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Abstract

This article is a contribution to the study of the history of the lexis of the Proto- -Slavic language. The etymological analysis of anatomical lexis presented in this article allows us to establish several chronological layers of the lexis: lexemes inherited from the Indo-European proto-language, lexemes from the Baltic and Slavic language communities, lexemes created from Indo-European bases, and lexemes created from Proto-Slavic bases, which are late innovations of the Proto- -Slavic language. Each stage of the history of the Proto-Slavic lexis is documented with appropriate material. In this way this study advances research on the development of Proto-Slavic historical lexicology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Boryś
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

This article is a contribution to the historical lexicology of the Proto‑Slavic language. It analyzes the etymologies of 110 Proto‑Slavic lexemes in the field of topography and hydrography and classifies them into chronological layers. It draws a distinction between lexemes inherited from the Proto‑Indo‑European language and the Balto‑Slavic community and the numerous lexemes that were innovated during different periods of the Proto‑Slavic history. Some of these lexemes, created on the basis of Indo‑European roots and lexemes, must have arisen in the early period of the Proto‑Slavic language, though many more lexemes have a Slavic motivation. They developed in a later period of the Proto‑Slavic history or possibly at the time when the Proto‑Slavic language began to split into dialects. Lexemes without certain etymology have been addressed in the article separately.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Wiesław Boryś
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Instytut Slawistyki PAN, Warszawa
  2. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków
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Abstract

In the introductory part of the article, the author discusses Slovak dial. pomidlo ‘plum jam; tree gum’ (Šariš region, north‑east Slovakia) which, in his opinion, is a corruption of an original * povidlo. It is not clear whether the Slovak word is a native cognate of Polish powidła ‘sort of jam (made mostly from plums)’ and Czech povidla ‘id.’; it might also be a local loanword of Polish origin. The author subsequently gives a survey of the existing attempts at etymological interpretation of the aforementioned Polish and Czech lexemes. According to W. Boryś, they go back to * povidlo as an original nomen instrumenti derived from * po‑viti (prefixal derivative of Proto‑Slavic * viti ‘twist, wind’, probably also used to denote the circular movements made with a spoon, etc. while constantly stirring the boiling fruit mass); the original meaning should thus be reconstructed as ‘jam made with the use of a * povidlo (stirring instrument)’. The author of the present study interprets the proto‑form * povidlo as a nomen actionis (i.e., ‘the action of stirring’) which underwent a further semantic shift ‘nomen actionis’ > ‘nomen acti (nomen resultati)’, i.e. ‘(the action of) stirring’ > ‘jam (made by stirring the fruit mass)’; cf. Russian varen'e ‘preserve, jam, confiture’ < ‘(the action of) cooking’.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ľubor Králik
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ľudovít Štúr Institute of Linguistics of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Abstract

The text discusses parallels in the semantic development of the Proto‑Slavic lexemes * brudъ and bridъ – parallels which are common to East Slovak dialects, the Polish linguistic area and Eastern Slavic Languages (Ukrainian and Belarusian). The article features an analysis of these lexical units which are a part of the Polish language and appear in the Eastern Slovak dialect – one of the three basic groups of Slovak dialects, and which have a similar development to that observed in East Slavic Languages. The aim is to trace the semantic development of the words studied in the area in question, and the establishment of the nature of the interlinguistic relations which occur in the situations discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Szymon Pogwizd
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Kraków, Instytut Slawistyki PAN
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Abstract

The article deals with the semantic development of Proto‑Slavic * lichъ. This adjective has many disparate meanings in Slavonic languages which have predominantly developed from the Proto‑Slavic meaning ‘odd, uneven’. The concept of ‘oddness, unevenness’ was mostly viewed as something undesirable and harmful which is reflected by meanings like ‘needless, futile, vain, wretched, evil, ominous etc.’. There is, however, also a group of positive meanings in Slavic languages, such as ‘free, daring, high‑spirited, skilful, famous’. The semantic shift to these meanings has not been satisfactorily explained. We suggest a development via the meanings ‘free from sth, singular’ (partially attested in Old Church Slavonic and some other Slavic languages) as one of the possible directions of semantic development of * lichъ from which the aforementioned positive meanings could be explained.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jiří Rejzek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Filozofická fakulta Univerzity Karlovy, Ústav pro jazyk český, Praha
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Abstract

