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Abstract

Photocatalysis is an efficient and ecological method of water and wastewater disinfection. During the process, various microorganisms are deactivated, including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, for example Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, and so on, fungi like Aspergillus niger, Fusarium graminearum, algea ( Tetraselmis suecica, Amphidinium carterae, and so on) and viruses. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commonly used material due to its price and high oxidation efficiency; it is easy to modify using both physical and chemical methods, what allows for its wide use in industrial scale. Intensive research on novel photocatalysts (e.g. ZnO and carbon based photocatalysis like graphene, carbon nanotube, carbon nitride and others) has been carried out. The future development of nano-disinfection containing metal/metal oxides and carbon based nanoparticles should focus on:
 improving disinfection efficiency through different manufacturing strategies,
 proper clarification and understanding of the role and mechanism of interaction of the nano-material with the microorganisms,
 progress in scaling up the production of commercial nano-photocatalysts,
 determination of the extent of environmental release of nano-photocatalysts and their toxicity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bodzek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

Titanium dioxide with its ability to be a UV light blocker is commonly used as a physical sunscreen in the cosmetic industry. However, the safety issues of TiO 2 application should be considered more in-depth, e.g., UV light-induced generation of reactive oxygen species which can cause DNA damage within skin cells. The proper modification of titanium dioxide to significantly limit its photocatalytic properties can contribute to the safety enhancement. The modification strategies including the process conditions and intrinsic properties of titanium dioxide were discussed. The selected examples of commercially available TiO 2 materials as potential components of cosmetic emulsions dedicated for sunscreens were compared in this study. Only rutile samples modified with Al 2O 3 and/or SiO 2 showed inhibition of photocatalytic activity.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Janczarek
1
ORCID: ORCID
Waldemar Szaferski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

The photocatalytic, sonolytic and sonophotocatalytic degradation of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) using heterogeneous (TiO2) was investigated in this study. Experiments were performed in slurry mode with artificial UV 125 watt medium pressure mercury lamp coupled with ultrasound (100 W, 33+3 KHz) for sonication of the slurry. The degradation of compound was studied in terms of first order kinetics. The catalyst concentration was optimized at 1.5 gL-1, pH at 7 and oxidant concentration at 1.5 gL-1. The results obtained were quite appreciable as 80% degradation was obtained for photocatalytic treatment in 120 minutes whereas, ultrasound imparting synergistic effect as degradation achieved 96% increase in 90 minutes during sonophotocatalysis. The degradation follows the trend sonophotocatalysis > photocatalysis > sonocatalytic > sonolysis. The results of sonophotocatalytic degradation of pharmaceutical compound showed that it could be used as efficient and environmentally friendly technique for the complete degradation of recalcitrant organic pollutants which will increase the chances for the reuse of wastewater.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anoop Verma
Harmanpreet Kaur
Divya Dixit
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Abstract

On the off chance that methods which reduce the global CO 2 content are unavailable and inefficient, the increasing CO 2 levels will lead to a synchronized rise in temperature across the world. The conversion of this abundant CO 2 into hydrocarbons like CH 4, CH 3OH, CO, HCOOH and hydrogen fuel using different techniques and their use for power could assist with the world’s energy deficiency and solve the CO 2 reduction-energy nexus. In this study, photocatalytic CO 2 conversion by sunlight will be of primary focus since this bears a resemblance with the regular photosynthesis phenomenon. This work also portrays the writings that have narrated the development of mixtures of two or more carbon ions (C 2+) within the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2. This paper thus comprises the energy required for CO 2 photoreduction, the kinetics mechanisms and thermodynamics requirements. The reaction of CO with water and the hydrogenation of CO 2 are covered to understand the gap of Gibb’s free energy between both of the reactions. Likewise, the summary of different metal-based co-catalysts, metal-free co-catalysts and their selectivity towards CO 2 reduction by photocatalysis and reduction of CO 2 into various hydrocarbons, fuel and materials have also been examined.
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Authors and Affiliations

Romil Gandhi
1
Aashish Moses
1
Saroj Sundar Baral
1

  1. BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, Department of Chemical Engineering, Goa, India – 403726
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Abstract

