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Abstract

Współczesne metody badań, m.in. analizy pierwiastków chemicznych i stosunków izotopowych poszczególnych pierwiastków, są pomocne w rozwiązywaniu zagadek z przeszłości. Badania nad wydobyciem rud metali prowadzone w Ameryce Południowej pokazały rozwój gospodarczy kultur prekolumbijskich na ogromnej przestrzeni tego kontynentu.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kałaska
1

  1. Wydział Geologii, Uniwersytet Warszawski
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Abstract

Modern research methods, including analyses of chemical elements and isotope ratios of individual elements, can help us unravel mysteries of the past. Studies of metal ore mining activity in ancient South America reveal clues about the economic development of pre-Columbian civilizations across vast areas of the continent.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kałaska
1

  1. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw
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Abstract

The vesre is a linguistic phenomenon that until recently had been scarcely explored. This fact is due, among others, that very often the forms created in the framework of the vesre belong to the spoken modality and, for this reason, they are hardly registered in the lexicographical sources. In addition, with a certain frequency, this mechanism of lexical creation is identified only with Argentinean Spanish, leaving aside the other zones where it is a very productive mechanism. Hence, in this work we wish to focus our attention on another region, the Peruvian, in which, apparently, the use of vesreisms shows some vitality. For this purpose, we try to gather the scattered data in multiple dictionaries and fragmentary information found in other sources about the Peruvian vesre. Therefore, all the data we submit to the formal analysis supporting us, on the one hand, in the premises that we have used in the works on the Argentinian vesre, and, on the other, however fragmentary they may be, in the information that dictionaries provide us.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Sorbet
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Abstract

In 1981, Polish canoeists (members of the Bystrze Academic Travel Club) made the first journey along the waters of the River Colca in the section located in Arequipa Province (Peru), along which the waters flow in a deep canyon. Information on this sporting achievement – and a description of the Canyon and its surrounding area filled the Peruvian press and tourist publications around the world, ensuring that the Colca Canyon became one of the most important goals for tourists anywhere in Peru from that time on. However, mass infl uxes of tourists, noisy trips, the development of hotel infrastructure and other items required in tourism have generated permanent change in the character of the Colca Valley, and done much to influence the lives of its inhabitants.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hildegardo Córdova Aguilar
Mirosława Czerny
Andrzej Czerny
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Abstract

The issues of green energy and sustainable development are one of the most discussed and most important today in face of the global challenges, such as global warming, greenhouse emissions, degradation of the ecology etc. In this regard, green energy is obviously a necessary part of the energy policy of a country. Still, economic crises and instability have led to the necessity to form a sustainable economy; hence the crossing of the two mentioned policies leads to the necessity to figure out what sustainable green energy is. The issues of green energy are very important for the developing economies, which are highly limited in financial resources. The countries of Latin America are among the ones which face significant issues in this sphere. The article is devoted to the formulation of this concept and to the proof that sustainable energy development is individual for every country. The scope of the research is the Latin American region, within the years since 2000. The authors conducted a regression analysis of the GDPs of several countries, namely, Brazil, Argentina, Peru and Colombia and their green energy sectors, and formulated conclusions on sustainable energy sources in these countries. The key findings include the proof of sustainable green energy sources for every researched country and the strategies for the improvement of these countries’ renewable energy sector performance. The novelty of the article encompasses the methodology used and the concept of sustainable renewable energy.
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Authors and Affiliations

Igbal Guliev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ekaterina Krivosheeva
1
ORCID: ORCID
Luiza Akieva
1
ORCID: ORCID
Petr Kruzhilin
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. International Institute of Energy Policy and Diplomacy, MGIMO University, Russia

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