elements such as Mo, Co and Ti, added to provide high mechanical strength, varied due to the casting procedure, however main elements such as Cr, Ni, Mn and Si were kept at balanced levels to avoid microstructure changing. The oxide layer analysis was performed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The elemental analysis of the different phases was measured with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The Nb-alloyed steel generated a thicker Cr oxide layer. Generally elemental Nb did not provide any noticeable difference in oxide scale growth, for the specific range of Nb amount and temperature studied. High temperature oxidation up to 120h was characterized by protective Cr oxidation, after this period a non-protective Fe-based oxidation took place. Cr, Fe and Ni oxides were observed in the multilayer oxide scale.
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Bibliografia

[1] Abbasi, M., Park, I., Ro, Y., Ji, Y., Ayer, R. & Shim, J.H. (2019). G-phase formation in twenty-years aged heat-resistant cast austenitic steel reformer tube. Materials Characterization. 148, 297-306. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar. 2019.01.003.
[2] Madern, N., Monnier, J., Baddour-Hadjean, R., Steckmeyer, A. & Joubert, J.M. (2018). Characterization of refractory steel oxidation at high temperature. Corrosion Science. 132, 223-233. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2017.12.029.
[3] Kondrat’ev, S.Y., Kraposhin, V.S., Anastasiadi, G.P. & Talis, A.L. (2015). Experimental observation and crystallographic description of M7C3 carbide transformation in Fe-Cr-Ni-C HP type alloy. Acta Materialia. 100, 275-281. DOI: 10.1016/j.actamat.2015.08.056.
[4] Dewar, M.P. & Gerlich, A.P. (2013). Correlation between experimental and calculated phase fractions in aged 20Cr32Ni1Nb austenitic stainless steels containing nitrogen . Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A. 44, 627-639. DOI: 10.1007/s11661-012-1457-1.
[5] Pascal, C., Braccini, M., Parry, V., Fedorova, E., Mantel, M., Oquab, D. & Monceau, D. (2017). Relation between microstructure induced by oxidation and room-temperature mechanical properties of the thermally grown oxide scales on austenitic stainless steels. Materials Characterization. 127, 161-170. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2017.03.003.
[6] Chen, H., Wang, H., Sun, Q., Long, C., Wei, T., Kim, S.H., Chen, J., Kim, C., & Jang, C. (2018). Oxidation behavior of Fe-20Cr-25Ni-Nb austenitic stainless steel in high-temperature environment with small amount of water vapor. Corrosion Science. 145, 90-99. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci. 2018.09.016.
[7] Zhang, X., Li, D., Li, Y. & Lu, S. (2019). Effect of aging treatment on the microstructures and mechanical properties evolution of 25Cr-20Ni austenitic stainless steel weldments with different Nb contents. Journal of Materials Science & Technology. 35, 520-529. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmst.2018.10.017.
[8] Birks, N., Meier, G.H. & Pettit, F.S. (2006). Introduction to the high temperature oxidation of metals, Second edition. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/ CBO9781139163903.
[9] Li, D.S., Dai, Q.X., Cheng, X.N., Wang, R.R. & Huang, Y. (2012). High-temperature oxidation resistance of austenitic stainless steel Cr18Ni11Cu3Al3MnNb. Journal of Iron Steel Research International. 19, 74-78. DOI: 10.1016/S1006-706X(12)60103-4.
[10] Kaya, A.A. (2002). Microstructure of HK40 alloy after high-temperature service in oxidizing/carburizing environment: II. Carburization and carbide transformations. Materials Characterization. 49, 23-34. DOI: 10.1016/S1044-5803(02)00284-X.
[11] Li, H., Zhang, B., Jiang, Z., Zhang, S., Feng, H., Han, P., Dong, N., Zhang, W., Li, G., Fan, G. & Lin, Q. (2016). A new insight into high-temperature oxidation mechanism of super-austenitic stainless steel S32654 in air. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 686, 326-338. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.06.023.
[12] M. Salehi Doolabi, B. Ghasemi, S.K. Sadrnezhaad, A. Feizabadi, A. HabibollahZadeh, D. Salehi Doolabi, M. AsadiZarch. (2017). Comparison of Isothermal with cyclic oxidation behavior of “Cr-Aluminide” coating on inconel 738LC at 900 °C. Oxidation of Metals. 87, 57-74. DOI: 10.1007/s11085-016-9657-5.
[13] De Almeida, L.H., Ribeiro, A.F. & Le May, I. (2002). Microstructural characterization of modified 25Cr-35Ni centrifugally cast steel furnace tubes. Materials Characterization. 49, 219-229. DOI: 10.1016/S1044-5803(03)00013-5.
[14] Nishimoto, K., Saida, K., Inui, M. & Takahashi, M. (2001). Changes in microstructure of HP-modified, heat-resisting cast alloys under long-term aging. Repair weld cracking of service-exposed, HP-modified, heat-resisting cast alloys (2nd report). Welding International. 15(7), 509-517. DOI: 10.1080/ 09507110109549397.
[15] Joubert, J.M., St-Fleur, W., Sarthou, J., Steckmeyer, A. & Fournier, B. (2014). Equilibrium characterization and thermodynamic calculations on highly alloyed refractory steels. Calphad Comput. Coupling Phase Diagrams Thermochem. 46, 55-61. DOI: 10.1016/j.calphad. 2014.02.002.
[16] Ramos, P.A., Coelho, R.S., Pinto, H.C., Soldera, F., Mücklich, F. & Brito, P. (2021). Microstructure and cyclic oxidation behavior of modified Nb-alloyed A297 HH refractory austenitic stainless steel. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 263, 124361. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchemphys. 2021.124361.
[17] Ramos, P.A., Coelho, R.S., Soldera, F., Pinto, H.C., Mücklich, F. & Brito,P. (2020). Residual stress analysis in thermally grown oxide scales developed on Nb-alloyed refractory austenitic stainless steels. Corrosion Science. 178, 109066. DOI: 10.1016/j.corsci.2020.109066.
[18] McCafferty E. (2010). Introduction to corrosion science. Springer Science & Business Media. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0455-3.

