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Abstract

The use of cold forging is a widely used solution in many industries. One application is the manufacture of bolts and fasteners. The largest amounts of bolts are used in the automotive and machine industry. Those customers demand high standards of quality and reliability from producers based on ISO 9001 and IATF 16949. Also, the construction, agriculture and furniture industries are raising their expectations for deliveries from year to year.
Automotive companies issue their standards specifying specific requirements for products. One of these standards is the aviation standard SAE USCAR 8-4; 2019, which speaks of a compatible arrangement of fibers in the bolt head and in the area of transition into the mandrel.
The article presents the cold forging process of flange bolts. Obtaining a compatible, acceptable and incompatible grain flow pattern based of the above mantioned standard was presented. Then the results of FEM simulation were correlated with the performed experiment.
The effect of incompatible grain flow system was discussed and presented as the crack initiating factor due to delta ferrite, hydrogen embrittlement, tempering embrittlement. The reliability of the connections was confirmed in the assembly test for yield stress on a Schatz machine. The advantages of this method and the difference compared to the tensile test were presented.
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Bibliography

[1] IA TF 16949: 2016 – Automotive Quality Management System Standard.
[2] ISO 9001: 2015 – Systemy zarządzania jakością – Wymagania.
[3] A. Komornicka, M. Sąsiadek, T. Nahirny, Wyzwania przemysłu motoryzacyjnego w świetle wprowadzania standardów IATF 16949:2016, [in:] R. Knosali, Innowacje w Zarządzaniu i Inżynierii Produkcji, Oficyna Wydawnicza Polskiego Towarzystwa Zarządzania Produkcją.
[4] S. Ziółkiewicz, S. Stachowiak, D. Kaczmarczyk, A. Karpiuk, Obróbka Plastyczna Metali 17 (1), 7-13 (2006).
[5] A. Żmudzki, P. Skubisz, J. Sińczak, M. Pietrzyk, Obróbka Plastyczna Metali 17 (3), 9-19 (2006).
[6] N . Biba, S. Stebounov, A. Lishiny, J. Mater. Process. Tech. 113, 34-39 (2001).
[7] M Saad, S. Akhtar, M. Srivastava, J. Chaurasia, Materials Today: Proceedings 5, 19576-19585 (2018).
[8] A . Dubois, L. Lazzarotto, L. Dubar., J. Oudin, Wear 249, 951-961 (2002).
[9] Y . Nugraha, Theory of WireDrawing, Tirtayasa University (2007).
[10] S.Y. Hsia, Y.T. Chou, J.C. Chao, Advances in Mechanical Engineering 8 (3), 1-10 (2016).
[11] R . Bussoloti, L. Albano, L. de Canale, G.E. Totten, Delta Ferrite: Cracking of Steel Fasteners, [in:] R. Colás, G.E. Totten, Encyclopedia of Iron, Steel, and Their Alloys, Five-Volume Set, CRC Press (2006).
[12] D .H. Herring, Indust Heat 73 (16), 9 (2006).
[13] S.V. Brahimi, S. Yue, K.R. Sriraman, Philos. Trans. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 375 (2098), (2017).
[14] SAE USCAR 8-4;2019 „Grain Flow Pattern for Bolts, Screws and Studs”.
[15] PN -EN 26157-3. Części złączne – Nieciągłości powierzchni – Śruby, wkręty i śruby dwustronne specjalnego stosowania.
[16] ISO 898-1:2013-06 Własności mechaniczne części złącznych wykonanych ze stali węglowej oraz stopowej – Część 1: Śruby i śruby dwustronne o określonych klasach własności – Gwint zwykły i drobnozwojny.
[17] ISO 16047:2007 Części złączne – Badanie zależności moment obrotowy/siła zacisku.
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Authors and Affiliations

T. Dubiel
1
ORCID: ORCID
T. Balawender
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Osetek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koelner Rawlplug IP Sp. z o. o. Oddział w Łańcucie / Rzeszów University of Technology, Poland
  2. Rzeszów University of Technology, 12 Powstańców Warszawy Av., 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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Abstract

The analytical method of calculation of a withstand motion of fine-grained mixture is worked out in the vertical cylindrical sieve of vibrocentrifuge. Integration of differential equalization of motion is show out the reserved formulas for the calculation of kinematics descriptions of grain flow. The two-parameter continual model of the state of separation mixture is used in researches, as a heterogeneous continuous environment with variable specific mass (by porosity) on the thickness of movable layer of friable material. Change of specific mass on a radial coordinate in the cylindrical layer of mixture approximated by the function of degree, the coefficients of that are certain by the Aitken's method. Due to such approximation, the analytical decision of differential equalization of the grain flow, shown out with the use of two-parameter rheological dependence, in that the constituent of linear viscid resistance is complemented by the constituent of remaining internal dry friction, proportional overpressure in mixture, is built. An analytical decision is expressed as squaring that is not expressed through elementary functions in closed form, the close method of calculation of integral offers that is why, with the use of partial sum of row of degree. The results got close formulas result in that well comport with the results of numerical computer integration of squaring. Such method the continual models of grain flow on vibrosieves, it is assumed in that friable material is fully confined internal dry friction, are generalized known for, as a result of vibrodilution. The examples of calculations are considered, where influence of different factors is investigational, in particular values of rheological coefficients and change of porosity, on kinematics descriptions. It is set that calculation kinematics descriptions of grain flow substantially depend not only on the thickness of movable layer and rheological constants, and also from the concentration of grains near free surface of the mixture. Thus, worked out here a method of research of vertical grain flow in the cylindrical sieve of vibrocentrifuge can be an alternative to other methods in that for the calculation of motion of grain mixture of variable porosity conducted numerical computer integration of nonlinear differential equalizations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Vasily Olshanskii
Alexander Olshanskii
Sergey Kharchenko
Farida Kharchenko

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