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Abstract

Newly collected and restudied earlier materials on an enigmatic fish Ventalepis ketleriensis Schultze, 1980

from the upper Famennian (postera – ? Lower expansa conodont zones) of Latvia and central and northwestern

Russia support its porolepiform affinities. A new family Ventalepididae fam. nova is established for this genus

upon a peculiar combination of characters, including scale structure and dermal bones ornamentation. New

records extend the distribution of this genus and the Ventalepis vertebrate assemblage on the whole to a vast

geographical zone along the south-eastern coast of the Old Red Sandstone continent. The habitat area of the

Devonian vertebrate assemblage over such a large territory within the zoogeographical province of Baltica is

established for the first time. Palaeozoogeographical analysis suggests Laurentian affinities of the Ventalepis

assemblage demonstrating the major congruency to the Belgian and East Greenland ones. These and Russian

localities are separated by a vast ORS continent. Presence of the dipnoan Jarvikia in all three locations, as well

as an Ichthyostega-like tetrapod in the Belgian one reveals palaeozoogeographical connections, which might

reflect possible dwelling not only in the near-shore continent periphery but also in the river systems of the

continent itself.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oleg Lebedev
Ervins Lukševičs
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Abstract

The study focuses on one of the ways to express for eignness of ethnicities encountered by the inhabitants of Medieval Rus’, namely on constructing the origin of those ethnicities. The narrative about the origin of an ethnicity and its ancestors (origo gentis) is known from European medieval historiography in general. The oldest Russian chronicles, however, are distinguishable for not only recording the origin of their own nation, but noting the roots of completely different cultures, i.e. steppe tribes and northern peoples; later the origin of Mongols is refl ected in a similar way. The comparison of the Primary Chronicle and Latin Central European chronicles which were created almost at the same time period (Chronica Boemorum by Cosmas of Prague, Chronica et gesta ducum sive principum Polonorum by Gallus Anonymus and a slightly younger anonymous Gesta Hungarorum) demonstrates that the primary function of Latin origo gentis was to define the identity of the medieval gens, which was changing into natio of the High Medieval Period, and to legitimate its political structures. In these chronicles, origo gentis never became a separate theme in relation to other nations. On the contrary, the authors of the oldest Russian chronicles considered the identifi cation of the origins of the foreign nations to be the key for recognizing their functions not only in the present or in the past, but, first and foremost, in the future, in the end time.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jitka Komendová
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Abstract

The East of Europe stays at present on the background of interests in the new architecture. Meanwhile Moscow is a major city of Europe and there many interesting implementations are occurring. For her the office market intensively is being extended, at least in contrast with countries of the free market democracy, it is playing the political factor there major part. From interesting implementations they mentioned the Moscow International Business Centre as about the big urban planning operation and about Dominion Building Office as about interesting Zaha Hadid work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Złowodzki
1

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Architecture, Institute of Architectural Design
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Abstract

In this paper reflection on the research legacy, especially in the subject of the Polish and Russian intelligentsia, by Andrzej Walicki is undertaken. The following issues were accepted as the source of inspiration for discussion about specificity of the intelligentsia and its present calling: interdependence between intellectual and moral researcher’s growth and the topics he investigates, individual freedom in the light of liberal values, ideological quests of the Polish and Russian intelligentsia, the motives for initiation Poland‑Russia dialogue inspired and conducted by their intellectual elites, on the basis of their typological similarity. The problem of creative power of words and using them as a tool for protecting the space of individual freedom is discussed from the angle of the triad: „words – deeds – values”, suggested by Walicki in his research paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Małgorzata Abassy
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Instytut Rosji i Europy Wschodniej, ul. Reymonta 4, 30‑059 Kraków
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Abstract

The article discusses a few fi lm portraits of Tadeusz Kościuszko and his fi ght against the tsar’s Russia.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Włodek
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Abstract

In the Central Caucasus region, the intense process of deglaciation is identified as caused by cryoconite formation and accumulation. The fine earth materials were collected on the surfaces of Skhelda and Garabashi glaciers as well as from zonal soils of Baksan Gorge and were studied in terms of chemical, particle-size, and micromorpholo-gical features. Supraglacial sediments are located at the glacial drift area of material and, thus, due to transfer of these sediments to the foothill area, their fine earth material can affect micromorphological and chemical characteristics of adjacent zonal soils. Thin sections of mineral and organo-mineral micromonoliths were analyzed by classic micromorphological methods. Data obtained showed that the weathering rates of cryoconite and soil minerals are different. The cryoconite material on the debris-covered Skhelda Glacier originated from local massive crystalline rocks and moraines, while for Garabashi Glacier the volcanic origin of cryoconite is more typical. Soils of Baksan Gorge are characterized by more developed microfabric and porous media, but their mineralogical composition is essentially inherited from sediments of glacial and periglacial soils. These new data could be useful for understanding the process of evolution of the mineral matrix of cryoconite to the soil matrix formed at the foot of the mountain.
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Authors and Affiliations

