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Determination of plasma bone-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activity in Holstein calves using a commercial agarose gel electrophoresis kit

R. Onomi K. Hatate N. Yamagishi
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2019 | vol.22 | No 4 | 789-792 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.131411
Keywords agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) bone-specific alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme calf
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Abstract

We measured the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (ALP) isoenzyme activity in 67 plasma samples from 14 newborn Holstein calves using both a conventional method (featuring heat inactivation) and a commercial agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) kit; the relevant isoenzymes were termed bone-specific ALP (BAP) and ALP isoenzyme 3 (ALP3). We explored whether the AGE kit afforded reliable data when used to analyze samples from Holstein calves. The blood was collected from the jugular vein of each calf immediately prior to the first colostrum feeding (pre-feeding), 20 and 40 h after pre-feeding, and on days 4 and 7; whereas three samples (from three calves) were not obtained. The total plasma ALP activity varied widely, exceeding the ranges of reference values. On electrophoresis, 52 of 67 plasma samples (77.6 %) clearly contained both ALP isoenzyme 2 and ALP3, as did control human serum. The total ALP activity of the 52 samples ranged from 166–1989 U/L (median: 1013 U/L), whereas the values for the other 15 samples (22.4%) exhibiting abnormal isoenzyme fractionation ranged from 1014–5118 U/L (median: 1780 U/L). In the 52 plasma samples exhibiting clearly separated isoenzymes, ALP3 and BAP activities were strongly positively correlated as revealed by Deming regression (y = 0.93x + 22.6, p<0.0001) and Bland-Altman analysis (ALP3/BAP activities limit of agreement: −5.1%). Thus, the AGE kit yields useful information on newborn calves, and can replace the conventional method when the total plasma ALP activity is less than approximately 1000 U/L.

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Authors and Affiliations

R. Onomi
K. Hatate
N. Yamagishi

Oxidative stress in cows according to calving season: passive calf immunity and its relationship with colostrum quality

H.E. Çolakoğlu M.O. Yazlık E.Ç. Çolakoğlu U. Kaya R. Bayramoğlu S. Kurt R. Vural Ş. Küplülü
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 225-233 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.137657
Keywords calf colostrum cow immunoglobulin calving season
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Abstract

This study details the relationship between maternal plasma oxidant-antioxidant enzymes with colostrum quality, serum gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT), immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM concentrations of calves in the different calving seasons. Holstein breed cows between two and eight lactations and their calves were enrolled in the study. Holstein cows calving in winter (n=45) and their calves (n=45) were assigned to the winter group, while cows calving in summer (n=45) and their calves (n=45) were assigned to the summer group. Samples for malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) were collected on day -21±3 before expected calving and also on calving day (Day 0). IgG and the specific gravity of the colostrum were determined after calving. Serum GGT and IgG and IgM were measured before the feeding, with colostrum, of calves (0 hours) and also in the 24th hour following the feeding of colostrum. Plasma MDA levels at -21±3 and 0 days in the summer cows were determined to be higher. GSH-Px activity was higher in the winter cows. IgG levels and the specific gravity of the colos- trum were also higher in the winter cows. Calf IgG levels at the 24th hour of life were higher in the winter cows. In the winter group, IgM levels at 0 and 24 hours were also higher. While MDA was negatively correlated with IgG, IgM, GGT, IgG and the specific gravity of colostrum, GSH-Px activity had a positive correlation with IgG, IgM, GGT, IgG and the specific gravity of colostrum. The observed differences in plasma MDA, GSH-Px, calf serum IgG and IgM levels, and colostrum quality between both groups suggest a possible seasonal effect. The relationship between maternal oxidant-antioxidant enzymes, colostrum quality, and passive calf immunity revealed that these enzymes could be used as indicators in the evaluation of calf health and colos- trum quality.
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Authors and Affiliations

H.E. Çolakoğlu
1
M.O. Yazlık
1
E.Ç. Çolakoğlu
2
U. Kaya
3
R. Bayramoğlu
4
S. Kurt
5
R. Vural
1
Ş. Küplülü
1
  1. Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
  2. Ankara University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 06110, Ankara, Turkey
  3. Hayat Mustafa Kamel University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, 31001, Hatay, Turkey
  4. Veterinary Practitioner, Farm Animal Managament Practicer, Western Thrace, Greece
  5. Dicle University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 21200, Diyarbakır, Turkey

Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of racecadotril in the treatment of neonatal calves with infectious diarrhea

B. Tras M. Ok M. Ider T.M. Parlak R. Yildiz H. Eser Faki Z. Ozdemir Kutahya K. Uney
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 4 | 559-569 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.148276
Keywords neonatal calf infectious diarrhea racecadotril treatment
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Abstract

