Directionally solidified sample of Fe-Fe3C eutectic alloy were produced under an argon atmosphere in a vacuum Bridgman-type furnace to

study the eutectic growth with v = 167 μm/s pulling rate and constant temperature gradient G = 33.5 K/mm. Since how the growth texture

of eutectic cementite is related to its growth morphology remains unclear, the current study aims to examine this relationship. The technique

such as X-ray diffraction, have been used for the crystallographic analysis of carbide particles in white cast irons.

La0,7Ca0,3MnO3 polycrystalline were synthesized from La2O3, CaO and MnO2 powder mixture using a solid state reaction technique. The compound powders were obtained through the free sintering method at different temperatures and sintering times in order to study the influence of technological conditions on Ca doped La manganites. The most important physical features as structure, microstructure and morphology were described after X-ray diffraction investigation. Photographs of the specimen fractures were taken with SEM (scanning electron microscope) and they revealed high porosity of the tested material and great tendency for its grains to create agglomerates. Influence of doping and technological conditions on lattice parameters were studied by means of Rietvield analysis. The XRD measurements reveal that La0,7Ca0,3MnO3 has orthorhombic symmetry with Pnma space group.

In a vacuum Bridgman-type furnace, under an argon atmosphere, directionally solidified sample of Fe - C alloy was produced. The pulling

rate was v = 83 μm/s (300 mm/h) and constant temperature gradient G = 33,5 K/mm. The microstructure of the sample was examined on

the longitudinal section using an Optical Microscope and Scanning Electron Microscope. The X-ray diffraction and electron backscatter

diffraction technique (EBSD) have been used for the crystallographic analysis of carbide particles in carbide eutectic. The

X-ray diffraction was made parallel and perpendicular to the axis of the goniometer. The EBSD shows the existence of iron carbide Fe3C

with orthorhombic and hexagonal structure. Rapid solidification may cause a deformation of the lattice plane which is indicated by

different values of the lattice parameters. Such deformation could also be the result of directional solidification. Not all of the peaks in

X–ray diffractograms were identified. They may come from other iron carbides. These unrecognized peaks may also be a result of the

residual impurity of alloy.

The study of liquid crystalline assemblies, with an emphasis on biological phenomena, is now accessible using newly developed microdevices integrated with X-ray analysis capability. Many biological systems can be described in terms of gradients, mixing, and confinement, all of which can be mimicked with the use of appropriate microfluidic designs. The use of hydrodynamic focusing creates well-defined mixing conditions that vary depending on parameters such as device geometry, and can be quantified with finite element modelling.We describe experiments in which geometry and strain rate induce finite changes in liquid crystalline orientation. We also demonstrate the online supramolecular assembly of lipoplexes. The measurement of lipoplex orientation as a function of flow velocity allows us to record a relaxation process of the lipoplexes, as evidenced by a remarkable 4-fold azimuthal symmetry. All of these processes are accessible due to the intentional integration of design elements in the microdevices.

The technique of electrospinning was employed to fabricate uniform one-dimensional inorganic-organic composite nanofibers at room temperature from a solution containing equal volumes of aluminum 2, 4-pentanedionate in acetone and polyvinylpyrrolidone in ethanol. Upon firing and sintering under carefully pre-selected time-temperature profiles (heating rate, temperature and soak time), high-purity and crystalline alumina nanofibers retaining the original morphological features present in the as-spun composite (cermer) fibers were obtained. Tools such as laser Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy together with energy dispersive spectroscopy and selected area electron diffraction were employed to follow

the systematic evolution of the ceramic phase and its morphological features in the as-spun and the fired fibers. X-ray diffraction was used to identify the crystalline fate of the final product.

The Ag₈SnSe₆ argyrodite compound was synthesized by the direct melting of the elementary Ag, Sn and Se high purity grade stoichiometric mixture in a sealed silica ampoule. The prepared polycrystalline material was characterized by the X-ray diffraction (XRD), visible (VIS) and near-infrared (NIR) reflection and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. XRD showed that the Ag₈SnSe₆ crystallizes in orthorhombic structure, Pmn2₁ space group with lattice parameters: а = 7.89052(6) Å, b = 7.78976(6) Å, c = 11.02717(8) Å. Photoluminescence spectra of the Ag₈SnSe₆ polycrystalline wafer show two bands at 1675 nm and 1460 nm. Absorption edge position estimated from optical reflectance spectra is located in the 1413–1540 nm wavelength range.

