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A Method to Support Diagnostics of Dynamic Faults in Networks of Interconnections

Tomasz Garbolino

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2018 | vol. 64 | No 3 | DOI: 10.24425/123540

Keywords network of interconnections system-on-chip diagnostics MISR compaction signature Chinese remainder theorem

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Abstract

The article is devoted to the method facilitating the diagnostics of dynamic faults in networks of interconnection in systems-on-chips. It shows how to reconstruct the erroneous test response sequence coming from the faulty connection based on the set of signatures obtained as a result of multiple compaction of this sequence in the MISR register with programmable feedback. The Chinese reminder theorem is used for this purpose. The article analyzes in detail the various hardware realizations of the discussed method. The testing time associated with each proposed solution was also estimated. Presented method can be used with any type of test sequence and test pattern generator. It is also easily scalable to any number of nets in the network of interconnections. Moreover, it supports finding a trade-off between area overhead and testing time.

Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Garbolino

International biomass market

Tadeusz Olkuski Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 105 | 75–84 | DOI: 10.24425/124386

Keywords biomass wood chips pellets prices

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Abstract

Biomass is one of the most frequently used sources of renewable energy. For centuries, wood has been used by people to heat their homes, and nowadays it is also used to generate electricity. The article discusses legal issues related to biomass, classification of biomass for energy purposes, quality parameters of selected ecological fuels, quality requirements for biomass, as well as biomass trade in the world. The article compares the quality requirements for biomass purchased by individual companies from the power sector (mainly dimensions, calorific value, moisture content, ash content, sulfur and chlorine). An analysis of the price of wood pellets on international markets, represented by the biomass stock exchanges: RBCN, EEX and BALTPOOL was also performed. The market analysis clearly shows that the international market for industrial pellets is dominated by intercontinental trade, which mainly concerns exchanges between the United States of America as a producer and Europe as a consumer. The largest amount of biomass is imported by the United Kingdom, mainly for its Drax biomass power plant, and this biomass comes from the USA and Canada. In addition to Great Britain, significant importers of wood pellets are the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark. Judging by the interest of Polish energy companies in the purchase of biomass, also in Poland, the development of the biomass market should be expected.

Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Olkuski

Katarzyna Stala-Szlugaj

An Enhanced IEEE1588 Clock Synchronization for Link Delays Based on a System-on-Chip Platform

Xiaohan Wei Xingzhong Wei Zhongqiang Luo Jianwu Wang Kaixing Cheng

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 289-294 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.135978

Keywords IEEE1588 clock synchronization fronthaul TSN System-on-chip

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Abstract

The clock synchronization is considered as a key technology in the time-sensitive networking (TSN) of 5G fronthaul. This paper proposes a clock synchronization enhancement method to optimize the link delays, in order to improve synchronization accuracy. First, all the synchronization dates are filtered twice to get the good calculation results in the processor, and then FPGA adjust the timer on the slave side to complete clock synchronization. This method is implemented by Xilinx Zynq UltraScale+ MPSoC (multiprocessor system-on-chip), using FPGA+ARM software and hardware co-design platform. The master and slave output Pulse Per-Second signals (PPS). The synchronization accuracy was evaluated by measuring the time offset between PPS signals. Contraposing the TSN, this paper compares the performance of the proposed scheme with some previous methods to show the efficacy of the proposed work. The results show that the slave clock of proposed method is synchronized with the master clock, leading to better robustness and significant improvement in accuracy, with time offset within the range of 40 nanoseconds. This method can be applied to the time synchronization of the 5G open fronthaul network and meets some special service needs in 5G communication.

Bibliography

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[13] H. Guo and P. Crossley, "Design of a Time Synchronization System Based on GPS and IEEE 1588 for Transmission Substa tions," in IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 32, no. 4, pp. 2091-2100, Aug. 2017.
[14] O. Seijo, I. Val, J. A. Lopez-Fernandez and M. Velez, "IEEE 1588 Clock Synchronization Performance over Time-Varying Wireless Channels," 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement, Control, and Communication (ISPCS), Geneva, 2018, pp. 1-6.
[15] S. Lee and C. Hong, "An Accuracy Enhanced IEEE 1588 Synchronization Protocol for Dynamically Changing and Asymmetric Wireless Links," IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 190-192, February 2012.
[16] The Linux PTP Project. [Online]. Available: http://linuxptp.sourceforge.net/, accessed Dec. 2015.
[17] N. Moreira, J. Lázaro, U. Bidarte, J. Jimenez, and A.Astarloa, "On the Utilization of System-on-Chip Platformsto Achieve Nanosecond Synchronization Accuracies in Substation Automation Systems."

