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Review of Methodologies in Recent Research of Human Echolocation

Michał Bujacz Bartłomiej Sztyler Natalia Wileńska Karolina Czajkowska Paweł Strumiłło
Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 2 | 249-271 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.145236
Keywords echolocation blindness testing methodology
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Abstract

The presented review discusses recent research on human echolocation by blind and sighted subjects, aiming to classify and evaluate the methodologies most commonly used when testing active echolocation methods. Most of the reviewed studies compared small groups of both blind and sighted volunteers, although one in four studies used sighted testers only. The most common trial procedure was for volunteers to detect or localize static obstacles, e.g., discs, boards, or walls at distances ranging from a few centimeters to several meters. Other tasks also included comparing or categorizing objects. Few studies utilized walking in real or virtual environments. Most trials were conducted in natural acoustic conditions, as subjects are marginally less likely to correctly echolocate in anechoic or acoustically dampened rooms. Aside from live echolocation tests, other methodologies included the use of binaural recordings, artificial echoes or rendered virtual audio. The sounds most frequently used in the tests were natural sounds such as the palatal mouth click and finger snapping. Several studies have focused on the use of artificially generated sounds, such as noise or synthetic clicks. A promising conclusion from all the reviewed studies is that both blind and sighted persons can efficiently learn echolocation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Bujacz
1
Bartłomiej Sztyler
1
Natalia Wileńska
1
Karolina Czajkowska
1
Paweł Strumiłło
1
  1. Institute of Electronics, Lodz University of Technology, Łódz, Poland

Performance in a Pitch Memory Task by Visually Handicapped Children and Youths

Ewa Skrodzka Edyta Bogusz Hanna Koprowska
Archives of Acoustics | 2012 | vol. 37 | No 4 | 549-553 | DOI: 10.2478/v10168-012-0064-x
Keywords pitch memory blinds visually impaired children teenagers
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Abstract

The present work discusses results concerning sound perception obtained in a pitch memorization experiment for blind and visually impaired subjects (children and teenagers). Listeners were divided into two age groups: 7-13 year olds and 14-18 year olds. The study tested 20 individuals (8 congenitally blind and 12 visually impaired) and 20 sighted persons comprising reference groups. The duration of the experiments was as short as possible due to the fact that our listeners were children. To date, no study has described results of such experiment for blind/visually handicapped children and teenagers. In the pitch memory experiment blind teenagers outperformed blind children and both age groups of visually impaired subjects in two out of three tested cases. These results may have implications for the development of auditory training in orientation and mobility of young visually handicapped people.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Skrodzka
Edyta Bogusz
Hanna Koprowska

Analysis of a blackbody irradiance method of measurement of solar blind UV cameras'

Krzysztof Chrzanowski W. Chrzanowski
Opto-Electronics Review | 2019 | vol. 27 | No 4 | 378-384
Keywords Solar-blindul ultraviolet Solar-blind cameras Blackbody Sensitivity
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Abstract

This paper presents a critical analysis of a current typical method to measure sensitivity of solar blind ultraviolet cameras using a high temperature blackbody as a calibrated source of ultraviolet light. It has been shown that measurement of sensitivity of solar-blind ultraviolet (SBUV) cameras defined as minimal detectable blackbody irradiance at optics plane of the tested SBUV camera generates inflated, misleading and prone to measurement errors' results that should not be used for evaluation of SBUV cameras' performance.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
ORCID: ORCID
W. Chrzanowski

Estimation and Compensation of IQ Imbalance in SWIPT System

Ajin R. Nair S. Kirthiga M. Jayakumar
International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 679-684 | DOI: 10.24425/ijet.2021.137862
Keywords SWIPT Power Splitting IQ imbalance Energy harvesting Hardware impairments Blind Compensation
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Abstract

Although there are many articulations of SWIPT architecture implementations, the hardware impairment aspect involved in the SWIPT architecture system is not given much attention. This paper evaluates the performance of SWIPT PS Reciever architecture in the presence of IQ imbalance hardware impairment with 16-QAM transmitter and AWGN channel. The parameters SNR, BER is evaluated in the presence of amplitude, phase imbalance, and PS factor at the SWIPT receiver side. Further, the IQ imbalance is estimated and compensated using a blind compensation algorithm. The system achieved a maximum BER of 10−7 in the presence of amplitude and phase imbalance of 0.2 and 1.6 respectively.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Ajin R. Nair
1
S. Kirthiga
1
M. Jayakumar
1
  1. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, India

Measurement of sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras to solar light

Krzysztof Chrzanowski Bolesław Safiej
Opto-Electronics Review | 2021 | 29 | 2 | 45-58 | DOI: 10.24425/opelre.2021.135828
Keywords solar sensitivity SBUV cameras solar blind UV cameras UV cameras sensitivity corona discharge detection
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Abstract

Solar blind UV cameras are not theoretically supposed to be sensitive to solar light. However, there is practically always some sensitivity to solar light. This limited solar sensitivity can sometimes make it impossible to detect the weak emission of a corona target located on the solar background. Therefore, solar sensitivity is one of the crucial performance parameters of solar blind UV cameras. However, despite its importance, the problem of determining solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras has not been analysed and solved in the specialized literature, so far. This paper presents the concept (definition, measurement method, test equipment, interpretation of results) of measuring solar sensitivity of solar blind UV cameras.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Chrzanowski
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Bolesław Safiej
2
  1. Military University of Technology, Institute of Optoelectronics, 2 gen. Kaliskiego St., 00-908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. INFRAMET, Bugaj 29a, Koczargi Nowe, 05-082 Stare Babice, Poland

Thermal navigation for blind people

Paweł Marzec Andrzej Kos
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2021 | 69 | No. 1 | e136038 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2021.136038
Keywords blind/visually impaired person GPS infrared matrix infrared sensors low-energy measurement systems mobile robots satellite navigation thermal navigation
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Abstract

This article presents a system of precise navigation for a visually impaired person which uses GPS navigation and an infrared sensor in the form of an infrared matrix. The presented system allows determining the orientation and distance of a blind person relative to a selected object, e.g. a wall or road edge. The application of the above solution facilitates a significant increase in the accuracy of determining the position of a blind person compared to the accuracy offered by commonly used ground satellite devices. The system uses thermal energy accumulated in the environment without the need to generate additional signals. The main parts of the system are a simple infrared matrix, data processing system and vibrating wristband. Messages and navigation warnings are sent to a blind person in the form of a vibration code. The article describes the method of determining the path of a specified width and distance from the wall of a building, curb, etc., along which a blind person should move. The article additionally describes the method of determining the orientation of a blind person depending on the selected object. Such a method facilitates verifying whether the visually impaired person is moving according to the indicated direction. The method can also be used to navigate mobile robots. Due to the use of natural energy for data registration and processing, the mobile navigation system can be operated for a long time without the need to recharge the battery.

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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Paweł Marzec
1
Andrzej Kos
1
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Computer Science, Electronics and Telecommunications, al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland

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