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Number of results: 35
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Abstract

The primary objective of the present study was to determine the seasonal dynamics of ciliates in activated sludge. Studies were carried out in order to verify the hypothesis that fertility of a habitat may significantly influence the seasonal dynamics of the abundance of ciliates, as well as the number and intensity of correlations between physic-chemical parameters and ciliates. It seems that the values of numbers of ciliates were seasonally changeable. The highest numbers of ciliates were found in spring and summer, however the lowest numbers of ciliate communities were noted in winter. The studies showed that protozoa community is determined by ammonia mainly in summer. In spring and winter additional factors may be important. Probably suspended solid, total organic carbon and concentration of appropriate food (bacteria and flagellates) are the major regulator of abundance of ciliates.
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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Tarkowska-Kukuryk
Tomasz Mieczan
Wojciech Pęczuła
Jacek Rechulicz
Wojciech Płaska
Katarzyna Radomska
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Abstract

In this work microbiological air pollution at several commune sewage treatment plants (capacity up to 15,000 PE) was investigated. The bioreactors in all plants had a covered construction. The air samples were taken indoors as well as outdoors (both on the windward and leeward side) during different seasons. The samples were collected using the collision method. The presence of indicator organisms in the samples was determined according to the Polish Standards. Identification of individual indicators was performed on solid selective-differentiating substrates. To verify the presence of bacteria from Salmonella, Shigella, coliforms and enterococci species, the colonies observed on the MacConkey substrate were then sifted onto SS and Endo substrates. At all facilities (with one exception) the average CFU for the total number of bacteria and fungi did not exceed 1000/m3, which is the limit set by the Polish Standards for a pollution-free atmospheric air. Bacteria and fungi concentrations, observed at windward and leeward sides of all plants, were relatively low (<100 CFU/m3 and <1000 CFU/m3, respectively) and comparable. A sewage collection point had only a slight impact on the bioaerosol emission. The concentration of microorganisms in the immediate vicinity of covered reactors (aeration chambers) was rather low and remained below the limits sets by the Polish Standards at three facilities. The CFU of individual indicators, measured in rooms accessible for the personnel, was comparable to the CFU in technological rooms. However some indicators, e.g. a number of Actinomycetes, were significantly higher and reached >100 CFU/m3, which means significant air pollution. Similarly, the CFU of hemolytic bacteria had nonzero values. The only place where higher concentrations of bioaerosol were found was the centrifuge room, where digested sludge was dewatered. The number of fungi stayed below the limits there, but the amount of heterotrophic and hemolytic bacteria exceeded the limits and reached the values of ~10000 CFU/m3 and 800 CFU/m3, respectively; it means that the personnel working in this area is exposed to microbiological agents.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Polus
Zbigniew Mucha
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Abstract

The study was aimed at evaluating microbial contamination on the premises of the sewage treatment plant by determining the concentrations of selected groups of airborne microorganisms. Another objective was to determine the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of isolated strains of staphylococci. The research was conducted in a seasonal cycle, by the impaction method using Merck MAS-100 air sampler. Samples were collected at six sites, each representing a different stage of sewage treatment. The susceptibility of isolated staphylococci was assessed with the disc-diffusion method, following the recommendations of the EUCAST. The results indicate that the microbial population in the air of the investigated area was dominated by mold fungi, whose highest average concentration was recorded at site IV located near the final clarifier (7672 CFU•m-3). Heterotrophic bacteria and mannitol-positive staphylococci were the most numerous at locations where sewage undergoes primary treatment. In each subseuqent stage the number of microorganisms emitted into the air from the sewage was lower. Antibiograms show that more than 50% of Staphylococcus spp. exhibited resistance to penicillin and 20% to rifampicin. In addition, 90% of the analyzed strains were sensitive to other antibiotics. The fungal community included the following genera: Cladosporium, Fusarium, Alternaria, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, and Acremonium.The highest air contamination with all studied groups of microorganisms was recorded at the locations where mechanical sewage treatment was performed. During the subsequent stages lower numbers of heterotrophic bacteria were emitted into the air. The air in the investigated sewage treatment plant did not contain multidrug-resistant staphylococci.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Małecka-Adamowicz
Łukasz Kubera
Wojciech Donderski
Katarzyna Kolet
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Abstract

FA discharged from the wastewater treatment plant were extracted from purifi ed effl uents for the quantitative

and qualitative analysis. The treated sewage from municipal treatment plants was acidifi ed to pH <2 and extracted

with ion exchange resins in a laboratory column. After desorption with NH4

OH, the fulvic acids were condensed

under vacuum and tested for mass performance, UV-VIS light spectra, IR absorption spectra, elementary composition

and other elements. Their structure was analysed and compared to FA present in surface waters and in sewage treated

in other sewage treatment plants based on the authors’ own research and the literature data. The concentration of

FA in the treated sewage was 5.2 mg/L. There is a high interdependence between the IR spectrum analysis in the

visible light and the elementary composition of FA extracted from different environments, confi rming the conclusions

pertaining to the structure and properties of the acids being tested. The longer sewage is subjected to a biological

treatment process, the greater the degree of aromatic condensation and humus maturity of the FA contained within it.

