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Abstract

Wasteful spending of public funds, leading to the creation of “ghost airports”, is often described as a regulatory failure and a major deficiency in European State aid control. It is pointed out that decisions to build or upgrade an airport are often ill-conceived, poorly implemented, and without economic justification. This raises the question whether European law, namely its State aid control system, contains inherent flaws or whether the European Commission’s decision-making process can be improved by increasing reliance on objective economic reasoning under the existing legal framework. This article provides an analysis of the decision-making problems leading to failed aid efforts; of the role of the economic approach in State aids; and of the standard of economic assessment required in State aid cases. The article concludes with de lege ferenda postulates.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Kociubiński
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Abstract

In the article publications have been analyzed and summarized on this topic: studied the experience of implementing building information models and geographic information models for administrative and economic management of transport infrastructure facilities on the example of the regional airport activity. After the stage of collecting geospatial data from various sources and sensors, the data is imported into CAD-systems or GIS-systems. Different software products are used to work with both of these models. The processes of data organization in the process of creating building information models and geographic information models differ to some extent. The issues of integration of such models are not yet fully addressed and need to be addressed. In the process of integration of spatial data, solutions to the integration of semantics, topology, formats and standards of geospatial data are needed. An important task is to develop and study the experience of creating software modules that allow you to integrate BIM-models into geographic information systems. Based on the research, it is established that the current area of research is the development of technologies that allow the generation of information from BIM and GIS to create a more interconnected infrastructure. The integration of BIM and GIS information to create a spatial data infrastructure (SDI) is a perspective direction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Olena Boyko
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dmitry Prusov
2
ORCID: ORCID
Borys Chetverikov
3
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Malanchuk
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Aviation University, Kyiv, Ukraine
  2. Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, Kyiv, Ukraine
  3. Lviv Polytechnic National University, Lviv, Ukraine
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Abstract

The paper presents a design and performance analysis of a photosensor device enabling the measurement of the visible light illuminance. The sensor is designed for use in the light metering matrix of a mobile measurement platform allowing the correct operation of in-pavement airport lamps. This kind of control can be required by regulations and must meet the standards defined by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). An important assumption of the solution was to obtain the highest possible speed of a measurement acquisition so that the control process would take place in a relatively short time. The proposed module concept is dedicated to the task of testing the quality of airport lamps, due to the characteristics of the photosensitive elements matching the light beams emitted by luminaries. The device is based on a VTP1220FBH photodiode and an ATmega328P microcontroller, which, in addition to the analogue-to-digital conversion and correction, sends the results back to the master unit via the I 2C bus.
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Bibliography

