A serological study to detect antibodies against microbes in avian mycoplasmosis (Mycoplasma gallisepticum and M. synoviae), and salmonellosis (Salmonella gallinarum and S. pullorum) was carried out. A hundred and twelve Antarctic birds (42 Adelie penguins, Pygoscelis adeliae, 30 southern giant petrels, Macronectes giganteus and 40 skuas, Catharacta antarctica and C. maccormicki) from King George Island, the South Shetland Islands, and Laurie Island, the South Orkney Islands in Antarctica were studied. The serological test used in this study was a rapid agglutination test. According to the results and considering the number of samples analysed, it is reasonable to believe that Adelie penguins, southern giant petrels, and skuas populations of the areas mentioned above are free from mycoplasmosis and salmonellosis.
Salmonellosis is a public health concern worldwide and also causes huge losses to the piggery industry. A total of 457 fecal samples were collected from organized and unorganized farms including indigenous and crossbreed piglets of North East India. Salmonella isolates were serotyped, screened for their virulence genes, characterized for drug resistance pattern and representative isolates were cloned and sequenced for their partial length enterotoxin (stn) gene. A total of 8.31% Salmonella were identified with higher prevalence observed in unorganized compared to organized farms and higher detection level in cross breed compared to indigenous piglets. Salmonella typhimurium (65.78%) was found to be the predominant serovar and irrespective of serovars high number of isolates (68.4%) harboured enterotoxin gene. The isolates were multidrug resistant showing highest resistance against cefalexin (77.31%). Sequence analysis of stn gene showed two isolates having diverse sequence compared to other isolates. Our study revealed the significance of Salmonella as important pathogen with zoonotic potential between porcine and human populations. This is probably the first systematic study of Salmonella species associated with piglet diarrhea in India.
MDAP-2 is a new AMP with high inhibitory activity on Salmonella gallinarum, which may be developed as an antimicrobial agent in the agricultural industry and food preservation. To investigate the underlying the action mechanism of MDAP-2 on Salmonella gallinarum, impacts of MDAP-2 on the growth curve and bacterial morphology of Salmonella gallinarum were studied. iTRAQ-based proteomics analysis was also performed on proteins extracted from treated and untreated Salmonella gallinarum cells. The differentially expressed proteins were then analyzed using the KEGG and GO databases. Finally, the function of some differentially expressed proteins was verified. The results showed that 150 proteins (41 up-regulated and 109 down-regulated) were found differentially expressed (fold > 1.8, p<0.05). The results indi- cate that MDAP-2 kills Salmonella gallinarum mainly through two mechanisms: (i) direct inhibi- tion of cell wall/ membrane/ envelope biogenesis, energy production/ conversion, carbohydrate transport/ metabolism, and DNA transcription/ translation through regulation of special protein levels; (ii) indirect effects on the same pathway through the accumulation of Reactive oxygen species (O2 ▪-, H2O2 and OH▪-).
The number of human cases of salmonellosis in the EU was 94,625 in 2015. Considering the source of these infections, Salmonella spp. was most frequently detected in broiler chicken meat and Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) was the most commonly reported serovar.
The efficacy of probiotics in limiting Salmonella spp. infection in poultry has been demonstrated in numerous papers. The administration of probiotics at the level of primary production reduces the risk of contamination of poultry food products with Salmonella spp.
A study was carried out in order to determine the potential for reducing the Salmonella spp. population in broiler chickens with the use of the Lavipan (JHJ, Poland) probiotic that comprised selected stains of lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cervisae.
Salmonella spp.-free broiler chickens were divided into two groups and received the same feed with (group L) or without (group C) the probiotic throughout the experiment. All day-old chickens were infected per os with SE. Samples of cecum content were collected 2, 4, and 6 weeks after SE infection and pectoral muscles were collected 6 weeks following SE infection for the evaluation of the SE population number. Serum samples for serological examinations were collected 6 weeks after infection.
