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Abstract

In this paper, a low kilo-volt-ampere rating zigzag connected autotransformer based 36-pulse rectifier system supplying vector controlled induction motor drives (VCIMD) is designed, modeled and simulated. Detailed design procedure and magnetic rating calculation of the proposed autotransformer and interphase reactor is studied. Moreover, the design process of the autotransformer is modified to make it suitable for retrofit applications. Simulation results confirm that the proposed 36-pulse rectifier system is able to suppress less than 35th harmonics in the utility line current. The influence of load variation and load character is also studied to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the proposed 36-pulse rectifiers. A set of power quality indices at AC mains and DC link are presented to compare the performance of 6-, 24- and 36-pulse AC-DC converters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiao-Qiang Chen
Chun-Ling Hao
Qiu Hao
Li Min
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Abstract

This paper presents an example of practical use of Prony's method for monitoring of power waveform fundamental harmonic fluctuations, which is required for the analysis of window synchronizations in frequency analyses in power monitoring systems. The example presented offers verification of the authors' theoretical considerations published earlier in articles about Prony's method and its opportunities for practical use for real life signals. The investigations shown are based on the least squares Prony's method, which, in connection with digital filtrations, enables estimations of fundamental frequency at the rate of even tens of times per one fundamental harmonic period.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Mroczka
Jarosław Zygarlicki
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Abstract

The article presents a new modification of the the least squares Prony method. The so-called variable-frequency Prony method can be a useful tool for estimating parameters of sinusoidal components, which, in the analyzed signal, are characterized by time-dependent frequencies. The authors propose use of the presented method for testing the quality of electric energy. It allows observation of phenomena which, when using traditional methods, are averaged in the analysis window. The proposed modification of least squares Prony method is based on introduction and specific selection of a frequency matrix. This matrix represents frequencies of estimated components and their variability in time.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Mroczka
Jarosław Zygarlicki
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Abstract

The connection of renewable energy sources with significant nominal power (in the order of MW) to the medium-voltage distribution grid affects the operating conditions of that grid. Due to the increasing number of installed renewable energy sources and the limited transmission capacity of medium-voltage networks, the cooperation of these energy sources is becoming increasingly important. This article presents the results of a six-year study on a 2 MW wind power plant and a 1 MW photovoltaic power plant in the province of Warmia and Mazury, which are located a few kilometers away from each other. In this study, active energy, currents, voltages as well as active, reactive, and apparent power and higher harmonics of currents and voltages were measured. The obtained results show the parameters determining the power quality at different load levels. Long-term analysis of the operation of these power plants in terms of the generated electricity and active power transmitted to the power grid facilitated estimating the repeatability of active energy production and the active power generated in individual months of the year and times of day by a wind power plant and a photovoltaic power plant. It also allowed us to assess the options of cooperation between these energy sources. It is important, not only from a technical but also from an economic point of view, to determine the nominal power of individual power plants connected to the same connection point. Therefore, the cooperation of two such power plants with the same nominal power of 2 MW was analyzed and the economic losses caused by a reduction in electricity production resulting from connection capacity were estimated.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Lange
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Pasko
2
Dariusz Grabowski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Power Engineering, Electronics and Automation, University of Warmia and Mazury, ul. M. Oczapowskiego 11, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Silesian University of Technology, ul. Akademicka 10, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

In order to ensure that all the connected Equipment in the distribution network operates smoothly, the voltage stability of photovoltaic (PV) integrated distribution systems is very important. Sustaining the voltage profile when integrating PV is a particularly difficult issue. The primary goal of this article is to provide a consistent voltage profile to a sensitive load. A three-phase PV integrated distribution system has been chosen for investigation. An innovative feature of this system is that UPQC DVR and STATCOM systems are powered by Z-source inverters instead of traditional inverters. The ability to actively decouple power is the primary benefit of utilizing a Z-source inverter. The objective of the study effort is to use this new UPQC to synchronize a solar PV system with the distribution system. For the UPQC with battery energy storage system (BESS), the research study examines and develops the most appropriate control approach. A UPQC is a device that is used to integrate solar panels and improve the voltage stability of the distribution system. The prototype model is being developed, and the experimental findings confirm the main objective.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Raja
1
M. Vijayakumar
2
C. Karthikeyan
3