  1. Certification Specifications (CS) and Guideline Material (GM) for Aerodrome Design Edition 3, Annex to Decision No. 2016/027/Rof the EASA Executive Director, European Aviation Safety Agency. https://www.easa.europa.eu/en/downloads/21730/en (2016).
  2. Suder, J., Maciejewski, P., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Platforma pomiarowa do badania jakości działania lamp lotniskowych (Measuring platform fo quality testing of airport lamps). Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka PAR 23, 5–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.14313/PAR_232/5 (in Polish)
  3. Podbucki, K., Suder, J., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Elektro-niczna matryca pomiarowa do badania lamp lotniskowych (Electronic measuring matrix for testing airport lamps). Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 97, 47–51 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.02.12 (in Polish)
  4. Suder, J., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Spectrum sensors for detecting type of airport lamps in a light photometry system. Opto-Electron. Rev. 29, 133–140 (2021). https://doi.org/10.24425/opelre.2021.139383
  5. Suder, J., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Low complexity lane detection methods for light photometry system. Electronics 10, 1665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141665
  6. BH1750 Digital 16bit Serial Output Type Ambient Light Sensor IC Technical Note. https://www.mouser.com/datasheet/2/348/bh1750fvi-e-186247.pdf (2011).
  7. Krac, E. & Górecki, K. Wpływ kąta padania światła na wartości natężenia oświetlenia zmierzone za pomocą czujników fotometry-cznych (Influence of the angle of incidence of light on the values of illuminance measureg with photodetectors). Przegląd Elektro-techniczny 97, 214–217 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.12.44 (in Polish)
  8. Sitompul, D. D., Surya, F. E., Suhandi, F. P. & Zakaria, H. Runway Edge Light Photometry System by Using Drone-Mounted Instrument. in International Symposium on Electronics and Smart Devices (ISESD) 1–5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISESD.2019.8909498
  9. Sitompul, D. S. D., Surya, F. E., Suhandi, F. P. & Zakaria H. Horizontal Scanning Method by Drone Mounted Photodiode Array for Runway Edge Light Photometry. in International Seminar on Intelligent Technology and Its Applications (ISITIA) 41–45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ISITIA.2019.8937211
  10. Gao, J., Luo, J., Xu, A. & Yu, J. Light Intensity Intelligent Control System Research snd Design Based on Automobile Sun Visor of BH1750. in 29th Chinese Control And Decision Conference (CCDC) 3957–3960 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/CCDC.2017.7979192
  11. Grove – Light Sensor v1.2. Seeed Development Limited https://seeeddoc.github.io/Grove-Light_Sensor_v1.2/ (2016).
  12. BPW21TO39 Ambient Light Sensor Datasheet. ams-OSRAM AG https://dammedia.osram.info/media/resource/hires/osram-dam-5984961/BPW%2021_EN.pdf (2022).
  13. Ptak, P., Górecki, K. & Gensikowski, M. Porównanie właściwości dynamicznych wybranych czujników fotometrycznych (Compa-rison of dynamic properties of the selected photometric sensors). Przegląd Elektrotechniczny 96, 112–116 (2020). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2020.12.21 (in Polish)
  14. Ambient Light Sensors VTP1220FBH Product Description. Exelitas https://www.tme.eu/Document/99fa8b97bc9fac9fd65b9c88e771e8d1/2.pdf (2022).
  15. Raes, W., Bastiaens, S., Plets, D. & Stevens, N. Assessment of the Influence of Photodiode Size on RSS-Based Visible Light Positioning Precision. IEEE SENSORS 1–3 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS43011.2019.8956543
  16. Hudzikowski, A. Luksomierz kit 2974 AVT. Elektronika dla wszystkich EDW 03/11, 56–58, 2011. https://serwis.avt.pl/manuals/AVT2974.pdf (in Polish)
  17. Mańczak, W. Development of a microprocessor matrix to measure the lightning intensity of airport lamps. (Poznan University of Technology, 2022).
  18. Alferink, F. Fast Lux-meter: Electronic Measurements. Meettech-niek.info. https://meettechniek.info/diy-instruments/lux-meter.html (2013).
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Authors and Affiliations

Kacper Podbucki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jakub Suder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Wojciech Mańczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, 5 M. Skłodowska-Curie Sq., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
  2. Faculty of Computing and Telecommunications, Poznan University of Technology, 5 M. Skłodowska-Curie Sq., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

The paper analyses the operation of different types of electronic colour sensors based on the light spectrum analysis. The application goal was to detect the type of the airport lamp based on differences in colour components of the light emitted by luminaires with specific spectral characteristics. Recognition of airport lamps is based on the analysis of the light spectrum. Proposed solution allows for an automatic software selection of appropriate conversion factors and comparison with specific standards necessary for this type of measurements. Various types of sensors were discussed and the AS7262 sensor was examined in detail. The colour sensor and the light intensity sensor were used in the mobile control device for examining elevated airport lamps and in the measurement platform for quality testing of embedded airport lamps. Two additional aspects were investigated: 1) influence of an additional acrylic glass cover; 2) distance between airport lamps and the spectrum sensor.
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Bibliography