Short-period 10 monolayers InAs/10ML GaSb type-II superlattices have been deposited on a highly lattice-mismatched GaAs (001), 2° offcut towards <110> substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. This superlattice was designed for detection in the mid-wave infrared spectral region (cut-off wavelength, λcut-off = 5.4 µm at 300 K). The growth was performed at relatively low temperatures. The InAs/GaSb superlattices were grown on a GaSb buffer layer by an interfacial misfit array in order to relieve the strain due to the ~7.6% lattice-mismatch between the GaAs substrate and type-II superlattices. The X-ray characterisation reveals a good crystalline quality exhibiting full width at half maximum ~100 arcsec of the zero-order peak. Besides, the grown samples have been found to exhibit a change in the conductivity.

An attempt was made to determine phase composition of commercial aluminium alloys using X-ray diffraction. Samples for phase composition analysis were selected from the group of aluminium alloys covered by the EN 573-3:2013 standard [1]. Representative samples were taken from eight groups of alloys with different chemical composition (at least one sample from each group). The diffraction intensity was measured with a standard X-ray diffractometer in Bragg-Brentano geometry in a way that allowed identification of the weakest diffraction peaks. As a results of the performed research it has been shown that X-ray phase analysis can be used to identify the matrix of aluminium alloys, Si and crystalline intermetallic phases such as Mg2Si, Al93.38Cu6.02Fe24Si16.27, Al4.01MnSi0.74, MgZn2, Al17(Fe3.2Mn0.8)Si2, Al65Cu20Fe15, and Cu3Mn2Al. The detectability limit of the above-mentioned phases is better than 0.5%. The research has also shown that X-ray phase analysis is applicable in the investigation of phase transformations taking place in aluminium alloys.

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of partial substitution of Mn by Nb on structure and thermomagnetic properties in the (Mn, Nb)-Co-Ge alloy. The master alloys were prepared by arc-melting in an arc furnace with high purity of constituent elements under a low pressure of Ar. The prepared specimens were studied in as-cast state. The X-ray was performed by BRUKER D8 Advance diffractrometer with Cu Kα radiation. The analysis of the XRD pattern revealed coexistence of two orthorhombic phases with different lattice constants. The analysis of the temperature dependence of magnetizaton confirmed the XRD results and showed that produced material manifested two magnetic phase transitions corresponding to detected phases. The values of the Curie temperature were 275 and 325 K. The values of magnetic entropy change ∆SM equaled 3.30 and 2.13 J/(kg K), respectively for recognized phases. Biphase structure of produced material allowed to reach relatively high refigeration capacity 307 J/(kg). Moreover, the analysis of field dependences of magnetic entropy change (∆SM = CBn) allowed to construct temperature dependence of exponent n. The analysis of elaborated n vs. T curve confirmed biphasic structure of produced material.

In the presented work, two multicomponent Cr ₂₅Z ₂₅Co ₂₀Mo ₁₅Si ₁₀Y ₅ and Cr ₂₅Co ₂₅Zr ₂₀Mo ₁₅Si ₁₀Y ₅ alloys were produced from bulk chemical elements using the vacuum arc melting technique. X-ray diffraction phase analysis was used to determine the phase composition of the obtained materials. Microstructure analysis included scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy techniques. The studies revealed the presence of multi-phase structures in both alloys. Elemental distribution maps confirmed the presence of all six alloying elements in the microstructure. The segregation of chemical elements was also observed. Microhardness measurement revealed that both alloys exhibited microhardness from 832(27) to 933(22) HV1.

Structural biology is concerned with the three-dimensional atomic structure of the molecules of life, proteins and nucleic acids. It was born in mid-1950s with a visionary application of X-ray diffraction to structure determination of protein crystals, and for several decades “structural biology” and “protein crystallography” were synonymous. In the 1980s structural biology received new experimental support from NMR spectroscopy, but a true breakthrough occurred only recently, with the development of atomic-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo- EM), enabling direct visualization of macromolecular objects without the need of growing crystals. The Protein Data Bank (PDB) was created in 1971 with merely seven protein structures known. In mid-1990s the PDB entered an explosive growth phase, ignited by advances of biotechnological methods of protein production and, even more importantly, by widespread use of synchrotrons as extremely powerful X-ray sources. The technological advances did not stop there, and today we have on offer ever more powerful X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs), producing astronomically bright femtosecond X-ray pulses, which allow studying the structure of nanometer-sized crystals or even of single macromolecules. Thanks to all those methodological developments, the PDB holds today over 210,000 experimental macromolecular structures, many of which (such as those related to HIV or SARS-CoV-2) have fundamental importance for medicine as targets for rational drug design. In addition to innovative experimental methodology, structural biology has recently seen a huge progress of artificial intelligence (AI)-based methods of protein structure prediction, capable now of quite accurate divination of the three-dimensional structure for billions of protein sequences in very short time. However, those machine-learning algorithms, such as AlphaFold, recognize patterns that have been seen before, while for truly new sequences and for oligomeric proteins the prediction is still less than certain and needs experimental validation. It appears then that experimental structural biology is not quite dead yet and will remain the main source of reliable novel structural information for the foreseeable future.