FA contained in the sewage treated in the three biological sewage treatment plants have the ratio A2

/A3

(the ratio of the

absorbance of light with the wavelength of 250 and 300 nm) equal to the value 1.7. There is a high interdependence

between the IR spectrum analysis in the visible light and the elementary composition of FA extracted from different

environments, confi rming the conclusions pertaining to the structure and properties of the acids being tested.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Maria Anielak
Małgorzata Kryłów
Dominika Łomińska-Płatek
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Abstract

This paper shall present and explain the key aspects related to the issue of combined heat and power generation (CHP – Combined Heat and Power or Cogeneration). The cooperation with the water treatment plant launched allowed a closer look at the described technology as well as allowed the analyses and survey. The survey on the efficacy of the selected components of the cogeneration system was based on two cogeneration units fuelled with biogas produced in the sewage fermentation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Karol Tucki
Michał Sikora
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Abstract

Due to insufficient operation efficiency, the studied treatment plant has undergone modernization. The aim of this study was to assess whether this modernization improved quality of the STP effluent and water quality in the receiver. The research period of fifty months covered time before and after the modernization. Samples were collected in four sites – upstream and downstream of the STP and by the sewage discharge. Electrolytic conductivity, water temperature and pH were measured onsite. Chemical analyzes were based on ion chromatography and determined the concentration of NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO43-, TDS. Microbiological analysis comprised serial dilutions to assess the number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria and membrane filtration to enumerate E. faecalis, total and fecal coliforms as well as total and fecal E. coli. Values of most analyzed parameters did not improve after the modernization, or improved for a very short period of time (NH4+), while some of them even increased, such as PO43-, total and thermotolerant coliforms and E. coli. The maximum value of thermotolerant E. coli reached nearly 7 million CFU/100 ml and was observed after modernization. Also at the sites situated downstream of the STP some of analyzed parameters increased. The conducted modernization did not improve the quality of treated sewage and even a further deterioration was observed. It could have been a result of rapidly growing number of tourists visiting the studied area, thus generating large amounts of sewage causing STP overload coupled with poor water and wastewater management. Significant percentage of unregistered tourists hinders proper assessment of the STP target efficiency.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Lenart-Boroń
Anna Bojarczuk
Łukasz Jelonkiewicz
Mirosław Żelazny
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Abstract

The aim of the research was to determine the microbiological quality of atmospheric air in the Tuchów Sewage Treatment Plant, based on the presence of mesophilic bacteria, α- and β-hemolytic bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi. Bioaerosol measurements were made at four points (raw sewage inlet, aeration chamber, purifi ed sewage outlet and 150 m from the treatment plant, at the background point) in the period from January to December 2018. Bioaerosol samples were collected using Andersen’s 6-stage cascade impactor. The tested atmospheric air was characterized by a qualitatively and quantitatively diverse microfl ora. The highest amounts of all the studied groups of microorganisms were found at the raw sewage inlet, and in the case of actinomycetes, also twice in the place of biological purification. However, there were analyzes in which a higher concentration of microorganisms was observed outside the treatment plant at the control point constituting the background. This applies to bacteria and fungi. The largest source of emission of microorganisms to the atmosphere was the mechanical part of the sewage treatment plant (raw sewage inlet). The tested treatment plant may therefore contribute to the deterioration of the quality of the atmospheric air.

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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona B. Paśmionka
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Abstract

