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Indifference as fuel for violence

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2020 | Nr 3 (67) Indifference | 30-31 | DOI: 10.24425/academiaPAS.2020.136767

Keywords indifference violence LGBT aggression

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Prof. Joanna Mizielińska from the PAS Institute of Psychology explains why we should not remain indifferent to human suffering and why it is important to show solidarity to victims of aggression and violence.

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Joanna Mizielińska

To Justify against All Odds: The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the Russian Legal Scholarship

Oleksandr Zadorozhnii

Polish Yearbook of International Law | No XXXV | DOI: 10.7420/pyil2015e

Keywords aggression annexation Crimea Russian Federation Ukraine

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This article is dedicated to the publications of the Russian legal scholars on the annexation of Crimea in 2014 or, according to the Russian version of the events “Crimea’s reunification with Russia.” Based on the factual circumstances of the case and the norms of Ukrainian constitutional law and international law, as well as modern approaches in international legal doctrine, the article analyses the key arguments of the Russian authorities and its legal scholarship, namely the following: 1) Russia’s use of force against Ukraine was necessary to defend Russian nationals and compatriots; 2) Russia’s use of force against Ukraine was a lawful response to the request for assistance by the legitimate leaders of Ukraine (V. Yanukovych) and Crimea (S. Aksyonov); 3) the events in Crimea were a secession, with the subsequent accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation as an independent state; 4) Ukraine disregarded the principle of the equality and self-determination of peoples vis-à-vis the residents of Crimea, therefore, Crimeans had the right to secede; 5) Crimea is historically Russian; 6) Ukraine had been exercising peaceful annexation of the peninsula since 1991, and Russia did not object to this (subject to certain conditions, which Ukraine violated in 2014); 7) the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine in 1954 was illegal. This article evaluates whether these claims hold any weight under international law. In addition the general trends in contemporary Russian approaches to international law are outlined and their effects on its foreign policy are examined.

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Authors and Affiliations

Oleksandr Zadorozhnii

The voice of aggression

Tomasz S. Osiejuk

ACADEMIA. The magazine of the Polish Academy of Sciences | 2016 | Nr 3 (47) Singularity | 42-45

Keywords birds aggression vocal signaling in birds

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Horns, teeth, claws, beaks… Given this mighty arsenal it’s a wonder there isn’t more physical conflict in the animal world, such as among birds.

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Tomasz S. Osiejuk

The Legality and Certain Legal Consequences of the “Accession” of Crimea to the Russian Federation

Natalia Cwicinskaja

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2014 | No XXXIV | DOI: 10.7420/pyil2014d

Keywords accession annexation aggression Crimea declaration of independence Russian Federation Ukraine

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On 11 March 2014 Crimea declared independence. Ukraine and international society has not recognised that act. However Crimea’s independence was recognised by Russia and on 18 March 2014 an agreement on the accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation was signed. Many countries and international organisations have condemned that step, viewing it as illegal annexation. Regardless of how this situation is treated however, it is at present a fait accompli. Such a situation evokes legal consequences both in the internal law of Ukraine and Russia as well as on the plane of international law. The residents of Crimea appear to be in the worst situation. Legal certainty is a fiction for them now. There are also problems on the international plane. Despite the fact that in the opinion of international society Crimea remains an integral part of Ukraine, in practice there are many conflicting problems of a legal nature that cannot be solved, at least for the time being. This article analyses the legality and certain legal consequences of the “accession” of Crimea to Russia and the effect of this accession on the legal situation for residents of Crimea. The article concludes that legal situation of Crimeans will not improve anytime soon, and that the legal problems which have arisen on the international plane will not be resolved soon either.