Six weeks after infection, the number of SE-positive cecal samples was lower in the L group (12.5% positive) in comparison to the C group (87.5%). Similar results were demonstrated for the muscle samples (25% in contrast to 87.5%). At the same time, in both cases, the SE CFU/g was significantly lower in the L group. The results of our study indicate that Lavipan was capable of reducing the population of SE in the gastrointestinal tract, which eventually improved the hygienic parameters of the pectoral muscles.
Four weeks after infection, SE was not detected in any of the experimental groups. In both groups, no specific anti-SE antibodies were detected.
Bactericidal activity of caprylic acid (CA) and hydrogen peroxide (HP) was investigated in this study in order to design a suitable formulation for use in the food-processing industry. Antibacterial effects of the two chemicals were tested in vitro against the reference strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Enteritidis CCM 4420, Escherichia coli CCM 3988, Listeria monocytogenes CCM 5578 and Staphylococcus aureus CCM 4223, as well as against the wild bacterial strains obtained from various food commodities (poultry meat, rabbit meat, raw milk sheep cheese ‘Bryndza’) and potable water. First, suspension test was carried out to determine the minimum bactericidal concentrations for individual chemical compounds. While most Gram-negative bacteria tested were effectively inhibited by HP at a 0.5% concentration, the growth of Gram-positive bacterial strains was stopped by a 2% solution. CA showed similar antibacterial effect on all bacterial strains tested except for Staph. aureus showing the same sus- ceptibility as Gram-negative bacteria. The wild strains generally had higher resistance to both chemicals than the reference strains. Combination of HP and CA at concentrations of 0.01%; 0.05% and 0.1% was further tested by the suspension test, carrier test, and carrier test with simul- taneous exposure to UV light. The total bactericidal activity against selected foodborne pathogens was already observed at a concentration of 0.1% and the efficiency was significantly increased by the use of UV radiation. A novel disinfectant based on the combination of HP with CA appears to be a suitable binary formulation for potential use in the food sector.
Outbreaks of typhoid fever for centuries decimated armies, cities and large hosts of people. Discovery of an agent causing such a grave disease became one of the most important achievements of bacteriology — science, which had experienced rapid development in the last quarter of the 19th century and changed the course of our civilization.
The article deals with the discovery of Tadeusz Browicz, Polish anatomopathologist, who in 1874 reported about rod-shaped “parasites” in viscera of typhoid fever victim. His achievement became shaded by the later discoveries of Eberth, Klebs and Gaffky, but as authors stated below, Browicz should be recognized with mentioned scientists as a co-discoverer of the typhoid fever bacillus.
Typhoid or enteric fever is a worldwide infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica. In Sri Lanka, 12,823 Salmonella positive cases were recorded and 133 cases were recorded from Anuradhapura district during 2005 to 2014. Therefore, the study was carried out to identify the microbiological and chemical contamination status of forty-four water sources in Anuradhapura area during October 2016. The study was focused to determine total coliform, faecal coliform, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. contamination along with some physico-chemical parameters of both ground and surface water. Sampling, transportation, and analysis were performed following standard protocols. Results of the study revealed that almost all sampling locations were contaminated with both total and E. coli bacteria and the values were not within the World Health Organization and Sri Lanka Standards drinking water quality standards. Around 32% of sampling locations were positive for Salmonella spp. and among them, 2 spring sampling locations are being highly used to extract water for drinking. However, Shigella spp. was not recorded during the study period. Majority of the sampling points were not within the Sri Lanka drinking water standards for COD and 25% sampling locations were recorded greater than 750 μS∙cm–1 con-ductivity. Also, 55% of locations recorded very hard water where the highest values were recorded in Padaviya. The tested other water quality parameters: NO2-N, NH3-N, and total phosphate (TP) concentrations were found within the Sri Lanka drinking water standards. PCA analysis revealed that sampling locations were grouped into three groups such as; well wa-ter, tank water and springs.
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