The composition and structural modification of aluminium alloys influence their strength, tribological properties and structural stability. The phase composition of the structure as well as the characteristics of the elementary cell of each identified phase was established by X-ray diffraction, and the main objective was to determine the compositional phases, microstructure and microcomposition of the alloy. Based on the cyclic voltammograms it can be said that on the OCP interval (+1.5 V… –1.1 V), after the breakthrough potential is an intensification of the anodic process by the pronounced increase of the current density, in these conditions the Al-Si alloy has low values which means that it has a better corrosion resistance.

Image analysis allows to acquire a number of valuable quantitative informations on the observed structure and make appropriate conclusions. So far, a large part of analyzed images came only from light microscopes, where it was a possibility of accurately distinguish the different phases on the plane. However, the problem happened in the case of the observation of images obtained by scanning electron microscopy. In this case, the presence of various shades of gray, and the spaciousness of the image attained. To perform the analysis the matrix images of the ausferritic ductile iron were used. Full analysis was carried out using the computer program MicroMeter 1.03. Results obtained in the analysis were related directly to the results from X-ray diffraction. Obtained as a result of the analysis were related directly to the results from X-ray diffractometer. The following technique has weaknesses, including the misinterpretation by the operator microscope or program. After all, it was possible to obtain similar results to the result that has been obtained from X-ray diffractometer.

The article presents results of research on the influence of variable parameters of horizontal continuous casting on the structure of AlCu4MgSi (EN AW-2017A) alloy ingots. The special character of the process allows for a continuous change of some of its parameters, namely, of the casting speed and of the rate of the cooling fluid flow thorough the crystallizer. These parameters have a significant impact on the crystallization process of the liquid metal. Depending on the cooling rate, intensity of the convection inside the solidifying alloy, and its chemical composition, there may arise some differences in the structure of the cast. In this study, ingots obtained at different casting speeds have been analyzed. The research methodology, based on light microscopy and electron microscopy (SEM), as well as energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), allowed for a thorough examination of the structure of the studied materials. The results were shown that an increase in the ingot casting speed leads to an increase in the average grain surface area.

The main purpose of this study was to identify the mineral composition of soil sample taken from the upper layer of topsoil. High absorption of chemical substance is a characteristic for humus-organic layer of topsoil. The source of those substance could be a pollutant emitted to the atmosphere by human activity. The research area includes Upper Silesia region, which is the most industrial region of Poland. In the present study, the phase composition of the top soil separates were analyzed by using X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the presence of seven mineral phases in the material magnetic separated by lower current (quartz, illite, kaolinite, Fe3+ oxides, hematite, magnetite and pyrite). In case of higher current were identified four phases (quartz, muscovite, kaolinite and K0.94 Na0.06(AlSi3O8)). Mössbauer spectroscopy was used for an extensive analysis of iron-containing phases (pyrrhotite, magnetite, aluminosilicate oxides with Fe3+ and kaolinite/Fe2+ silicate).

The aim of this work was to investigate the possibility of obtaining an amorphous/crystalline composite starting from Ni-Si- B-based powder grade 1559-40 and silver powder. The alloy was produced using arc melting of 95% wt. Ni-Si-B-based powder (1559-40) and 5% wt. Ag powder. Ingot was re-melted on a copper plate and observed while cooling using a mid-wave infra-red camera. The alloy was then melt-spun in a helium atmosphere. The microstructure of the ingot as well as the melt-spun ribbon was studied using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry. Phase identification was performed by means of X-ray diffraction. The observations confirmed an amorphous/crystalline microstructure of the ribbon where the predominant constituent of the microstructure was an amorphous phase enriched with Ni, Si, and B, while the minor constituent was an Ag-rich crystalline phase distributed in a film along the melt-spinning direction.

A nanocrystalline Ti alloy powder was fabricated using cryomilling. The grain size and lattice strain evolution during cryomilling were quantitatively analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) based on the Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall (W-H) plotting method, and size-strain (S-S) method assuming uniform deformation. Other physical parameters including stress and strain have been calculated. The average crystallite size and the lattice strain evaluated from XRD analysis are in good agreement with the result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

A nanocrystalline Ti alloy powder was fabricated using cryomilling. The grain size and lattice strain evolution during cryomilling were quantitatively analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) based on the Scherrer equation, Williamson-Hall (W-H) plotting method, and size-strain (S-S) method assuming uniform deformation. Other physical parameters including stress and strain have been calculated. The average crystallite size and the lattice strain evaluated from XRD analysis are in good agreement with the result of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