  1. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, SSM College of Engineering, Kumarapalayam, Namakkal – 638 183, Tamilnadu, India
  2. Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, K.S.R. College of Engineering, Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637 215, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Electrical Department, Tamil Nadu Generation and Distribution Corporation Ltd., Erode – 638009, Tamilnadu, India
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Abstract

The considered shunt active power filter can be controlled not only to compensate non-active current in the supply source, but additionally to optimize energy flow between the source and the load. In such a case the filter shapes the source current to be active and simultaneously regulates its magnitude. The presented filter/buffer can operate properly even when the load contains AC or DC variable energy source of any characteristic. The device can optimize energy flow for a single load, but also for a group of loads as well. The distinctive feature of the employed control method of the filter/buffer is that certain changes of energy stored in the device are utilized as the source of information concerning the active current of the load. This control method is very flexible and can be implemented to nearly all structures of active filters, for DC, single- and multiphase circuits.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Szromba
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Abstract

The paper presents a concept of an active filter with energy storage. This solution can be used for the compensation of momentary one phase high power loads with discontinued power consumption (e.g. spot welding machines). Apart from the typical filtering capabilities, the system’s task is also the continuity of the input power from the feeder line and limiting its fluctuation. The proposed by the author’s solution can produce measurable economic benefits by reducing the rated power necessary to energize periodically operating loads and improving the indicators of electrical energy quality. The developed method of active power surges compensation enables a flexible approach to requirements concerning the rated power of the point to which the periodically operating loads with high peak current value are connected. The tests were conducted on a simulation model specially developed in Matlab & Simulink environment, proving high effectiveness of the presented solution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kacper Sowa
Stanisław Piróg
Marcin Baszyński
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Abstract

In this paper, an algorithm that monitors the power system to detect and classify power quality events in real time is presented. The algorithm is able to detect events caused by waveform distortions and variations of the RMS values of the voltage. Detection of the RMS events is done by comparing the RMS values with certain thresholds, while detection of waveform distortions is made using an algorithm based on multiharmonic leasts-squares fitting.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrei Ardeleanu
Pedro Ramos
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Abstract

The wavelet transform has been successfully used in the area of power quality analysis. There are many published papers with methods for power quality disturbance classification or harmonics measurement, which use wavelet transform. However, the properties of the wavelet transform can drastically vary from the choice of the wavelet. In this paper we analyze the influence of the choice of the wavelet to the accuracy of the power quality classification method and to high frequency harmonics measurements. Additionally to the well known wavelet filters we introduce near perfect reconstruction filter banks. The simulation results indicate that these filter banks are a good choice for classification of power quality disturbances, especially in the presence of noise and for high frequency harmonics measurements

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Authors and Affiliations

Dimitar Taskovski
Ljubica Koleva
Aleksandar Milchevski
Vladimir Dimcev
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Abstract

The quality of the supplied power by electricity utilities is regulated and of concern to the end user. Power quality disturbances include interruptions, sags, swells, transients and harmonic distortion. The instruments used to measure these disturbances have to satisfy minimum requirements set by international standards. In this paper, an analysis of multi-harmonic least-squares fitting algorithms applied to total harmonic distortion (THD) estimation is presented. The results from the different least-squares algorithms are compared with the results from the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) algorithm. The algorithms are assessed in the different testing states required by the standards.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pedro Ramos
Fernando Janeiro
Tomáš Radil
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Abstract

This paper presents a new modification of the least-squares Prony’s method with reduced sampling, which allows for a significant reduction in the number of the analysed signal samples collected per unit time. The specific combination of non-uniform sampling with Prony’s method enables sampling of the analysed signals at virtually any average frequency, regardless of the Nyquist frequency, maintaining high accuracy in parameter estimation of sinusoidal signal components. This property allows using the method in measuring devices, such as for electric power quality testing equipped with low power signal processors, which in turn contributes to reducing complexity of these devices. This paper presents research on a method for selecting a sampling frequency and an analysis window length for the presented method, which provide maximum estimation accuracy for Prony’s model component parameters. This paper presents simulation tests performed in terms of the proposed method application for analysis of harmonics and interharmonics in electric power signals. Furthermore, the paper provides sensitivity analysis of the method, in terms of common interferences occurring in the actual measurement systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Mroczka
Jarosław Zygarlicki
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Abstract