The paper presents preliminary results of investigations on a relationship between turbidity and other quality parameters in the SBR plant effluent. The laboratory tests demonstrated a high correlation between an effluent turbidity and a total suspended solids (TSS) concentration as well as between TSS and COD. Such a relationship would help to continuously monitor and control quality of a wastewater discharge using turbidity measurement.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Mucha
Przemysław Kułakowski
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Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the temperature of wastewater in a biological reactor with activated sludge and the BOD5/N-NH4 ratio in the influent to the treatment plant on nitrification efficiency and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in treated wastewater. Tests were carried out in a household wastewater treatment plant which collects and treats sewage from a school building and a teacher’s house. During the 3-year study, large fluctuations in the sewage temperature in bioreactor were noted which was closely related to the ambient temperature. There were also large fluctuations in the concentration of organic matter and the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in inflowing sewage. The influence of wastewater temperature in the bioreactor and the BOD5/N-NH4 ratio on the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in treated wastewater was determined using Pearson’s linear correlation. A statistical analysis showed that a 1°C decrease in the temperature of wastewater in the bioreactor increased the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in treated wastewater by 2.64 mgN-NH4·L-1. Moreover, it was found that nitrification depended on the ratio of BOD5 to the concentration of ammonium nitrogen in wastewater flowing into the bioreactor. An increase in the BOD5/N-NH4 ratio by 1 value led to a 5.41 mgN-NH4·L-1 decrease in the concentration of ammonium nitrogen.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Bugajski
Karolina Kurek
Krzysztof Jóźwiakowski
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility of applying different methods of data mining to model the inflow of sewage into the municipal sewage treatment plant. Prediction models were elaborated using methods of support vector machines (SVM), random forests (RF), k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) and of Kernel regression (K). Data consisted of the time series of daily rainfalls, water level measurements in the clarified sewage recipient and the wastewater inflow into the Rzeszow city plant. Results indicate that the best models with one input delayed by 1 day were obtained using the k-NN method while the worst with the K method. For the models with two input variables and one explanatory one the smallest errors were obtained if model inputs were sewage inflow and rainfall data delayed by 1 day and the best fit is provided using RF method while the worst with the K method. In the case of models with three inputs and two explanatory variables, the best results were reported for the SVM and the worst for the K method. In the most of the modelling runs the smallest prediction errors are obtained using the SVM method and the biggest ones with the K method. In the case of the simplest model with one input delayed by 1 day the best results are provided using k-NN method and by the models with two inputs in two modelling runs the RF method appeared as the best.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bartosz Szeląg
Lidia Bartkiewicz
Jan Studziński
Krzysztof Barbusiński
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Abstract

Badania nad poziomym rozmieszczeniem makrozoobentosu piaszczystego dna w okolicach Jastarni i Juraty prowadzone były jednorazowo latem 2004 roku. Wyznaczono 15 stanowisk w okolicach Juraty dzieląc stanowiska na cztery promienie oddalone od siebie o 100 m oraz 4 stanowiska w pobliżu portu w Jastarni. Bezkręgowce denne na tym obszarze reprezentowane były przez 18 gatunków i 3 grupy ponadgatunkowe, które w pobliżu Juraty osiągały zagęszczenie X = 1840 osobn. · nr' i masę mokrą X = 121,8 g,,,,;m·', a w okolicach Jastarni x = 638 osobn.im? i x = 376,6 g,,,,,,·m·'. Najczęściej spotykanymi gatunkami były Hediste diversicolor, Cerastoderma g!aucum i Hydrobia u/vae. Większą bioróżnorodnością wyznaczoną wskaźnikiem ShannonaWienera charakteryzowały się stanowiska najbardziej oddalone od brzegu w Juracie. Skład gatunkowy oraz struktura jakościowo-ilościowa fauny dennej w tej części Zatoki Puckiej świadczy o niezadowalającym stanie środowiska oraz niskiej wartości tych obszarów jako miejsca żerowania ryb.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Obolewski
Anna Jarosiewicz
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Abstract

During the past several years big changes have been observed in waste water disposal, noticeable particularly in the improvement of water protection and sewage treatment. An important element of waste water disposal still requiring improvement is a low development of sewage systems in rural and urban areas. The main problem is an increasing amount of sludge, high degree of sediment hydration and considerable ability to anaerobic decomposition, a lack of areas for managing sediments near big cities and deposits of sediments on storage areas. Selected issues of waste water disposal and sludge handling in the Mazovian Province against a background of waste water disposal and sludge handling in Poland were presented in the article.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Bauman-Kaszubska
Mikołaj Sikorski
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Abstract

The objective of the study was to determine the possibility of using organic soil under willow for wastewater purification of excess nitrate and phosphates, and to estimate the applicability of redox potential for the assessment oftransformation ofnitrogen compounds in the soil under study. The study showed the suitability of organic soil and willow for wastewater purification under the conditions of the ,,Hajdów" experimental object. Also, significant relationships were shown between redox potential and nitrogen transformation occurring in soil irrigated with wastewater after 2nd stage of treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Kotowska
Teresa Włodarczyk
Małgorzata Brzezińska
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Abstract