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Authors and Affiliations

Natalia Cwicinskaja

‘I wonder why sometimes I feel so angry’ The associations between academic burnout, Facebook intrusion, phubbing, and aggressive behaviours during pandemic Covid 19

Katarzyna Tomaszek Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman

Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2022 | vol. 53 | No 4 | 302-314

Keywords tudent burnout phubbing FB addiction aggressive behaviours

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Several psychological factors are strongly related to aggressive behaviours in university students, such as educational issues and problematic digital activity, namely Smartphone and social media addiction. At the same time, little is known about the role of student burnout syndrome in predicting these mental and social problems. Moreover, although most researchers agree with the notion of sex differences in aggression, excessive digital activity , and burnout syndrome, only a few studies have examined the role of cultural differences. Thus, the present study sought to examine whether digital technology addictions mediate the relationship between student burnout and aggressive behaviours in European and Japanese university students. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, non-experimental and online study was developed with 291 participants (202 females, M = 22.66; SD = 4.35). The findings highlighted how academic burnout and phone snubbing increase, and problematic Facebook usedecrease the risk of aggressive behaviours. In addition, phone snubbing (known as phubbing) mediates the association between student burnout and aggression. Men tend to have more aggressive behaviours than women, and Japanese students were less addicted to FB and less aggressive as well as scoring higher in phubbing than European students. In conclusion, the results confirmed the importance of including cross-cultural differences in digital technology health programs in order to minimise the risk of aggressive behaviours.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Tomaszek

1

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Agnieszka Muchacka-Cymerman

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Rzeszów University, Rzeszów, Poland
Pedagogical University of Cracow, Cracow, Poland

Investigating the impact of assertiveness training on assertiveness and Self-esteem of High School students

Waqar Maqbool Parray Sanjay Kumar Blessy Elizabeth David

Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2020 | vol. 51 | No 3 | 171-176 | DOI: 10.24425/ppb.2020.134724

Keywords self-esteem students aggression assertiveness Submission

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Abstract

Aim: This study investigates the impact of assertiveness training on assertiveness and self-esteem of high school students. Method: The study employs Quasi-experimental design where 130 participants aged 13-17 years were selected randomly and assigned into two groups as experimental (N-65) and control group (N-65). Tools: For this aim Assertiveness scale (AS) and Self-esteem questionnaire (RSE) were used. Training: During the treatment phase, the experimental group received assertiveness training of 5 weeks comprising two sessions per week, and each session took 45 minutes. After treatment both experimental and control groups are measured with post-tests. Results: The results show that assertiveness training has significantly increased the assertiveness and decreased the aggression and submission in the experimental group. Also the training has significantly increased the self-esteem of students. Conclusion: The obtained findings revealed an increase in the rate of self-esteem and assertiveness and decrease in the aggression and submission of students. Hence it proved that assertiveness training is significantly effective on the assertiveness, aggression, submission and self-esteem of students.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waqar Maqbool Parray

Sanjay Kumar

Blessy Elizabeth David

Тhe Issue of Conflict Communication: Specificity of Active Verbal Aggression in Phraseology

Жанна Краснобаєва‑Чорна

Slavia Orientalis | 2021 | vol. LXX | No 2 | 443-458 | DOI: 10.24425/slo.2021.137523

Keywords conflict communication phraseological unit phraseology verbal aggression

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The article examines the specificity of the manifestation of active verbal aggression in Ukrainian phraseology through the use of the phraseoideographic paradigm. The typology of aggressive behavior of A. Buss and the postulate of the theory of argumentation and verbal aggressiveness of D. Infante are the basis of the research methodology. Analyzed are the classification parameters of active verbal aggression in the various communicative theories and practices. Specifics of manifestation of active verbal aggression (shout, accusation, demand, ridicule, criticism, insult, comment, gossip, slander, complaint, teasing, curse, blasphemy, indignation, destructive wish, threat, curse) in the Ukrainian phraseology is defined. The theoretical material is illustrated by a large number of examples. The context of using of a phraseological unit is considered as a conflict episode – a situation of communicative interaction of participants, during which contradictions are expressed. The study of the semantics, pragmatics and functioning of the phraseological units of active verbal aggression in the Ukrainian language shows that active verbal aggression is a complex system of interdependent mental reactions. These phraseology do not contradict modern knowledge of psychology and communicative linguistics about the studied subject, but at the same time the phraseological units form an independent system with the following signs: a) the state of the speaker’s dissatisfaction; b) a combination of verbal and non‑verbal components; c) intensifica-tion of manifestations; d) the correlation of the varieties of verbal aggression.