Evgeny Abakumov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Rustam Tembotov
2
Ivan Kushnov
1
Vyacheslav Polyakov
1

  1. Saint-Petersburg State University, 7/9 University Embankment, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
  2. Tembotov Institute of Ecology of Mountain Territories, Russian Academy of Sciences, 37a, I. Armand Street, Nalchik, 360051, Russia
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Abstract

In this article, I present a proposal for an international law-based formula for mediating territorial conflicts and apply it to the case of Crimea in Ukraine. Although the tragic Russian attack which commenced on 24 February 2022 has made the mediation even more difficult, once a ceasefire is achieved my formula is capable of providing legally solid compromises to the Ukrainian territorial questions that fit into the contemporary international legal framework concerning territory. Naturally, any realistic solution will require concessions on the part of all stakeholders (primarily Crimea, Ukraine, and Russia). In short, the formula offers for Ukraine the return of its territorial integrity, for Crimea internal self-determination in the form of a meaningful territorial autonomy, and for Russia a few indirect perks and guarantees, mostly related to a possible demilitarization of the Crimean Peninsula. The analysis can also be useful for Donbas, for which the formula offers recognition of some limited autonomous rights.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tero Lundstedt
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Ph.D., Research Affiliate, Erik Castrén Institute of International Law and Human Rights (Finland)
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Abstract

The natural gas supply is used from Russia Federation as a political instrument in the geopolitical and territorial conflict with Ukraine. The effectiveness of Russian strategy towards Ukraine is due to the fact that power in Kiev is also exercised by the pro-Russian politicians and supported on the part of Ukrainian oligarchs. The two countries are interdependent in terms of energy by means of the existing gas infrastructure and long-term contracts, because Ukraine guarantees the Russian Federation the transit of natural gas to Europe through its system of transmission gas pipelines, and Russia pays for the transit and used to supply the agreed amount of gas to Ukraine. For the first time – in 2016 – Ukraine didn’t import natural gas directly from the Russia Federation. This article attempts to obtain an answer to the research question, whether Ukraine actually strives to diversify its natural gas supply. What part of this policy is the Ukrainian political instrument in terms of Russia, and what part is the real political objective? Especially in the context of the gas contract between both States, ending in 2019. What role will be played the underground gas storage in the geopolitical struggle? Despite Nord Stream II the Russian Federation still needs the Ukrainian pipelines to fulfill contractual obligations in gas supplies to Europe. What are the strategic goals of the energy policy of Ukraine and Russia? The geopolitical as well as geo-economic theories will be applied. Moreover, a factor analysis as well as a decision-making analysis will be used. The political analysis method and the forecasting technique are applied to obtain, not only theoretical, but also practical input.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Ruszel
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Abstract

The article presents an analysis of Russia’s participation in international steam coal trade, which has been its important participant for years. The research covered the years 2014–2018. The geographical location on two continents and the availability of coal deposits, favors its presence on both the Pacific and Atlantic markets. The article also discusses the main coal producers in Russia and the prices of Russian steam coal directed to the spot market. Due to the significant share of coal exports for the Russian economy, the focus was also on analyzing Russian seaports.

In recent years, Asian exports have dominated in Russian steam coal exports. The share of export to this market in the years 2014–2018 was in the range of 49–57% (60–87 million tons). Currently, three countries play an important role among Asian countries: South Korea, China and J apan. They purchased a total of 38–52 million tons of Russian coal. Although in the years under analysis Russia exported 52–67 million tons of steam coal to the European market, the share of this market dropped from almost half to around 40%. T he slow departure from coal energy contributes to reducing the share of recipients from this direction. Among European countries, in 2014 the main direction of export was Great Britain with 19% (24 million tons) of total export share. In 2018, exports fell to 9 million tons (5%).