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Autorzy i Afiliacje

P.A. Ramos
1 2
R.S. Coelho
3
H.C. Pinto
4
F. Soldera
5
F. Mücklich
5
P.P. Brito
1
  1. Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais, Brazil
  2. Federal Institute of Science and Technology of Minas Gerais, Brazil
  3. SENAI CIMATEC, Institute of Innovation for Forming and Joining of Materials, Av. Orlando Gomes, 1845, Piatã, 41650-010, Salvador-BA, Brazil
  4. Department of Materials Engineering - SMM, São Carlos School of Engineering – EESC, University of São Paulo – USP, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
  5. Chair of Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, 66123, Saarbrücken, Saarland, Germany

Simulation of Dendrite Morphology and Micro-Segregation in U-Nb Alloy During Solidification

Bin Su Jing-Yuan Liu Xiao-Peng Zhang Xue-Wei Yan
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 1333-1339 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.141059
Słowa kluczowe U-Nb alloys solidification process dendrite growth cellular automaton numerical simulation
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Abstrakt

Due to the importance of uranium and uranium alloys to national defence and nuclear industrial applications, it is necessary to understand dendrite formation in their solidification structures and to control their microstructures. In this study, a modified cellular automaton model was developed to predict 2-D and 3-D equiaxed dendrite growth in U-Nb alloys. The model takes into account solute diffusion, preferential growth orientation, interface curvature, etc., and the solid fraction increment is calculated using the local level rule method. Using this model, 2-D large-scale and 3-D equiaxed dendrite growth with various crystallographic orientations in the U-5.5Nb alloy were simulated, and the Nb micro-segregation behaviour during solidification was analysed. The simulated results showed reasonable agreement with the as-cast microstructure observed experimentally.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Bin Su
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jing-Yuan Liu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xiao-Peng Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Xue-Wei Yan
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. China Academy of Engineering Physics, Institute of Materials, Jiangyou, China
  2. Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, School of Aero Engine, Zhengzhou, China