Authors and Affiliations

Xiaohan Wei

1

Xingzhong Wei

1

Zhongqiang Luo

1

Jianwu Wang

1

Kaixing Cheng

1

School of Automation and Information Engineering and Artificial Intelligence Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin, China

Towards microfluidics for mycology – material and technological studies on LOCs as new tools ensuring investigation of microscopic fungi and soil organisms

Agnieszka Podwin Tymon Janisz Katarzyna Patejuk Piotr Szyszka Rafał Walczak Jan Dziuban

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e136212 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2020.136212

Keywords microfluidics lab-chip biomaterials cell cultivation mycology

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Abstract

This paper presents material and technological studies on lab-on-chip (LOC) devices as a first step towards biocompatible and reliable research on microscopic fungi and soil organisms on a microscale. This approach is intended to respond to the growing need for environmental control and protection, by means of modern, miniaturized, portable and dependable microfluidics instrumentation. The authors have presented herein long-term, successful cultivation of different fungi representatives (with emphasis put on Cladosporium macrocarpum) in specially fabricated all-glass LOCs. Notable differences were noted in the development of these creatures on polymer, polydimethylosiloxane (PDMS) cultivation substrates, revealing the uncommon morphological character of the fungi mycelium. The utility of all-glass LOCs was verified for other fungi representatives as well – Fusarium culmorum and Pencilium expansum, showing technical correspondence and biocompatibility of the devices. On that basis, other future applications of the solution are possible, covering, e.g. investigation of additional, environmentally relevant fungi species. Further development of the LOC instrumentation is also taken into consideration, which could be used for cultivation of other soil organisms and study of their mutual relationships within the integrated microfluidic device.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Podwin

1

Tymon Janisz

1

Katarzyna Patejuk

2

Piotr Szyszka

1

Rafał Walczak

1

Jan Dziuban

1

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, ul. Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wrocław, Poland
Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Department of Plant Protection, Grunwaldzki Sq. 24a, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland

Features of using the power skiving method for multi-pass cutting of internal gears

Ihor Hrytsay Andrii Slipchuk

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2024 | Articles accepted | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2024.149636

Keywords internal gear power skiving passes chips forces

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Abstract

The paper presents the results of a simulation on a 3D model of undeformed chips and cutting forces during three-pass gear cutting using the power skiving method. At the level of individual blades and teeth in successive angular cutting positions, the main component of the cutting force and the tangential force on the cutter axis are shown. The analysis of the forces acting on a single gear tooth and the continuous cutting forces allowed the development of a methodology for the selection of rational cutting modes – the value of the axial feed, the number of passes with different cutting depths in order to ensure the minimum time consumption and to achieve the required accuracy of the gears in terms of the parameter of the permissible angular deviation of the profile of the cut gear. It is shown that, provided the required machining accuracy is ensured, higher productivity is achieved by increasing the axial feed at a lower depth of cut and increasing the number of passes, rather than by reducing the feed and increasing the depth of cut.

Authors and Affiliations

Ihor Hrytsay

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Andrii Slipchuk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine

Effect of Machining Process Parameters and Number of Pass on Compaction Behaviour of Commercially Pure Aluminium Chips Consolidated by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) Using Response Surface Methodology

R. Palanivel S. Vigneshwaran A. Alshqirate R. Madhavan P. Venkatachalam R.F. Laubscher

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 1 | 357-370 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.137766

Keywords ECAP Response surface methodology Relative density Machining Hardness Chip consolidation

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Abstract

This work investigates the compaction behaviour of commercial pure aluminium chips (CP Al) produced during a machining operation and subsequently consolidated by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Empirical models were developed to describe the relative density and hardness of the compacted product of ECAP as functions of the initial machining input parameters including cutting edge angle (CA), depth of cut (DOC) and then the number of consolidation pass during ECAP. The models were developed utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) based on data from a central composite face centred factorial design of experiments approach. The models were then validated by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The effect of input parameters on the relative density and hardness of the ECAP consolidated samples are presented and discussed including details as regards to the mechanical and microstructural properties. An optimum set of input parameters are identified and presented where the best relative density and hardness are demonstrated.

