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Crop loss in rubber due to abnormal leaf fall: an analysis on the economic feasibility of plant protection measures in India

Pozhamkandath K. Viswanathan Tharian George Kadavil Chakkasseril Kuruvilla Jacob
Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2005 | vol. 45 | No 4 | 235-248
Keywords Phytophthora spp. abnormal leaf fall crop loss latex yield timber yield discounted cash flow analysis
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Abstract

The paper attempts to assess the extent of crop loss in rubber plantations in India, measured in terms of loss in latex and timber output and thereby to examine the comparative economics of plant protection measures against Phytophtora spp. induced abnormal leaf fall (ALF). The specific objectives were: a) to examine the extent of loss in latex and timber output in unsprayed plots vis-a-vis sprayed plots across prominent rubber clones; b) estimate the value of loss in latex and timber output across clones between sprayed and unsprayed plots; c) examine the comparative economics of plant protection measures in terms of the incremental costs and the incremental returns from sprayed plots across clones; and d) reflect upon the policy imperatives with respect to region specific Research and Development (R&D) interventions on plant protection measures in India. The study brings out significant clonal differences in loss of latex and timber output in the absence of prophylactic spraying against ALF. The observed clonal differences with respect to feasibility of plant disease control measures indicate the need for region and clone-specific recommendations for plant protection measures in India instead of the currently followed unilateral prescription with due allowance to the costs and potential benefit accrued from the control measures. The study also highlight the need for evolving interventions and agro-management/ plant protection measures for minimising the incidence of tree casualty in rubber plantation, as it amounts to loss of potential income from latex and timber from rubber plantations in India, dominated by the smallholder sector

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Authors and Affiliations

Pozhamkandath K. Viswanathan
Tharian George Kadavil
Chakkasseril Kuruvilla Jacob

New insights into the novel and functional promoter sequences of β-1,3-glucanase gene from Hevea brasiliensis

Supriya Radhakrishnan Suni Anie Mathew Alikunju Saleena Arjunan Thulaseedharan
Journal of Plant Protection Research | 2021 | vol. 61 | No 1 | 28-40 | DOI: 10.24425/jppr.2021.136266
Keywords abnormal leaf fall Hevea brasiliensis Phytophthora PR-protein systemic acquired resistance (SAR) β-1,3-glucanase
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Abstract

β-1,3-glucanases play a major role in combating the abnormal leaf fall disease (ALF) caused by the oomycete Phytophthora spp. in Hevea brasiliensis, the major commercial source of natural rubber. In this study, partial sequences of four novel promoters of different β-1,3-glucanase genomic forms were amplified through inverse PCR from the H. brasiliensis clone RRII 105 and sequence characterized. This is the first report showing β-1,3-glucanase genes driven by a different set of promoter sequences in a single clone of Hevea. The nucleotide sequencing revealed the presence of 913, 582, 553 and 198 bp promoter regions upstream to the translation initiation codon, ‘ATG’, and contained the essential cis-elements that are usually present in biotic/abiotic stress-related plant gene promoters along with other complex regulatory regions. The amplified regions showed strong nucleosome formation potential and in two of the promoters CpG islands were observed indicating the tight regulation of gene expression by the promoters. The functional efficiency of the isolated promoter forms was validated using promoter: reporter gene (GUS) fusion binary vectors through Agrobacterium mediated transformation in Hevea callus and tobacco. GUS gene expression was noticed in Hevea callus indicating that all the promoters are functional. The transgenic tobacco plants showed no GUS gene expression. The implication of these novel promoter regions to co-ordinate the β-1,3-glucanase gene expression can be utilized for defense specific gene expression in future genetic transformation attempts in Hevea and in a wide variety of plant systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Supriya Radhakrishnan
1 2
Suni Anie Mathew
1 3
Alikunju Saleena
1 4
Arjunan Thulaseedharan
1
  1. Advanced Center for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, India
  2. Department of Biotechnology, University of Kerala,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
  3. Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
  4. Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America

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