Microstructure, Compressive Properties and Oxidation Behaviors of the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf Alloy with Minor Holmium Addition

Qiaoli Wang Yinan Xiao Di Wu Fang Yang L.Y Sheng
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 181-187 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.147807
Słowa kluczowe Nb alloy Nb5Si3 phase microstructure mechanical properties Oxidation behavior
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Abstrakt

In the present research, the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloys with different Ho addition were prepared. Their microstructure, compressive properties and oxidation behaviors were investigated preliminarily. The results exhibit that the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy has coarse microstructure which is mainly composed of Nb solid solution, Nb5Si3 and Ti5Si3 phases. The minor Ho addition could refine the microstructure and suppress the precipitation of Ti5Si3 phase. Moreover, the Ho addition also leads to the formation of Ho2Hf2O7, which prefers to precipitate along the Nbss/Nb5Si3 phase interface. Compared with the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy, the minor Ho addition improves the room-temperature and high-temperature compressive properties of the alloy. Its room-temperature compressive strength and ductility obtain the maximum value of 1825 MPa and 16.5% when the Ho content is 0.1 at.%. Moreover, its best compressive strength at 873 K, 1273 K and 1473 K is 1495 MPa, 765 MPa and 380 MPa, respectively, when the Ho addition is 0.1 at.%. The oxidation behavior of the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy is diversified with the Ho addition. The oxidation rate of the alloy with 0.1 at.% Ho addition is the lowest while the alloy with 0.2 at.% Ho addition is the highest. Therefore, the 0.1 at.% Ho would be the appropriate content for the Nb-Si-Ti-Cr-Al-Ta-Hf alloy.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Qiaoli Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yinan Xiao
2
ORCID: ORCID
Di Wu
2
ORCID: ORCID
Fang Yang
ORCID: ORCID
L.Y Sheng
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Peking University, Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China; PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China
  2. PKU-HKUST ShenZhen-HongKong Institution, Shenzhen 518057, China

The Effect of Addition Amount of Chromium Iron on the Bonding Strength between Alloy Steel Surfacing Layer and Steel Base Metal

Fei Huang
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2024 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 217-221 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2024.147811
Słowa kluczowe Fe-C Cr Nb Alloy Steel bonding strength arc surfacing pulling test method high carbon chromium iron
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Abstrakt

Fe-C-Cr-Nb alloy steel surfacing layers with different contents of C and Cr were prepared on 45 steel base metal by selfshielded flux-cored wires with distinct amounts of high carbon chromium iron addition and melt arc surfacing. The composition and microstructure changes of the surfacing layer were tested and analyzed. The surfacing test plate was processed into a pulling specimen, and the bonding strength between the surfacing layer and the 45 steel base metal was tested with a self-designed pulling test method. The fracture location of the pulling specimen and fracture characteristics were observed by a metallurgical microscope and a scanning electron microscope. The result shows that with the increase of the amount of high carbon chromium iron added to flux-cored welding wire, the content of C and Cr in the surfacing layer increases, and the NbC hard phase disperses. The microstructure of the steel matrix changes from mixed martensite + residual austenite to high carbon martensite + residual austenite, and then independent austenite appears. The hardness of the surfacing layer first increases and then decreases. The bonding strength between the surfacing alloy and the 45 steel base metal first decreases and then increases, and the fracture location is at the bottom of the surfacing layer or the fusion zone with mostly quasi-cleavage characteristics. When the additional amount of high carbon chromium iron reaches 13%, thee pulling specimen exhibits significant deformation with the highest bonding strength, and the fracture is close to the fusion line, where there are numerous tearing edges and shallow dimples.
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Autorzy i Afiliacje

Fei Huang
1
  1. High Speed Railway Comprehensive Technical College, Jilin Railway Technology College, Jilin, 132299, China

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