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Authors and Affiliations

Жанна Краснобаєва‑Чорна

1

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Донецький національний університет імені Василя Стуса

Original Sin Reaffirmed: The Nicaragua Judgement’s Impact on the Notion of Armed Attack as the Most Grave Form of the Use of Force

Michał Kowalski

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2016 | No XXXVI | DOI: 10.7420/pyil2016c

Keywords aggression armed attack ICJ International Court of Justice jus ad bellum Nicaragua use of force

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Abstract

This article is referenced to the thirtieth anniversary of the ICJ’s Nicaragua judgement on the merits of 1986. It acknowledges the significance of this much-debated judgement for the modern international law on the use of force (jus ad bellum). However the text focuses on one aspect of the judgment only, i.e. the definition of the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of force. The impact of the judgement in this respect is critically analysed. It is argued that the introduction to the UN Charter text of undefined notions of the use of force, aggression, and armed attack may be labelled as the “original sin” of contemporary jus ad bellum, as it results in conceptual obscurity. It is also claimed that the ICJ reaffirmed this original sin in its Nicaragua judgment because it explicitly argued for the notion of “armed attack” as the most grave form of the use of armed force and, in consequence, distinguished it from the other, lesser forms of the use of force, while failing to introduce any sort of clarity in the conceptual ambiguity of jus ad bellum. The article also offers some remarks de lege ferenda and suggests abandoning the gravity criterion, which would require abandoning the well-established judicial and doctrinal interpretation approaches to jus ad bellum.

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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Kowalski

Classification of the Conflict between Ukraine and Russia in International Law (Ius ad Bellum and Ius in Bello)

Patrycja Grzebyk

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2014 | No XXXIV | DOI: 10.7420/pyil2014c

Keywords aggression armed conflict Crimea Donetsk international conflict Russian Federation self-determination Ukraine

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to classify the armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia in light of international law. Firstly, the Russian armed activities are qualified through the lens of use of force and it is shown that Russia committed an aggression. Secondly, the Russian- Ukrainian conflict is qualified according to the law of armed conflict, not only identifying the applicable norms of law of armed conflict but examining whether atrocities have been committed and whether they are war crimes or mere crimes or acts of terror. The article posits that there is an international armed conflict between Russia and Ukraine and in addition a non-international one between Ukrainian insurgents and governmental forces. The methodology used in the article is legal analysis of documents and international law doctrine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Patrycja Grzebyk

Escalation of the Conflict between Russia and Ukraine in 2022 in Light of the Law on Use of Force and International Humanitarian Law

Patrycja Grzebyk

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2021 | No XLI | 145-162 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2022.142344

Keywords Ukraine Russia war international armed conflict war crimes international humanitarian law use of force aggression

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The aim of this article is to assess the military operation started on 24 February 2022 by Russia against Ukraine in light of the law on use of force, having in mind all the justifications officially expressed by Russian authorities and in light of international humanitarian law. The author claims that there is no justification for the Russian military action and thus it must be qualified as aggression. This, due to the serious violation of the peremptory norm, implies obligations on the part of states and international organizations (i.e. the international community). In addition, the current conduct of hostilities clearly shows that it is mainly Russian forces which neglect international humanitarian law principles, which might amount to war crimes.