Among European destinations for Russian coal, Poland’s share is growing in importance. In the years 2014–2018, steam coal exports to Poland varied in the range of 5.6–16.2 million tons. In the years 2014–2018 it changed in the range of 5.6–16.2 million tons. The dynamic growth achieved in the last three years is noteworthy. In relation to 2016, imports increased by 10.0 million tons and in 2018 amounted to as much as 16.1 million tons. The article also discusses the geographical structure of coal imports to Poland by railway border crossings and seaports.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj
Zbigniew Grudziński
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Abstract

Acquiring citizenship in the country of resettlement is the ultimate step on the integration pathway of a resettled person. For people from countries of the former Soviet Union (fSU), we can see a great variety in patterns of citizenship acquisition and changes in migration policy governing the granting of citizenship. Russia is the main player in this field. As a descendant of the fSU, the country uses its right to determine whether or not to grant its citizenship to people in the new independent countries as a way of maintaining its influence on the post-Soviet and even the former Russian Empire regions. Russian citizenship was granted to m 8.6 million people between 1992 and 2016 (excluding the Crimean popu-lation), more than 92 per cent of whom were from the fSU. Russia employs a range of different policies, starting with its compatriot policy for individual resettlement; then comes its not formally declared pol-icy of issuing Russian passports for the population of non-recognised states (such as Transdnestria) and finally there is Russia’s policy of automatically granted citizenship for 2 million Crimean people. This paper explores the phenomenon of Russian citizenship policy and compares it with European or Eura-sian policy governing fSU countries. It also discusses the implementation of this policy at both regional and global levels.

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Authors and Affiliations

Irina Molodikova
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Abstract

The article offers a new perspective on contemporary and past migration processes in the post-Soviet area by testing the usefulness of the concept of a migration cycle for the Russian case. By adopting the longue durée approach, we attempt to assess the advancement of Russia’s migration cycle, arguing at the same time that it constitutes an interesting, yet not an obvious case with which to test the utility of the concept. We postulate that, in tracking Russia’s migration trajectories in pre-1991 times, it is im-portant to account for both the flows between Russia as the-then state entity (i.e. the Tsarist Empire, later the Soviet Union) and foreign countries and the flows between Russia as the core of the empire and its eastern and southern peripheries. Our analyses show that while – taking into account statistical consid-erations – Russia has undoubtedly already undergone the migration transition, it has not yet reached the stage of a mature immigration country. We also contend that migration transition for Russia occurred internally – within the-then state borders – and revealed itself with its transformation from a Soviet re-public into a federative state.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zuzanna Brunarska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mikhail Denisenko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Centre of Migration Research, University of Warsaw, Poland
  2. Vishnevsky Institute of Demography, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russia
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Abstract

Claude Carloman de Rulhière was a French diplomat and writer who was sent to Russia in 1762 as a secretary to the French ambassador. During his stay in St. Petersburg, he eye-witnessed the coup d’état staged by the future Catherine II to dethrone Peter III and to seize the imperial power. Upon his return to Paris, Rulhière publicized his testimony of the event. It soon became notorious and provoked controversy, splitting French elites into supporters and detractors of Catherine II. The agents of the empress attempted to persuade him not to divulge his text, but Rulhière did not succumb to their financial offers and resolved to reveal the truth.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Mosakowski
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Abstract

European whitefish ( Coregonus lavaretus) is a highly polymorphic species, but the wider scale diversity and distribution of sympatric morphs in subarctic lakes of northwestern Russia has not been recently studied and analyzed. The aim of the present study was to investigate diversity and distribution of whitefish morphs in different sized lakes and watercourses of Murmansk region. Our study of the water bodies in four major river basins of Murmansk region revealed the presence of two whitefish morphs: sparsely rakered (further sr) and medium rakered ( mr). The mr morph is less common and observed only alongside the sr whitefish. In general, in sr whitefish the number of gill rakers ranges between 15 and 31, and in mr whitefish between 27 and 44. Among whitefishes with 27 to 31 gill rakers, both sr and mr morphs were observed and distinguishable by the shape of the rakers. In the studied sr whitefish populations, relatively long and short rakered whitefish morphs were found. In Lake Kuetsyarvi (Pasvik River basin), the sr and mr whitefish formed additional slow- and fastgrowing ecological morphs. The four whitefish morphs in Lake Kuetsyarvi specialize to different ecological niches correlating with morphological and behavioral differences. The observed diversity and distribution of whitefish in the Murmansk region requires genetic studies of the population to assess the origins of divergence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Elena Mikhailovna Zubova
1
Nikolay Alexandrovich Kashulin
1
Petr Mikhailovich Terentjev
1
Alexey Valerievich Melekhin
2

  1. Aquatic Ecosystems Laboratory at the Institute of Industrial Ecology of the North, Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 14a, 184209 Apatity, Murmansk region, Russia
  2. Flora and Vegetation Laboratory at the Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden-Institute, Kola Science Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Akademgorodok 18a, 184209 Apatity, Murmansk region, Russia
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Abstract

While in the United States Polish newspapers and magazines began to spring up in the late 19th century, in Russia the Polish diaspora did not produce their own press until the early 20th century. This article surveys the contents of three periodicals and other publications produced by Polonia associations in Krasnodar, Zheleznovodsk and Stavropol in Southern Russia.