Unlike traditional passive filters, modern active filters have the following multiple functions; harmonic filtering, damping, isolation and termination, reactive-power control for power factor correction and voltage regulation, load balancing, voltage-flicker reduction, and/or their combinations. Significant cost reductions in both power semiconductor devices and signal-processing devices have inspired manufactures to put active filters on the market. This paper deals with general pure active filters for power conditioning, and specific hybrid active filters for harmonic filtering of three-phase diode rectifiers, as well as traditional passive filters.

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Authors and Affiliations

H. Akagi
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Abstract

In order to solve the problem of harmonic waves caused by battery energy storage (BES) and distributed generation (DG) inverters in an active distribution network, an intelligent optimal dispatching method based on a modified flower pollination algorithm (MFPA) is proposed. Firstly, the active distribution network dispatching model considering the power quality (PQ) problem caused by BES and DG is proposed. In this model, the objective function considers the additional network loss caused by a harmonic wave, as well as the constraints of the harmonic wave and voltage unbalance. Then, the MFPA is an improvement of a flower pollination algorithm (FPA). Because the MFPA has the characteristics of higher solution accuracy and better convergence than the FPA and it is not easy to fall into local optimal, the MFPA is used to solve the proposed model. Finally, simulation experiments are carried out on IEEE 37 bus and IEEE 123 bus systems, respectively. The experimental results show that this method can achieve satisfactory power quality while optimizing the total active power loss of the branch. The comparative experimental results show that the developed algorithm has better convergence than the FPA.

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Authors and Affiliations

Haiqing Liu
Jinmeng Qu
Shanshan Yang
Yuancheng Li
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Abstract

For a higher classification accuracy of disturbance signals of power quality, a disturbance classification method for power quality based on gram angle field and multiple transfer learning is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the one-dimensional disturbance signal of power quality is transformed into a Gramian angular field (GAF) coded image by using the gram angle field, and then three ResNet networks are constructed. The disturbance signals with representative signal-to-noise ratios of 0 dB, 20 dB and 40 dB are selected as the input of the sub-model to train the three sub-models, respectively. During this period, the training weights of the sub-models are transferred in turn by using the method of multiple transfer learning. The pre-training weight of the latter model is inherited from the training weight of the previous model, and the weight processing methods of partial freezing and partial fine-tuning are adopted to ensure the optimal training effect of the model. Finally, the features of the three sub-models are fused to train the classifier with a full connection layer, and a disturbance classification model for power quality is obtained. The simulation results show that the method has higher classification accuracy and better anti-noise performance, and the proposed model has good robustness and generalization.
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Authors and Affiliations

Peng Heping
1
Mo Wenxiong
1
Wang Yong
1
Luan Le
1
Xu Zhong
1

  1. Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd.Guangdong, Guangzhou 510620, China
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Abstract

Growing popularity of distributed generation is drawing special attention to communication technologies in smart power grids. This paper provides a detailed overview of the communication protocols utilized in the modern distributed grid laboratory. It describes both wired and wireless technologies used in Smart Grid and presents the remote operation of switching the subsystem from grid mode to island mode operating under nominal conditions. It shows the duration of power outages during a transfer to island mode with diesel generator running on idle - which simulates planned islanding and diesel generator stationary, which simulates unplanned islanding. Latency between registration of disturbance and executing control command is measured. The results obtained are compared with current legislation. The consequences to the power system that are possible in both scenarios are highlighted. Obtained results and description of the communication technologies can be useful for the design of distributed power grids, island-mode power grids, and Smart Grids, as well as for further research in the area of using combustion fuel generators as a primary power supply in the microgrid.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kamil Prokop
1
Andrzej Bień
1
Szymon Barczentewicz
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Unintentional islanding detection is one the mandatory criterion that must be met by PV inverters before connecting them into the grid. Acceptable time for inverter for islanding detection is less than 2 seconds. In this paper voltage parameters after islanding occurrence and before turning off the inverter are analyzed. In order to simulate islanding state and perform measurements the testing system was build. Three different commercial PV inverters were tested. Measured signals were used to calculate voltage envelope, phasor, frequency and ROCOF. Collected data proved to be helpful to compere different inverters.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Henryk Barczentewicz
1
Tomasz Lerch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Bień
1