Microbiological studies were carried out of atmospheric air sampled on the area and in the surroundings of a mechanical and biological wastewater treatment plant (WTP) treating municipal sewage. The capacity of the wastewater treatment plant, which also received some wastewater from the dairy industry, was ca 3· 103 m3d-1. Counts ofheterotrophic psychrophilic, psychrotrophic and mesophilic bacteria as well as some physiological groups of microorganisms which belong to Enterobacteriaceae family, Staphylococcus and Enterococcus genera, Pseudomonas fluorescens and P. aeruginosa species, hemolysing bacteria and actinomycetes were analyzed. Air samples were collected in summer, autumn, winter and spring seasons simultaneously by the sedimentation and impact methods at 6 sites located on the area of the WTP and at 5 sites situated in its surroundings. The background was established depending on the direction of wind, always on the windward side in relation to the location of the WTP. In addition, temperature and air humidity as well as wind speed and direction at each sampling sites were observed. Statistically significant differences were found in studied groups of microorganisms counts between air samples collected in different seasons of the year (with the exception of psychrophilic bacteria and by the two different methods (with the exception of psychrophilic bacteria) and microorganisms which belong to Enterobacteriaceae family). The highest mean counts of the microorganisms were usually determined in air samples collected by the sedimentation method, especially during the autumn (with the exception of actinomycetes, which are the most numerous in spring), the lowest ones in winter and/or in summer. No statistically significant differences were observed in counts of the analyzed groups of microorganisms in air sampled at particular sites (with the exception of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria isolated on Chromocult medium). However, higher counts of these microorganisms were typically found in the air sampled in the area of the WTP, particularly near the grit chamber, phosphorus removal tank, nitrification and denitrification chambers and secondary settling tank. According to the Polish Standards used for evaluation of atmospheric air pollution, the air sampled in the area of wastewater treatment plant and in its surroundings was classified as only slightly and sporadically strongly polluted. It was mainly in the spring and autumn seasons that the air was strongly polluted with psychrophilic and mesophilic bacteria. No increased emission of the analyzed groups of microorganisms, including faecal bacteria was determined in the air samples collected outside the WT
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Korzeniewska
Zofia Filipkowska
Anna Gotkowska-Płachta
Wojciech Janczukowicz
Bartosz Rutkowski
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Abstract

The remarkable development of sanitation in Morocco has inevitably led to the production of sludge generated from wastewater treatment plants in increasing quantities. Consequently, the problem of sludge management becomes persistent and worrying.

The aim of this paper was to contribute to the study of sewage sludge management issue in Morocco by identifying the various constraints hampering the sustainable disposal and/or recovery of municipal sewage sludge and drawing up rec-ommendations for the decision-makers. Moreover, in the context of improving by learning from best practices and seeking common solutions regarding this problematic, benchmarking with other countries has been conducted as well.

To carry out this study, a methodological approach was defined based on bibliographic research, surveys, interviews and benchmarking.

The constraints hampering the sustainable management of sludge are numerous and complex, they have not been tech-nical and environmental but also a regulatory, institutional-organizational and economic-financial nature yet. Therefore, municipalities, government and academia ideally would be encouraged to participate in the decision-making process re-garding the management of sewage sludge. Technical solutions, when coupled with stakeholder participation, can lead to policy implementation with a higher chance of improving the present situation.

In the case of Morocco, when comparing with others sludge recovery and disposal routes, land application (reuse in ag-riculture, silviculture and rehabilitation of degraded soils) remains the most environmentally friendly option, as well as a sustainable and economically viable solution.

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Authors and Affiliations

Abdessamad Ghacha
Lailal Ben Alla
Mohammed Ammari
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Abstract

The aim of the work was to determine the technological reliability of the selected pollution indicators removal BOD5, CODCr and total suspension from the sewage treatment plant working with the bioreactor Pomiltek Mann type. Wastewater treatment plant which is a subject of this study is located in Lesser Poland, in Siepraw commune. The analysis was per-formed using the Weibull method for basic indicators of impurities, BOD5, CODCr and total suspended solids. Physico-chemical analyses of raw and treated wastewater, were carried out in the period from 2003 to 2014 (11 years). The research period included measured values of pollutions indicators in 38 samples of raw and treated sewage. For each of pollution indicators descriptive statistic, percentage reduction (��) and treatment plant reliability factors (RF) were calculated. Aver-age reduction for BOD5 and TSS was on level equal 94%, only for COD the average reduction was lower and was on level 89%. The reliability values determined by Weibull method, were: 75% (BOD5), 90% (CODCr) and 89.5% (TSS). The relia-bility results have been lower than the presented by literature source, which means that work of wastewater treatment plant in Siepraw was not satisfied in 11 years of research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Kurek
Piotr Bugajski
ORCID: ORCID
Agnieszka Operacz
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Młyński
Andrzej Wałęga
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Abstract