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Dariusz Kuźmina
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Abstract

The authors presented the tendencies in Russian toponomy after the October Revolution, when geographic naming became one of the most important tools of communist propaganda. They showed – following A. Supieranska – three groups of oekokonyms in the 1920s and 30s: 1) those derived from the names of individuals who had achieved renown (e.g. Ленинакан, Ленинск, Лениногорск, Ленинабад, Троцк, Киров), 2) those commemorating phenomena and events linked with the Revolution and the era of Soviet rule (e.g. Комсомольск-на-Амуре, Красногвардейск), 3) those referring to areas of production (e.g. Асбест, Бокситогорск, Магнитогорск, Электросталь). In this context, changes in the naming of towns inhabited by Germans are presented, in particular Marx and Engels, located in the Volga Region. The presentation of the changes is preceeded by a description of the development of the oekonymic system of Volga Germans.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Sobczak
Jolanta Mędelska
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

A longstanding folk tradition among rural Russian peasants, ulichnye familii (‘street surnames’) were used by Doukhobors colloquially ‘on the street’ of a village to distinguish among families sharing the same official surname. Similar to Quebecois dit names and Scottish sept names, ulichnye familii arose because of the low surname stock within Doukhobor society. Passed down to succeeding generations and transferred between settlements, these names became a recognized form of address among Doukhobors, helping structure kinship networks and organize social interactions among villagers. When a large contingent of Doukhobors emigrated from the Caucasus to the Canadian prairies in 1899, they continued this naming practice in their settlements well into the early 20th century. A ubiquitous part of their culture for generations, today ulichnye familii have all but disappeared among Doukhobors, as a result of their assimilation, dispersal and modernization. This article offers an analysis of the Doukhobor anthroponymic custom of ulichnye familii: the social factors leading to their adoption; the etymological processes through which these names were formed; the manner in which they were used and transmitted; and the elements contributing to their eventual decline and disuse. It also includes an inventory of extant ulichnye familii among the Doukhobors of the Caucasus and Canada, obtained through extensive fi eld interviews and archival research.

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Jonathan J. Kalmakoff
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Abstract

The paper describes the political use of symbols of childhood and orphanhood in the current policy of the Russian authorities. At the beginning of the Bolshevik regime, homeless children (bezprizorni) became a subject of interest for the security apparatus organized by F. Dzerzhinsky. At that time, A. Makarenko developed his innovative pedagogical approach. These activities were designed to create a “new Soviet man”. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia again faced the problem of homeless children. After several years, however, children and orphans are now being used as a symbol of vulnerability in the government policy of the Kremlin. As an answer to the so-called “Magnitsky Act”, the Russian authorities implemented the “DimaYakovlev law” prohibiting adoptions of Russian children to the United States. In addition to this, the child as a symbol of innocence and vulnerability is an invariant element in the policy of the Russian authorities. This combines symbolism associated with bravery, dedication and sacrifice, allowing justification of the current political course of power in Russia.

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Wojciech Siegień
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Abstract

We estimated a non-Stationary dynamic factor model and used it to generate artificial episodes of disinflation (permanent changes in the mean inflationrate). These datasets were used to test the forecasting abilities of alternative underlying inflation indicators (i.e. measures that capture sustained movements in inflation extracted from information in a disaggregated set of price data).We found that the out of sample forecast errors of the benchmark underlying inflation measures (based on unobserved trend extraction) are more severely affected by disinflation than the alternative simpler methods (based on exclusionor re-weighting approaches). We also show that a non-stationary dynamic factor model may be employed for the extraction of the unobserved trend to be usedas an underlying inflation measure.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elena Deryugina
Alexey Ponomarenko
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Abstract

Numerous Russian media professionals have moved to Ukraine in the last decade. These migrants can be seen as contemporary mobile, highly skilled, transnationally connected professionals who made a lifestyle choice by relocating to Ukraine. However, after the EuroMaidan, their move has also become increasingly political. Drawing upon a series of interviews with Russian media professionals living and working in Ukraine – and addressing their social relationships, professional practices and thoughts on return migration – I analyse the ways in which the lifestyles of these ‘middling transnationals’ can be affected by the political tensions between host and home countries. This paper draws upon the idea of transnational ties being not necessarily durable and supportive but, rather, flexible and multi-direc-tional. I argue that the annexation of Crimea and the armed conflict in Donbas have altered migrants’ cross-border connections with Russia; however, instead of tying them to a place and excluding them from global networks, it might also push them towards inhabiting multiple transnational spaces. These observations highlight the political dimension of ‘middling transnationalism’ which is usually not con-sidered in migration scholarship.