Authors and Affiliations

R. Palanivel

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

S. Vigneshwaran

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Alshqirate

3

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Madhavan

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Venkatachalam

4

R.F. Laubscher

5

e-mail:

ORCID:

Shaqra University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Saudi Arabia, 11911
National Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Puducherry, Karaikal – 609 609, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Al-Balqa Applied University, Jordan 19117
Department of Mechanical Engineering, MVJ College of Engineering, Bengaluru – 560 067, Karnataka, India
Department of Mechanical Science & Engineering, University of Johannesburg, South Africa

An assessment of applicability of the two-dimensional wavelet transform to assess the minimum chip thickness determination accuracy

Damian Gogolewski Włodzimierz Makieła Łukasz Nowakowski

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2020 | vol. 27 | No 4 | 659-672 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2020.134845

Keywords Wavelet analysis face milling minimum chip thickness surface texture

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Abstract

The objective of the study was to assess the potential use of optical measuring instruments to determine the minimum chip thickness in face milling. Images of scanned surfaces were analyzed using mother wavelets. Filtration of optical signals helped identify the characteristic zones observed on the workpiece surface at the beginning of the cutting process. The measurement data were analyzed statistically. The results were then used to estimate how accurate each measuring system was to determine the minimum uncut chip thickness. Also, experimental verification was carried out for each mother wavelet to assess their suitability for analyzing surface images.

Authors and Affiliations

Damian Gogolewski

Włodzimierz Makieła

Łukasz Nowakowski

Thermal Cleaning and Melting of Fine Aluminium Alloy Chips

P. Palimąka

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2020 | vol. 20 | No 4 | 91-96 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2020.133353

Keywords environmental protection Aluminium recycling Aluminium chips Turnings Melting of aluminium scrap

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Abstract

Production waste is one of the major sources of aluminium for recycling. Depending on the waste sources, it can be directly melted in furnaces, pre-cleaned and then melted, or due to the small size of the material (powder or dust) left without remelting. The latter form of waste includes chips formed during mechanical cutting (sawing) of aluminium and its alloys. In this study, this type of chips (with the dimensions not exceeding 1 mm) were melted. The obtained results of laboratory tests have indicated that even chips of such small sizes pressed into cylindrical compacts can be remelted. The high recovery yield (up to 94 %) and degree of metal coalescence (up to 100 %) were achieved via thermal removal of impurities under controlled conditions of a gas atmosphere (argon or/and air), followed with consolidation of chips at a pressure of minimum 170 MPa and melting at 750 oC with NaCl-KCl-Na3AlF6 salt flux.

Authors and Affiliations

P. Palimąka

Effect of Chip Amount on Microstructural and Mechanical Properties of A356 Aluminum Casting Alloy

A.Y. Kaya O. Özaydın T. Yağcı A. Korkmaz E. Armakan O. Çulha

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2021 | vo. 21 | No 3 | 19-26 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2021.136108

Keywords A356 Gravity casting Chip melting Mechanical properties Recycling

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Abstract

Aluminum casting alloys are widely used in especially automotive, aerospace, and other industrial applications due to providing desired mechanical characteristics and their high specific strength properties. Along with the increase of application areas, the importance of recycling in aluminum alloys is also increasing. The amount of energy required for producing primary ingots is about ten times the amount of energy required for the production of recycled ingots. The large energy savings achieved by using the recycled ingots results in a significant reduction in the amount of greenhouse gas released to nature compared to primary ingot production. Production can be made by adding a certain amount of recycled ingot to the primary ingot so that the desired mechanical properties remain within the boundary conditions. In this study, by using the A356 alloy and chips with five different quantities (100% primary ingots, 30% recycled ingots + 70% primary ingots, 50% recycled ingots + 50% primary ingots, 70% recycled ingots + 30% primary ingots, 100% recycled ingots), the effect on mechanical properties has been examined and the maximum amount of chips that can be used in production has been determined. T6 heat treatment was applied to the samples obtained by the gravity casting method and the mechanical properties were compared depending on the amount of chips. Besides, microstructural examinations were carried out with optical microscopy techniques. As a result, it has been observed that while producing from primary ingots, adding 30% recycled ingot to the alloy composition improves the mechanical properties of the alloy such as yield strength and tensile strength to a certain extent. However, generally a downward pattern was observed with increasing recycled ingot amount.

Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

A.Y. Kaya

1

O. Özaydın

1

T. Yağcı

2

A. Korkmaz

2

E. Armakan

1

O. Çulha

2

Cevher Alloy Wheels Co. / R&D Dept., İzmir, Turkey
Manisa Celal Bayar University, Engineering Faculty, Dept. of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Manisa, Turkey

Wear and surface characteristics on tool performance with CVD coating of Al2O3/TiCN inserts during machining of Inconel 718 alloys

Shailesh Rao Agari

Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 1 | 59-75 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2021.139647

Keywords chip morphology tool wear surface roughness super alloy - Inconel 717

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Abstract

The Inconel 718 alloys, which are primarily temperature resistant, are widely used in aviation, aerospace and nuclear industries. The study on dry cutting processes for this alloy becomes difficult due to its high hardness and low thermal conductivity, wherein, most of the heat transfers due to friction are accumulated over the tool surface. Further, several challenges like increased cutting force, developing high temperature and rapid tool wear are observed during its machining process. To overcome these, the coated tool inserts are used for machining the superalloys. In the present work, the cemented carbide tool is coated with chemical vapor deposition multi-layering Al ₂O ₃/TiCN under the dry cutting environment. The machining processes are carried out with varying cutting speeds: 65, 81, 95, and 106 m/min, feed rate 0.1 mm/rev, and depth of cut 0.2 mm. The variation in the cutting speeds can attain high temperatures, which may activate built-up-edge development which leads to extensive tool wear. In this context, the detailed chip morphology and its detailed analysis are carried out initially to understand the machining performance. Simultaneously, the surface roughness of the machined surface is studied for a clear understanding of the machining process. The potential tool wear mechanism in terms of abrasion, adhesion, tool chip off, delaminating of coating, flank wear, and crater wear is extensively identified during the processes. From the results, it is observed that the machining process at 81 m/min corresponds to a better machining process in terms of lesser cutting force, lower cutting temperature, better surface finish, and reduced tool wear than the other machining processes.

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Authors and Affiliations

Shailesh Rao Agari

1

Department of Industrial and Production Engineering, The National Institute of Engineering, Mysuru, Karnataka, India

Mitigating the bending losses of the silica-titania-based rib waveguide structure

Muhammad Shahbaz Łukasz Kozlowski Muhammad A. Butt Ryszard Piramidowicz

Opto-Electronics Review | 2023 | 31 | 1 | e145551 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2023.145551

Keywords photonic integrated chips waveguides silica-titania ridge waveguide strip waveguide

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Abstract

Optical waveguides (WGs) are widely used as interconnects in integrated optical circuits both for telecommunication and sensing applications. There are different kind of optical WG designs that offers different guiding parameters, opening a vast number of possibilities. A silica-titania (SiO2:TiO2) rib WG is discussed and examined by a numerical analysis in this article with a great emphasis on the analysis of bending losses and optimization. A modal analysis for different basic parameters of the WG is presented with a detailed wavelength-based modal analysis. Various potential fabrication methods are discussed, however, a sol-gel method and dip-coating deposition technique are proposed for the low-cost development of such WGs. Moreover, an approach towards minimizing the bending losses by adding an upper cladding layer on the rib WG is presented and described.