Racecadotril, used as an antidiarrheal drug in humans and some animals such as the dog, inhibits peripheral enkephalinase, which degrades enkephalins and enkephalinase inhibition induces a selective increase in chloride absorption from the intestines. The study material consisted of 46 calves with infectious diarrhea and 14 healthy calves in the age 2-20 days. The calves were divided into eight groups; healthy calves (HG), healthy calves administered racecadotril (HRG), calves with E.coli-associated diarrhea (ECG), calves with E.coli-associated diarrhea administered racecadotril (ECRG), calves with bovine Rotavirus/Coronavirus-associated diarrhea (VG), calves with bovine Rotavirus/Coronavirus-associated diarrhea administered racecadotril (VRG), calves with C. parvum-associated diarrhea (CG) and calves with C. parvum-associated diarrhea administered racecadotril (CRG). Calves in the racecadotril groups received oral racecadotril at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg twice a day for 3 days. A routine clinical examination of all calves was performed. Hemogram and blood gas measurements were made from the blood samples. Standard diarrhea treatment was applied to the HG, ECG, CG, and VG groups. Clinical score parameters such as appetite, feces quality, dehydration, standing and death and some blood gas and hemogram parameters were evaluated to determine the clinical efficacy of racecadotril. Clinical score parameters were determined observationally. Blood gas measurements were performed using a blood gas analyzer. The hemogram was performed using an automated hematologic analyzer. Statistically significant differences were determined in the blood pH, bicarbonate, base deficit, lactate, and total leukocyte count in calves with diarrhea compared to healthy calves. After the treatments, these parameters were found to be within normal limits. At the end of treatment, 42 of the 46 diarrheal calves recovered, while 4 died. We found that racecadotril was effective in improving both clinical recovery and feces consistency in neonatal calves with diarrhea caused by E. coli. As a result, it can be stated that racecadotril, which has an antisecretory effect, is beneficial in the treatment of bacterial diarrhea caused by such as E. coli.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Tras
1
M. Ok
2
M. Ider
2
T.M. Parlak
1
R. Yildiz
3
H. Eser Faki
1
Z. Ozdemir Kutahya
4
K. Uney
1
  1. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Ardicli Neighborhood, 42100, Konya, Turkey
  2. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Ardicli Neighborhood, 42100, Konya, Turkey
  3. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Yakakoy, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
  4. Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cukurova, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Avenue, 01930, Adana, Turkey

Therapeutic potential of cristobalite in the treatment of calf diarrhea

U. Ozcan M.G. Sezener B.U. Sayilkan E. Kulluk A. Akman H. Cetiner V.E. Erguden S. Yaman S. Gumusova A. Ciftci Y. Meral D. Dalgın
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2022 | vol. 25 | No 3 | 437-446 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2022.142028
Keywords calf diarrhea cristobalite CS31a zeolite
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Abstract

Calf diarrhea continues to be the major problem of calves in the neonatal period. The effect of zeolites has been increasingly studied in ruminant health in recent years. In the present study, the efficacy of cristobalite, a zeolite, in neonatal calf diarrhea was studied first time. For this purpose, twenty-five neonatal calves with diarrheas were divided into two groups, and Group 1 (n=12) received conventional treatment and Group 2 (n=13) received cristobalite (Zoosorb 10 mg/kg) orally 3 times a day in addition to conventional treatment. Escherichia coli k99 and CS31a, bovine rotavirus and bovine coronavirus were isolated from fecal samples at the beginning of the treatment, on the third day and before discharge. It was determined that the recovery period in Group 2 was 0.95 (20.6%) days shorter than in Group 1 (p<0.05) while no viral agents were found on the fifth day in Group 2, viral shedding continued in 4 of 5 calves in Group 1. In conclusion, the study revealed that cristobalite speeds the recovery time and possibly decreases viral shedding in neonatal calf diarrhea, demonstrating a remarkable efficiency in the treatment.
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Authors and Affiliations

U. Ozcan
1
M.G. Sezener
2
B.U. Sayilkan
1
E. Kulluk
1
A. Akman
3
H. Cetiner
1
V.E. Erguden
2
S. Yaman
2
S. Gumusova
4
A. Ciftci
2
Y. Meral
1
D. Dalgın
1
  1. Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  3. Samsun Veterinary Control Institute, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey
  4. Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,Ondokuz Mayis University, TR-55200, Samsun, Turkey

First report of Blastocystis subtype ST25 in calves in Turkey

B. Aslan Çelik
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 2 | 195-201 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145022
Keywords Blastocystis calf molecular analysis phylogeny ST25 Turkey
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Abstract