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Darya Malyutina
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Abstract

The author of the article deals with the subject of the Russian period of Tadeusz Miciński’s work (1873‑1918). The rationale here being the discovery of many ‘new’, previously unpublished articles by the writer. In turn, the context was published by G. Bobilewicz years ago: Tadeusz Miciński i Rosja. Szkic do tematu (2008). The author presents the state of research, discusses the previously unknown texts by the author of Nietota, and finally gives new facts about Miciński’s stay in Russia (from 1915‑1918). The author discusses the literary activity of Miciński from the First World War onwards. This encompasses largely journalistic texts: articles, manifestos, open letters, travel reports from the front and from the life of Polish soldiers fighting on the Eastern Front.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Bajko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Uniwersytet w Białymstoku
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Abstract

The film art of the Russian Empire, in the light of the current state of research, may not be completely terra incognita, and yet a number of issues on this topic still need to be elaborated and saved from oblivion. The subject of the present research are the lost or only partially preserved horror movies filmed in the country of the last tsar of Russia – Nicholas II. The author recalls the circumstances of the creation of specific films, as well as the critical reception of such productions as Vasily Goncharov’s Viy (1909), At Midnight in the Graveyard (1909/1910) by the same director, The Vampire Woman (1915) by Viatcheslav (Victor) Tourjansky or two films by Ladislas Starevich: The Portrait (1915) and another screen adaptation of Viy (1916?).
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Authors and Affiliations

Marcin Cybulski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Lublin, Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
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Abstract

The article discusses views and the ideological evolution carried out by Pitirim Alexandrovich Sorokin, a Russian-American sociologist, philosopher and political activist. Influenced by his observations of the events of 1917, Sorokin radically reformulated his opinions about Marx and Marxism which resulted in his espousing of a traditionalist and anti-revolutionary position. He still shared with Marx his negative diagnosis of the modern world, but proposed a different solution as a remedy. His solution was a purification of the idea of equality by liberating it from reductive materialism. Nevertheless Sorokin’s concept of spiritual equality was as utopian as Marx’s. He presented his ideas in a littleknown novel titled: Предтеча (or Прачечная человеческих душ – ‘предтеча’ means ‘ancestor’ and is commonly referred to John the Baptist). This work is a signal for Sorokin’s denial of Marx’s ideas and his revolutionary zeal.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Jedliński
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyse the geopolitical position of independent Poland after World War I and the state of her relations with neighbour states, and the policy of building alliances with France and Romania. In view of border conflicts with Lithuania and Czechoslovakia as well as the constant German and Soviet threat, the reborn Polish state was forced to seek for allies in the West. The alliances with France and Romania could not however reduce the danger for Poland emerging from Soviet-German cooperation basing on the treaty of Rapallo from 1922. Also the treaty of Locarno from 1925 in which Polish borders were left without guarantee was seen as a failure of Polish diplomacy. The inconvenient geopolitical position of Poland, and the aggressive policy of the Third Reich and the Soviet Union resulted in the Hitler-Stalin Pact from 23rd of August 1939 and the partition of Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Tebinka
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Abstract

The Russian aggression against Ukraine is heavily influenced by the memory of World War II (WWII), used by the Russian Federation as a consolidation tool to mobilise Russian society for the fight against a “neo-Nazi Ukraine”. Since 2014 Russia has adopted a set of legislative initiatives aiming to preserve a government-prescribed narrative about the exceptionally heroic role of the USSR in WWII and prohibiting any other interpretation under the threat of criminal and administrative sanctions. Both laws are using the decision of the International Military Tribunal (IMT) as a reference point to justify and legally substantiate such an interpretation, as the USSR was one of “victorious” nations which rendered justice against the Nazis in 1946. This article aims to show how the IMT rulings have been turned into an instrument of Russian propaganda and which lessons can be learned for the future of international tribunals, as well as examines the overall Ukrainian quest for Russian accountability.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anastasiia Vorobiova
1 2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznań Human Rights Centre
  2. Institute of Legal Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences

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