  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Power quality (PQ) monitoring is important for both the utilities and also the users of electric power. The most widespread measurement instrument used for PQ monitoring is the PQM (Power Quality Monitor) or PQA (Power Quality Analyzer). In this paper we propose the usage of PMU data for PQ parameters monitoring. We present a new methodology of PQ parameters monitoring and classification based on PMU data. The proposed methodology is tested with real measurements performed in distribution system using dedicated PMU system.

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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon H. Barczentewicz
Andrzej Bień
Krzysztof Duda
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Abstract

The paper includes a summary of long-time research conducted by a research team in the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Silesian University of Technology. The research work has principally been related to selected problems in the field of analysis and synthesis of systems aimed at symmetrisation and improvement of some power quality parameters. This paper constitutes the second part of the report on the research. It has been devoted to three-phase system symmetrisation as well as effective elimination of higher harmonics and substantial improvement of power quality by means of hybrid active power filters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Pasko
Dawid Buła
Krzysztof Dębowski
Dariusz Grabowski
Marcin Maciążek
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Abstract

The paper includes a summary and a background of long-time research conducted by a research team in the Institute of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at SilesianUniversity of Technology. The researchwork has principally been related to selected problems in the field of analysis and synthesis of systems aimed at symmetrisation and improvement of some power quality parameters. This paper constitutes a first part of the report on the research. It has been devoted to effective elimination of higher harmonics and reactive power compensation by means of parallel active power filters. The other problem discussed in this paper is related to this issue and it is very important from the economic point of view; it addresses optimal sizing and placement of active power filters in investigated power networks.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marian Pasko
Dawid Buła
Krzysztof Dębowski
Dariusz Grabowski
Marcin Maciążek
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Abstract

A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hessamoddin Jouybari-Moghaddam
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Abstract

Design of a delta/polygon-connected autotransformer based 36-pulse ac-dc converter is presented in this paper. The 36-pulse topology is obtained via two paralleled eighteen-pulse ac-dc converters each of them consisting of a nine-phase (nine-leg) diode bridge rectifier. For independent operation of paralleled diode-bridge rectifiers, two interphase transformers (IPT) is designed and implemented. A transformer is designed to supply the rectifier. The design procedure of magnetics is in a way such that makes it suitable for retrofit applications where a six-pulse diode bridge rectifier is being utilized. The proposed structure has been implemented and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software under different load conditions. Simulation results confirmed the significant improvement of the power quality indices (consistent with the IEEE-519 standard requirements) at the point of common coupling. Furthermore, near unity power factor is obtained for a wide range of DTCIMD operation. A comparison is made between 6-pulse and proposed converters from view point of power quality indices. Results show that input current total harmonic distortion (THD) is less than 4% for the proposed topology at variable loads.

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Authors and Affiliations

Rohollah Abdollahi
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Abstract

The uncontrolled power flow in the AC power system caused by renewable energy sources (restless sources, distributed energy sources), dynamic loads, etc., is one of many causes of voltage perturbation, along with others, such as switching effects, faults, and adverse weather conditions. This paper presents a three-phase voltage and power flow controller, based on direct PWM AC/AC converters. The proposed solution is intended to protect sensitive loads against voltage fluctuation and problems with power flow control in an AC power system. In comparison to other solutions, such as DVR, UPFC, the presented solution is based on bipolar matrix choppers and operates without a DC energy storage unit or DC link. The proposed solution is able to compensate 50% voltage sags, in the case of three-phase symmetrical voltage perturbation, and single phase voltage interruptions. Additionally, by means of a voltage phase control with a range of ±60◦ in each phase, it is possible to control the power flow in an AC power system. The paper presents an operational description, a theoretical analysis based on the averaged state space method and four terminal descriptions, and the experimental test results from a 1 kVA laboratory model operating under active load.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Zbigniew Kaniewski

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