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Patrycja Grzebyk

1

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Associate Professor (dr habil.), Faculty of Political Science and International Studies, University of Warsaw

Emotional and Psychological Behavior of Children in the Context of Transforming Modern Society

Sergey Khrameshin Natalya Antsiferova Marina Seluch Zukhra Ismailova Svetlana Kozlovskaya

Polish Psychological Bulletin | 2021 | vol. 52 | No 2 | 179-187 | DOI: 10.24425/ppb.2021.137261

Keywords aggressiveness authoritarian hyper-socialization loser syndrome primary school age children social status upbringing model

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Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics of emotional and psychological behavior indicators in children aged 7-8 years in modern society. The study was conducted in 2018-2019 in Moscow (Russian Federation) and included a total of 600 children of the second – third grades in three secondary schools. The first group included children from families with high social status and higher education of both parents, the second group comprised children from middle- class families with secondary special education of parents, and the third group enrolled children from low-income families with incomplete secondary education of parents. Children were tested for aggressiveness as well as attitudes toward family members. It has been established that in the first group, the model of upbringing was dominated by hyper- socialization of the authoritarian type. In the second group, the model of education was more balanced, symbiosis and cooperation dominated, exceeding the other parameters by 1.3–1.9 times (p ≤ 0.05). In the third group, average and high levels of aggression were stated to be significantly higher – 1.6–2.2 times (p ≤ 0.01). In the third and first groups, there was a direct connection between the frequency of instrumental aggression and negative attitude towards siblings (0.65 and 0.84, respectively).

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Authors and Affiliations

Sergey Khrameshin

1

Natalya Antsiferova

2

Marina Seluch

3

Zukhra Ismailova

4

Svetlana Kozlovskaya

5

Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy
Department of State, Municipal Management and Law, Kursk Academy of State and Municipal Service
Department of Psychology and Pedagogy, Amur State University
Department of Professional Education and Physical Education, Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
Department of Social Work, Russian State Social University

Russian Crimes in Ukraine: Between Guilt and Responsibility

Jerzy Kranz

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2022 | No XLII | 33-53 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2023.147169

Keywords Russia Ukraine Russian aggression guilt responsibility international responsibility Germany German-Polish relations forgiveness reconciliation

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Abstract

Is the confrontation in Ukraine Putin’s war, or also that of the Russian nation? Can the crimes of the Russian state be hidden in the shadows of Tolstoy or Tchaikovsky?
This article distinguishes between the guilt or responsibility of individuals (criminal, political, moral); the international legal responsibility of states; and finally the political, moral, and historical responsibility of nations. In the legal or moral sense, guilt must be individualized. However, the extralegal (political, moral and historical) responsibility (not regulated by law) affects the whole nation and concerns responsibility both for the past and for the future. Nevertheless, if the nation is deemed entirely responsible for the actions of the state or of some national groups, it is not about attributing guilt to the whole nation, but about the collective recovery of the sense of humanity.
Thus, suggesting the guilt of the entire nation is based on a misunderstanding. But if the responsibility does not imply guilt, neither does the lack of guilt imply the lack of responsibility. By definition, the moral and political responsibility of the nation does not take a legal (judicial) form. Other forms and instruments are applicable here. In this context such terms as regrets, forgiveness, shame, apologies, or reconciliation appear. Such actions, based on fundamental values, require political courage, wisdom, and far-sightedness.
The passivity of the social environment favours the perpetrators of crimes. but does not release the other members of the nation from moral responsibility, and in particular from the obligation to distinguish good from evil. Not all Russians are guilty of crimes, but they all (whether guilty or innocent) bear some moral and political responsibility.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Kranz

1

Kozminski University

The Russian “Special Military Operation” in Ukraine Before International Courts

Anna Wyrozumska

Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2022 | No XLII | 9-32 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2023.147167

Keywords use of force international courts aggression in Ukraine Russia and the ECHR ECtHR genocide ICC investigation