In order to improve the utilization rate of coal resources, it is necessary to classify coal and gangue, but the classification of coal is particularly important. Nevertheless, the current coal and gangue sorting technology mainly focus on the identification of coal and gangue, and no in-depth research has been carried out on the identification of coal species. Accordingly, in order to preliminary screen coal types, this paper proposed a method to predict the coal metamorphic degree while identifying coal and gangue based on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (EDXRD) principle with 1/3 coking coal, gas coal, and gangue from Huainan mine, China as the research object. Differences in the phase composition of 1/3 coking coal, gas coal, and gangue were analyzed by combining the EDXRD patterns with the Angle Dispersive X-Ray Diffraction (ADXRD) patterns. The calculation method for characterizing the metamorphism degree of coal by EDXRD patterns was investigated, and then a PSO-SVM model for the classification of coal and gangue and the prediction of coal metamorphism degree was developed. Based on the results, it is shown that by embedding the calculation method of coal metamorphism degree into the coal and gangue identification model, the PSO-SVM model can identify coal and gangue and also output the metamorphism degree of coal, which in turn achieves the purpose of preliminary screening of coal types. As such, the method provides a new way of thinking and theoretical reference for coal and gangue identification.

The article presents the results of research concerning to AlCu4MgSi alloy ingots produced using horizontal continuous casting process. The presented research was focused on the precise determination of phase composition of the precipitates formed during the solidification of ingots and the analysis of their thermal stability. In order to assess the morphology of precipitates in the AlCu4MgSi alloy, data obtained by using a computer simulation of thermodynamic phenomena were compiled with results obtained using advanced research techniques, i.e. High-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD), SEM-EDS, Thermal and derivative analysis (TDA) and Glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GD OES). SEM observations and analysis of chemical composition in micro-areas showed that the precipitates are mainly intermetallic θ-Al2Cu and β-Mg2Si phases, and also presence of Al19Fe4MnSi2 intermetallic phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. Based on the prepared Thermo-Calc simulation data, high-temperature X-ray diffraction measurements were conducted.

The perovskite type matrix is considered as solidification material for high-level radioactive waste. In this work the perovskite-rutile-type matrix doped by Co, Cs, Nd and Sr which simulate nuclear waste was prepared by sol-gel route. The material was characterized by several methods such as: X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer, and particle induced X-ray emission combined with Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The analyzes confirmed chemical composition Co-Cs-Nd-Sr- doped perovskite-rutile-type structure. A virtual model of the pellet`s structure was created non-destructively by Roentgen computed micro-tomography. The leaching tests confirmed high chemical resistance of the matrix.

Goal of the present research was to apply a solid state reaction route to fabricate bismuth layer-structured multiferroic ceramics described with the formula Bi5FeTi3O15 and reveal the influence of processing conditions on its crystal structure and phase composition. Simple oxide powders Bi2O3, TiO2 and Fe2O3 were used to fabricate Aurivillius-type bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics. Pressureless sintering in ambient air was employed and the sintering temperature was TS = 900°C, TS = 1000°C and TS = 1040°C. The phase composition as well as crystal structure of ceramics sintered at various processing conditions was examined with powder X-ray diffraction method at room temperature. The Rietveld refinement method was applied for analysis of X-ray diffraction data. It was found that ceramics adopted orthorhombic structure Cmc21. The unit cell parameters of bismuth layer-structured multiferroic ceramics increased slightly with an increase in sintering temperature.

The paper describes modification to Fm3–m (space group no. 225) lattice of aluminium based α-solid solution observed in Zn-Al alloys required to properly correlate quantitative data from X-ray diffraction analysis with results obtained from quantitative scanning electron microscopy image analysis and those predicted from Zn-Al binary phase diagram. Results suggests that 14 at.% of Zn as a solute atom should be introduced in crystal lattice of aluminium to obtain correct estimation of phase quantities determined by quantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. It was shown that this modification holds for Cu mould cast as well as annealed and water-cooled samples of Zn-3wt.%. Al and Zn-5wt.% Al.

Present study introduces effect of forge application and elimination on microstructural and mechanical properties of AISI 316 during friction welding. Temperature measurements, microstructure, micro-hardness, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were evaluated. Maximum temperature recorded was 819°C while forge was applied between 357°C-237°C. Thermo-mechanically affected zone and highly plastically deformed zone were created at the interface at elimination and application of forge respectively. Ultimate tensile strength decreased and ductility increased when forge elimination compared to forge application. Tensile fracture was occurred adjacent to the welding interface for both cases, though, after forge application, ductile fracture mode and cleavage features through the fingerprints were observed in the fracture morphology. Redistribution and concentration of gamma iron in 111 level after forge application and heat treated of AISI 316.