The aim of the research was to show which theoretical statistical distribution best reflects and describes the variability of pollutant concentrations in treated sewage, discharged from small sewage treatment plants, characterised by a value below 2000 PE. The statistical analysis additionally takes into account the influence of the number of measuring sequence data on the shape and level of the distribution fit. The data for the research were obtained from three small sewage treatment plants, operating in the Lesser Poland, 10, 11 and 14 km from Kraków. Due to their size, these facilities are included in the group of treatment plants below 2000 PE. The research was conducted for 10 years. In the statistical analysis, 20-, 40-, 60- and 80-element data series were used, including the values of biochemical oxygen demand ( BOD5), chemical oxygen demand ( CODCr) and total suspended solids ( TSS), determined in samples of treated wastewater. Two commonly used tests, Kolmogorov–Smirnov λ and Pearson’s X 2 test were used to assess the fit of the theoretical statistical distribution to the empirical data distribution. Statistical analysis showed that the studied communities were characterised by an asymmetric, right-oblique distribution. Most often, the empirical distribution of the analysed measurement sequences was consistent with the Fisher–Tippett distribution. On the basis of the X 2 test, this distribution was described by a total of 31 out of 36 analysed groups at the significance level of a = 0.05. Other distributions that often describe the analysed empirical data are: Gamma, log-normal, Chi-square, and Weibull. The common feature of these distributions is usually asymmetry, right oblique. The skewness value ranges from 0.15 to 1.69.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz B. Kaczor
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Agriculture in Krakow, Faculty of Environmental Engineering and Land Surveying, Al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Drinking water systems are critical to society. They protect residents from waterborne illnesses and encourage economic success of businesses by providing consistent water supplies to industries and supporting a healthy work force. This paper shows a study on water quality management in a treatment plant (TP) using the Box-Jenkins method. A comparative analysis was carried out between concentrations of water quality parameters, and Colombian legislation and guidelines established by the World Health Organization. We also studied the rainfall influence in relation to variations in water quality supplied by the TP. A correlation analysis between water quality parameters was carried out to identify management parameters during the TP operation. Results showed the usefulness of the Box-Jenkins method for analyzing the TP operation from a weekly timescale (mediumterm), and not from a daily timescale (short-term). This was probably due to significant daily variations in the management parameters of water quality in the TP. The application of a weekly moving average transformation to the daily time series of water quality parameter concentrations significantly decreased the mean absolute percentage error in the forecasts of Box-Jenkins models developed. Box-Jenkins analysis suggested an influence of the water quality parameter concentrations observed in the TP during previous weeks (between 2-3 weeks). This study was probably constituted as a medium-term planning tool in relation to atypical events or contingencies observed during the TP operation. Finally, the findings in this study will be useful for companies or designers of drinking water treatment systems to take operational decisions within the public health framework.

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Authors and Affiliations

E.A. Redondo-Peñuela
H.A. Rondón-Quintana
C.A. Zafra-Mejía
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Abstract

The aim of the research was the evaluation of wastewater management in terms of stability and efficiency of wastewater treatment, using statistical quality control. For this purpose, the analysis of the operation and operation of the “Kujawy” Sewage Treatment Plant was made, which is one of the most important and largest sewage management facilities in the city of Cracow. This assessment was done using control charts x for 59 observations. The analysed research period covered the multi-year from 2012 to 2016. Five key pollutant indicators were used to evaluate the work of the tested object: BOD5, CODCr, total suspension, total nitrogen and total phosphorus. In the case of the majority of them, based on the analysis of control charts, full stability of their removal was found in the tested sewage management facility. The exception was total nitrogen, for which periods of disturbed stability of its disposal processes were noted. Analysis of the effectiveness of wastewater treatment showed each time that the required efficiency of reduction of the analysed pollution indicators in the “Kujawy” Sewage Treatment Plant was achieved.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paulina Śliz
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Abstract

In many wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) inconveniences resulting from foam formation on the surface of activated sludge wastewater treatment devices appear. Foaming phenomenon is related to the characteristics of raw sewage and applied technological parameters of activated sludge process which promote the development of specific foam-forming filamentous microorganisms. In bulking activated sludges there are about 30 species of filamentous microorganisms and in the foam not more than about 1 O species. Basic method of identification of filamentous microorganisms present in foam are microscopic investigations which can be performed both in vivo by direct observation of no stained, so called living smears, with contrast - phase device and in stained smears alter different stain methods in direct light or dark field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Liliana Kalisz
Marcin Każrnierczuk

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