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Abstract

Following the so-called “special military operation”, which was in fact an open aggression against Ukraine, Russia was expelled from the Council of Europe. This step has significant legal consequences, including for the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights. Meanwhile, many individual applications were filed with the Court, and Ukraine brought an inter-State complaint against Russia. Ukraine has also triggered the International Court of Justice. The Court has already ordered provisional measures. The ICC Prosecutor has launched an investigation into the most serious international crimes, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and genocide in Ukraine and delivered arrest warrants against the Russian President and his Commissioner for Children’s Rights. There is a serious discussion going on concerning the establishment of a special tribunal for the crime of aggression. This text deals with some aspects of the Russian “special military operation” cases before international courts. It attempts to identify what role the international courts may play in the new phase of the conflict in Ukraine and the extent and effect of their intervention, given the jurisdictional limitations and the inability to enforce judgments.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Wyrozumska

1

e-mail:

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Faculty of Law and Administration, University of Łódź (Poland)

Filtration Resistance of Hardening Slurries with Fluidized Fly-Ashes under Sulphate Aggression

Paweł Falaciński

Archives of Civil Engineering | Vol. 66 | No 4 | 413-428 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2020.135229

Keywords hardening slurries cut-off walls sulphate aggression fluidal fly-ashes circular economy

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Abstract

The research paper presents the results of hydraulic conductivity, pore structure, phase composition and microstructural tests of hardening slurries prepared using Portland cement, bentonite, water and fluidized-bed ashes coming from hard coal and lignite combustion. The slurries were subjected to long-term (210 days) exposure to the filtering action of an environment strongly aggressive to a cement binder. A sulphate solution 2- with sodium content of SO4 2- = 6700 mg/l was applied, which modelled sulphate aggression. The comparative base were samples subjected to filtration in tap water (neutral environment).

The test covered dependencies between hydraulic conductivity k10 (filtration coefficient) and the parameters characterizing porous structure in the slurry, as well as the impact of an aggressive medium on slurry tightness (its porosity and hydraulic conductivity). Changes in the phase composition and slurry microstructure were analysed in terms of its corrosion resistance to the action of sulphate aggression.

Observations from other researchers have been confirmed that the use of fluidized fly-ash addition has a positive effect on increasing the resistance of cement matrix exposed to sulphate aggressiveness.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński

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ORCID:

Impact of acid aggressiveness on the filtration resistance of hardening slurries with an addition of fluidized-bed fly-ash

Paweł Falaciński Zbigniew Kledyński

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 475-490 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137180

Keywords hardening slurries cut-off walls acid aggressiveness fluidized-bed fly-ash circular economy

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Abstract

The subject matter of the article comprises cement-bentonite-water hardening slurries with an addition of fluidized-bed fly-ash resulting from the combustion of hard and brown coal. The main objective of the study was to determine the filtration resistance of hardening slurries in the context of long-term exposure to the filtration of an aggressive substance in relation to a cement binder. A nitric acid aqueous solution with a concentration of 0.5 M was used, which modelled acid aggressiveness. The authors studied the hydraulic conductivity of the slurries as a function of time (18 months) for the exposure to a 0.5 M solution of nitric acid. Changes in the phase composition and hardening slurry surface structures were analysed in terms of their filtration resistance to the action of acid aggressiveness. The comparative base were samples subjected to filtration in tap water (neutral environment). The article reviews a methodology for studying hydraulic conductivity (k10) of hardening slurries. It also presents a study involving the phase composition using the X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) method, infrared (IR) spectroscopy and showing an image of the hardening slurry surface structure. The findings of other researchers that the application of fluidized-bed fly-ash additives positively impacted improving the resistance of the cement matrix to acid aggressiveness were confirmed. The hydrated colloidal compounds, identified within the subsurface zone of the slurry, which has been in contact with an acidic environment, provide extra sealing of the material structure, thus significantly limiting the access of aggressive substance to the interior of the slurry.

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Falaciński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Zbigniew Kledyński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

DSc., PhD., Eng., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20, 00-652 Warsaw, Poland
Prof., DSc., PhD., Eng., Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Building Services, Hydro and Environmental Engineering, Nowowiejska 20, 00-652 Warsaw, Poland

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