The author presents basic lines of semantic derivation from Proto-Slavic root *ži-/*živ- in Polish. Working on her theme she discovers an interesting old Slavic isogloss: while in West-Slavic languages the names for concepts ‘life/live’ and ‘animal’ have different etymology, in South- and East-Slavic, with the exception of the Ukrainian language – they have common origin.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Topolińska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The origin of Proto-Slavic palatal(ized) consonants has interested many linguists. Some of them have tried to connect palatality and velarity of Slavic consonants with the influence of Turkic consonant palatalization or velarization dependent on vowel harmony. This paper is a first study allowing for Turkological point of view and striving to show that there still are many doubts about the Proto- -Turkic influence on Proto-Slavic.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Stachowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jagiellonian University, Institute of Slavonic Studies, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

This publication begins a series of works devoted to the analysis of the semantic derivation of selected Proto-Slavic roots in Macedonian and Polish. The aim of this work is to capture the parallels and differences in the evolution of the two confronted – though rather distant – languages. We obtain Macedonian and Polish visualizations of the world.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kazimiera Maria Solecka
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Abstract

In the recent years the employees of the Research Center for Areal Linguistics at the Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts have been working on a new approach for the description of the word formation system in the Macedonian language. The approach consists of researching groups of lexemes derived from the same root attested in the Proto‑Slavic language. According to Markovikj and Topolińska (2019), one of the most important processes that present the systematic transfer of information from the semantic continuum to the lexicon of the language is the semantic derivation. This process allows the observation of the associative sequences, which retain the basic, initial semantic components, transmitted from the man and from the real physical world to the human mental world. In this paper, the author analyzes the formal and the semantic derivation of the Proto‑Slavic root * gor‑ in the Macedonian language, which has developed several variations since the Proto‑Slavic period. The analysis of the initial semantics of the word forms derived from the root * gor‑ and its variations, showed that they all share a common semantic concept ‘covered by fire’, which refers to the inseparable relationship between man and nature.
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Authors and Affiliations

Davor Jankuloski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Research Center for Areal Linguistics „Božidar Vidoeski”, Skopje, North Macedonia
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Abstract

On 29 November 2021 Professor Wiesław Boryś passed away in Kraków. He was an eminent expert in Slavonic studies, Serbian‑Croatian studies, and Kaszubian studies, and a distinguished etymologist, dialectologist and lexicographer. Professor Wiesław Boryś was born on 4 January 1939 in the village of Bzin in Kielce region. In 1956 he started education at the Chair in Slavonic Studies of the Jagiellonian University. He obtained an MA in Serbian‑Croatian studies in 1961, and eight years later a PhD from the JU Faculty of Philology. In 1974 he earned the title of habilitated doctor, became an associate professor in 1987 and gained full professorship in 1993.
Professor Boryś was associated with the Polish Academy of Sciences since 1961. He initially worked in the Section of Old Polish Language and then, from 1969 until retirement, in the Department of Proto‑Slavic Language. In 1986–2008 he taught a range of courses at the JU Institute of Slavonic Studies.
The scholarly work of Professor Boryś was especially focused on diachrony – the history of Slavonic language and lexicon, historical and comparative grammar, etymology, and the reconstruction of Proto‑Slavic language – as well as dialectology. The development of his research interests was largely shaped by Serbian‑Croatian studies, particularly into Čakavian and Kajkavian dialects as well as his work at the Polish Academy of Sciences – Proto‑Slavic studies and later also Kashubian studies.
The achievements of Professor Boryś include the publication of about 200 scholarly works, including 8 single‑authored books and 16 co‑authored books (e.g. eight volumes of Słownik prasłowiański). The crowning achievement of his career was the publication of two lexicographic works: Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego, the first dictionary since the times of Aleksander Brückner to provide a generally available etymological compendium of the Polish language, and Słownik etymologiczny kaszubszczyzny, the world’s first etymological dialect dictionary in the field of Slavonic studies, consisting of six volumes written together with Professor Hanna Popowska‑Taborska.
The chief focus of Professor Boryś was the description of South Slavonic languages and dialects, especially Čakavian and Kajkavian dialects. He was one of the greatest experts in this field, which is reflected in several dozen articles as well as the books Budowa słowotwórcza rzeczowników w tekstach czakawskich XV i XVI w., Studia nad dialektem czakawskim Juraja Križanicia. Akcentuacja rzeczowników and Czakawskie studia leksykalne. Dziedzictwo prasłowiańskie w słownictwie czakawskim.
The late Professor Wiesław Boryś will always be remembered for his impressive scholarly achievements and kept in fond memory.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Kwoka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Slavonic Studies, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland

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