Authors and Affiliations

Muhammad Shahbaz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Kozlowski

1

Muhammad A. Butt

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Ryszard Piramidowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Microelectronics and Optoelectronics, Warsaw University of Technology, Koszykowa 75, 00-662 Warszawa, Poland

A Low Power and High Performance Hardware Design for Automatic Epilepsy Seizure Detection

S. Syed Rafiammal D. Najumnissa G. Anuradha S. Kaja Mohideen P.K. Jawahar Syed Abdul Mutalib

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2019 | vol. 65 | No 4 | 707-712 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2019.130254

Keywords Epilepsy Detection System on Chip Implementation Quadrature Linear Discriminant Analysis Hardware design seizure detection

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Abstract

An application specific integrated design using Quadrature Linear Discriminant Analysis is proposed for automatic detection of normal and epilepsy seizure signals from EEG recordings in epilepsy patients. Five statistical parameters are extracted to form the feature vector for training of the classifier. The statistical parameters are Standardised Moment, Co-efficient of Variance, Range, Root Mean Square Value and Energy. The Intellectual Property Core performs the process of filtering, segmentation, extraction of statistical features and classification of epilepsy seizure and normal signals. The design is implemented in Zynq 7000 Zc706 SoC with average accuracy of 99%, Specificity of 100%, F1 score of 0.99, Sensitivity of 98% and Precision of 100 % with error rate of 0.0013/hr., which is approximately zero false detection.

Authors and Affiliations

S. Syed Rafiammal

D. Najumnissa

G. Anuradha

S. Kaja Mohideen

P.K. Jawahar

Syed Abdul Mutalib

Possibilities to Obtain Products from 2024 and 7075 Chips in the Process of Consolidation by KoBo Extrusion

B. Pawłowska R.E. Śliwa M. Zwolak

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2019 | vol. 64 | No 4 | 1213-1221 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2019.130083

Keywords metallic chips KoBo method cold plastic consolidation structural and mechanical properties of extrudate

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Abstract

Basing on experimental data, the possibility of consolidating side products of turning, milling and drilling of aluminum alloys into the form and properties of solids metals using low-temperature KoBo extrusion method has been assessed. Research regarding mechanical and structural properties of the final products revealed their total consolidation and proved their compatibility with requirements for products made of bulk billets. Importantly, the chips consolidation process does not require high or even raised temperature, which significantly reduces the unfavorable phenomenon of chips oxidation and its negative influence on the structure and mechanical properties of products. A very good effect of chips compaction has been proved by KoBo method, which has been confirmed by relatively slightly different mechanical properties of the material after recycling compared with the bulk one. Among currently applied techniques of consolidation of dispersed fractions in a solid state (leaving the melting stage out), the KoBo method seems an innovative way of utilizing metallic chips, as it enables a cold deformation process.

The paper presents investigations using 2024 and 7075 aluminum alloys chips from manufacturing process, formed into briquettes and deformed under conditions of KoBo extrusion process, which enables to obtain long product by cold forming. The final product characterized by good microstructures, mechanical features and low cost of production.

Authors and Affiliations

B. Pawłowska

R.E. Śliwa

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ORCID:

M. Zwolak

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ORCID:

Machinability Studies on the Turning of Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites

K. Gobivel K.S. Vijay Sekar

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2022 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 939-948 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2022.139686

Keywords Mg-SiCp composite cutting forces Surface quality chip microstructure tool morphology

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Abstract

Magnesium-based MMCs are widely used in structural-based applications due to their lightweight, high hardness, corrosion and wear resistance. Also, machining is an important manufacturing process that is necessary to ensure dimensional accuracy and produce intricate shapes. In this context, the machining of Magnesium based metal matrix composites is undertaken to study the impact of the cutting parameters on the machinability behaviour. In this work, turning of pure Mg/SiCp on a Lathe is done and an in-depth assessment on the machining forces, machined surface quality, chip microstructure, and tool morphology has been carried out using TiAlN coated tooling insert. The analysis revealed that the thrust force decreased due to the thermal softening of the matrix meanwhile the feed force also followed the similar trend at higher cutting speeds because of the minimized built-up edge and cutting depth whereas principal cutting force was inconsistent at higher cutting speeds. The surface finish was better at high cutting speed – low feed combination. The chip microstructure revealed that gross fracture propagation at the free surface and variations in the shear bands have occurred at different cutting speeds. Tool studies using SEM analysis revealed wear modes like chipping and built-up edge at low cutting speeds, but with a reduced impact at intermediate cutting conditions, whereas abrasion wear was observed predominantly in the tool nose at higher cutting speeds.

Authors and Affiliations

K. Gobivel

1

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ORCID:

K.S. Vijay Sekar

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

KCG College of Technology, Karapakkam, Chennai, India
Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, India

1

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