Blastocystis spp. is a parasite that causes intestinal infection in humans and other animals. A few studies have been performed in Turkey on the distribution of Blastocystis in cattle. In this study, fecal samples were collected from 100 calves and subjected to analysis based on an SSU rRNA gene fragment. The overall prevalence of the disease was determined as 15% (15/100). This rate was 14.04% for females and 16.28% for males. In addition, three Blastocystis subtypes were identified: ST10, ST14, and novel subtypes ST25. To our knowledge, the ST25 subtype was reported with this study for the first time in Turkey. The nucleotide sequences (OM920832-OM920839) obtained in this study were deposited in GenBank. The results obtained will be useful for a better understanding of the epidemiology of Blastocystis spp., and its effects on public health.
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Authors and Affiliations

B. Aslan Çelik
1
  1. Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey

Prevalence of neonatal calf diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli and investigation of virulence factors, serotypes, and antibiotic susceptibility

M.R. Coşkun M. Şahin
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2023 | vol. 26 | No 3 | 335–341 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2023.145058
Keywords antimicrobial susceptibility calf diarrhea Escherichia coli serotype virulence factor
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Abstract

Neonatal calf diarrhea (NCD) is one of the most important concerns in cattle production. Escherichia coli is the most important bacterial agent of NCD. Although vaccination and antibiotic treatment are common in NCD, the high antigenic diversity of E. coli and the increase in antibiotic resistance cause difficulties in the control. The study aimed to investigate the rate of E. coli in calf diarrhea, isolate an agent of the NCD E. coli strain, determine antimicrobial resistance, and find out about some surface antigens. Fecal samples (n=115) were analyzed to isolate pathogenic E. coli strains with nine mixed infections; sixty-one strains isolate from fifty diarrhoeic calves. Among the isolates from diseased animals, 22 K99+STa+F41, 3 K99+STa, 3 strains F41, 2 strains Stx1, one strain K99, one strain eae, and one strain Stx2+eae were detected. 27 strains of F17- associated fimbriae have been identified. 17 strains F17a, 6 strains F111, 3 strains F17c, one strain carrying the F17a and F17c gene regions, whereas subfamily typing of one strain could not be performed. Serotypes were determined by molecular and serological methods: 32/61 (52.5%) isolates were O101 and 2/61 (3.3%) isolates were O9 serotypes. But 27 strain serotypes could not be detected. The antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were determined by the disc diffusion method. The resistance rates to antibiotics were trimethoprim- sulphamethoxazole 91.7%, ampicillin 86.7%, enrofloxacin 86.7%, gentamicin 45%, tobramycin 41.7%, cefotaxime 3.3%, and ceftazidime 1.7%. Due to increasing antibiotic resistance, prophylaxis is gaining importance. In further research, E. coli surface antigenic structures should be examined in detail, and it should form the basis for vaccine and hyperimmunization studies to be developed.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.R. Coşkun
1
M. Şahin
2
  1. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafkas University, 36100, Kars, Turkey
  2. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, 720038, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan

Cryptosporidiosis outbreak on a dairy farm: Detection of Cryptosporidium parvum as a causative agent in the water source

M. Karakavuk H. Can M. Döşkaya T. Karakavuk S. Erkunt-Alak A.E. Köseoğlu A. Gül C. Ün Y. Gürüz A. Değirmenci-Döşkaya
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 3 | 323-333 | DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2021.137669
Keywords neonatal calves Cryptosporidium parvum diarrhea Real-time PCR calf lose
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Abstract

Diarrhea caused by parasitic agents is common in neonatal calves and leads to significant economic losses in cattle farms worldwide. Cryptosporidium spp. is one of the most frequently detected parasitic agents causing diarrhea in neonatal calves. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. on a dairy farm which a has major diarrhea problem. Samples were collected from calves, cows, drinking bowls, and two different artesian water sources, as well as from the environment. All fecal samples were investigated using Kinyoun acid-fast stained slides and real-time PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium spp. COWP gene. In addition, species identification was performed by nested PCR targeting the Cryptosporidium spp. COWP gene and sequencing. Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 11 calves (30.55%; 11/36) by real-time PCR and the cows were negative. Among real-time PCR positive samples, only five were also found positive by microscopy. Moreover, Cryptosporidium spp. was found in one of the two artesian water sources and five environmental samples by real-time PCR. Among these positive samples, eight were sequenced. According to the RFLP pattern, BLAST and, phylogenetic analyses, all sequenced samples were Cryptosporidium parvum. These findings show the importance of C. parvum as a cause of calf diarrhea on dairy farms.
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Authors and Affiliations

M. Karakavuk
1 2
H. Can
3
M. Döşkaya
1
T. Karakavuk
1
S. Erkunt-Alak
3
A.E. Köseoğlu
3
A. Gül
4
C. Ün
3
Y. Gürüz
1
A. Değirmenci-Döşkaya
1
  1. Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
  2. Ege University, Ödemiş Vocational School, Veterinary technology programs, Ödemiş, Izmir, Turkey
  3. Ege University Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
  4. Ege University Faculty of Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey

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