  1. European Aviation Safety Agency. Certification Specifications (CS) and Guideline Material (GM) for Aerodrome Design. Edition 3, Annex to Decision No. 2016/027/R of the EASA Executive Director. (2016).
  2. Szpakowski, P. Lotnicza choinka czyli o świetlnych pomocach nawigacyjnych i ich kontroli. Safe Sky, Biuletyn Bezpieczeństwa Polskiej Agencji Żeglugi Powietrznej 4, 4–13 (2020) [in Polish].
  3. Novak, T., Dudek, J., Kolar, V., Sokansky, K. & Baleja, R. Solution of problems with short lifetime of airfield halogen lamps. in 18th International Scientific Conference on Electric Power Engineering (EPE) 1–5 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/EPE.2017.7967298
  4. Suder, J. Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Low complex¬ity lane detection methods for light photometry system. Electronics 10, 1665 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics10141665
  5. Podbucki, K., Suder, J., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Elektroniczna matryca pomiarowa do badania lamp lotniskowych. Prz. Elektrotechniczny 2, 47–51 (2021). https://doi.org/10.15199/48.2021.02.12 [in Polish]
  6. Żagan, W. Podstawy Techniki Świetlnej. (Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Warszawskiej, Warszawa 2005). [in Polish]
  7. Suder, J., Maciejewski, P., Podbucki, K., Marciniak, T. & Dąbrowski, A. Platforma pomiarowa do badania jakości działania lamp lotniskowych. Pomiary, Automatyka, Robotyka 23, 5–13 (2019). https://doi.org/10.14313/PAR_232/5 [in Polish]
  8. Gigahertz-Optik GmbH, X4 Light Analyzer Datasheet (2007). http://www.industrycortex.com/datasheets/profile/506792174
  9. Texas Advanced Optoelectronic Solutions Inc., TCS3472 Colour light-to-digital converter with IR filter, TAOS135 (August 2012). http://www.datenblatt-pdf.com/pinout/911411/TCS3472-schematic.html
  10. Avago Technologies, APDS-9960 Digital Proximity, Ambient Light, RGB and Gesture Sensor, Data Sheet, AV02-4191EN (November 8, 2013). https://content.arduino.cc/assets/Nano_BLE_ Sense_av02-4191en_ds_apds-9960.pdf
  11. Intersil, Digital Red, Green and Blue Colour Light Sensor with IRBlocking Filter ISL29125, FN8424.2, (January 24, 2014). https://cdn.sparkfun.com/datasheets/Sensors/LightImaging/isl29125.pdf
  12. AMS, AS7265x Smart 18-Channel VIS to NIR Spectral_ID 3-Sensor Chipset with Electronic Shutter, Datasheet [v1-04], (July 9, 2018). https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf/1315799/ams/AS72651/1
  13. AMS, AS7341 11-Channel Multi-Spectral Digital Sensor, Datasheet DS000504 [v3-00], (June 25, 2020). https://datasheetspdf.com/pdf/1402690/ams/AS7341/1
  14. AMS, AS7262 6-Channel Visible Spectral_ID Device with Electronic Shutter and Smart Interface, Datasheet [v1-01], (March 17, 2017). https://ams.com/documents/20143/36005/AS7262_ DS000486_2-00.pdf
  15. ADB Safe gate, High Intensity Unidirectional Elevated Light for Approach, Threshold and Runway End and for Sequenced Flashing Lights (SFLS) Runway Threshold Identification (RTILS) Systems, User Manual, UM-4020/AM02-630e, Rev. 2.0, (May 19, 2020). https://adbsafegate.com/documents/2326/en/manual-uel
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Suder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kacper Podbucki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Dąbrowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automation and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, 24 Jana Pawła II Ave., 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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Abstract

Hardly any sector has been hit as hard by the COVID-19 pandemic as the air transport industry. As lockdown measures are lifted, a recovery phase begins that will shape the global economic landscape for the years to come. In this context this paper raises the question of whether the pre-existing EU instruments for subsidizing air operations – Startup aid and the Public Service Obligation – none of which was designed with economic recovery in mind – can be adapted to the new circumstances after the current ad hoc measures under the Temporary Framework have dried up. The hypothesis which is taken as a starting point is that the existing state aid toolbox has built-in deficiencies which are hampering recovery efforts. This paper therefore attempts to determine whether alternatives can be sought within the confines of the EU state aid law, and if so what such alternatives might be.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Kociubiński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Associate professor (dr. hab.), Faculty of Law, Administration and Economics, University of Wrocław
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Abstract

The paper presents an analysis of using a TCS3430 light colour sensor to verify the chromaticity of navigation lighting installed at airports. These measurements can help determine the correct operation of the tested lamp using of specialised measuring devices. The emitted light colour is critical for pilots during flight operations such as take-off, landing and taxiing, especially in low visibility conditions. Chromaticity standards (in CIE1931 colour space) are specified in the relevant regulations of the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) and the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), and require regular inspection of each light point (both in-pavement and elevated lamps). Tests were carried out for various types of aviation navigation lighting lamps. The stability of measurements and possibilities of visualization on the chromaticity chart were assessed. The article also presents software that allows for quick verification of the operation of a given lamp, intended for airport maintenance services.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Suder
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kacper Podbucki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Marciniak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Division of Signal Processing and Electronic Systems, Institute of Automatic Control and Robotics, Poznan University of Technology, Pl. Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 5, 60-965 Poznań, Poland

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