Environmental contamination is an urgent topic to be solved for sustainable society. Among various pollutants, microorganisms are believed to be the most dangerous and difficult to be completely inactivated. In this research, a new hybrid photoreactor assisted with rotating magnetic field (RMF) has been proposed for the efficient removal of two types of bacteria, i.e., gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Staphylococcus epidermidis. Three selfsynthesized photocatalysts were used, based on commercial titanium(IV) oxide - P25, homogenized and then modified with copper by photodeposition, as follows: 0.5Cu@HomoP25, 2.0Cu@HomoP25 and 5.0Cu@HomoP25 containg 0.5, 2.0 and 5.0 wt% of deposited copper, respectively. The response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to design the experiments and to deteremine the optimal conditions. The effects of various parameters such as copper concentration [% w/w], time [h] and frequency of RMF [Hz] were studied. Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA), revealed a good agreement between experimental data and proposed quadratic polynomial model ((R2=0.86 for E. coli and R2=0.69 for S. epidermidis). Experimental results showed that with increasing copper concentration, time and decreasing of frequency of RMF removal efficiency was increased. Accordingly, the water disinfection efficiency of 100% in terms of the independent variables was optimized, including cooper concentration c =5 % and 2.5% w/w, time t = 3 h and 1.3 h and frequency of rotating magnetic field f = 50 Hz and 26.6 for E.coli and S. epidermidis, respectively. This study showed that response surface methodology is a useful tool for optimizing the operating parameters for photocatalytic disinfection process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oliwia Paszkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kunlei Wang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Kordas
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Rakoczy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ewa Kowalska
2 3
ORCID: ORCID
Agata Markowska-Szczupak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Faculty of Chemical Technologyand Engineering, Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Piastow 42, 71-065Szczecin, Poland
  2. Hokkaido University, Institute for Catalysis (ICAT), N21, W9, 001-0021 Sapporo, Japan
  3. Jagiellonian University, Faculty of Chemistry, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is an attractive photocatalyst, however, its practical photocatalytic applications are still faced with huge challenges. The aim of this research is to identify the correlation between synthetic conditions and properties of the g-C3N4 and derive an optimum synthesis condition for improving photocatalytic activities of the g-C3N4. In this study, novel and versatile g-C3N4 nanosheets were synthesized by the simple thermal pyrolysis of urea. In the synthesis process, the pyrolysis temperature and the heating rate, which can have the most significant influence on the structures and properties of g-C3N4, were set as variables, and the effects were systematically investigated. When synthesized at a relatively high temperature, the amount of material being synthesized is reduced, however it has been found to represent optical properties suitable for highly efficient photocatalyst by the increase in the thickness and defects formed in the g-C3N4 nanosheets. The photocatalytic degradation experiment of MB dyes indicated that the highest degradation of 95.2% after the reaction for 120 min was achieved on the g-C3N4 nanosheets synthesized at 650oC.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jeong Hyun Kim
ORCID: ORCID
Myeongjun Ji
ORCID: ORCID
Cheol-Hui Ryu
Young-In Lee
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Textile industry emits daily huge amounts of sewage rich in non-biodegradable organic compounds, especially in textile dyes. Such contaminants are highly soluble in water, which makes their removal difficult. Other studies suggest their carcinogenicity, toxicity and mutagenicity. A promising chemical treatment of textile wastewater is the photodegradation of dye molecules in the process of photocatalysis in the presence of a photocatalyst. One-dimensional nanostructures exhibit a high surface-to-volume ratio and a quantum confinement effect, making them ideal candidates for nanophotocatalyst material. Nb2O5 is, among other metal oxides with a wide band gap, gaining popularity in optical applications, and electrospun niobium oxide nanostructures, despite their ease and low cost, can increase the chemical removal of textile dyes from wastewater. Facile synthesis of electrospun one-dimensional niobium oxide nanofibers is presented. The nanophotocatalysts morphology, structure, chemical bonds and optical properties were examined. Based on photodegradation of aqueous solutions (ph=6) of methylene blue and rhodamine B, the photocatalytic activity was established. The photocatalytic efficiency after 180 minutes of ultraviolet irradiation in the presence of Nb2O5 nanofibers was as follows: 84.9% and 31.8% for methylene blue and rhodamine B decolorization, respectively.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Zaborowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Weronika Smok
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Tański
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 18A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In the present study, peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation was proposed for efficient photocatalytic degradation of aspartame, acesulfame, saccharin, and cyclamate - artificial sweeteners frequently present in wastewaters and surface waters worldwide. TiO 2 nanosheets with exposed {0 0 1} facets were synthesised using the fluorine-free lyophilisation technique as a green concept for the synthesis and used for the photodegradation of selected sweeteners not susceptible to biodegradation. The synergetic effect of photocatalysis with the sulfate radical-based process was for the first time investigated. It was found that the studied artificial sweeteners were practically not susceptible to photolysis within 60 minutes of irradiation. In the presence of 2D titanium (IV) oxide, the artificial sweeteners were degraded entirely in less than 30 min, whereas the addition of peroxymonosulfate resulted in complete degradation after 10 – 15 minutes of the process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Smoliński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Fiszka Borzyszkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Kubica
2
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Zielińska-Jurek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
  2. Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, 7 Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk
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Abstract

In this work, a design equation was presented for a batch-recirculated photoreactor composed of a packed bed reactor (PBR) with immobilised TiO2-P25 nanoparticle thin films on glass beads, and a continuous-flow stirred tank (CFST). The photoreactor was studied in order to remove C.I. Acid Orange 7 (AO7), a monoazo anionic dye from textile industry, by means of UV/TiO2 process. The effect of different operational parameters such as the initial concentration of contaminant, the volume of solution in CFST, the volumetric flow rate of liquid, and the power of light source in the removal efficiency were examined. A rate equation for the removal of AO7 is obtained by mathematical kinetic modelling. The results of reaction kinetic analysis indicate the conformity of removal kinetics with Langmuir-Hinshelwood model (kL-H = 0.74 mg L-1 min-1, Kads = 0.081 mg-1 L). The represented design equation obtained from mathematical kinetic modelling can properly predict the removal rate constant of the contaminant under different operational conditions (R2 = 0.963). Thus the calculated and experimental results are in good agreement with each other.

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Authors and Affiliations

Behnaz Sheidaei
Mohammad A. Behnajady

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