In this article, I am examining the role of categorization in understanding. The problem arises from well-known distinction between explanation and understanding, which has been for a century pursued in hermeneutic tradition. Categorization belongs to explanatory endeavor and its role in understanding is unclear. In order to delimit the scope of inquiry I am focusing on the weakest kind of categorization, so called categorization ad hoc. I am examining the hypothesis to the effect that categorization plays its role in hermeneutic circle as some sort of preunderstanding. Eventually, however, I reject this hypothesis. It is because it leads to hermeneutic paradox: The notion of pre-understanding has a meaning only in the context of full-fledged understanding, which is an unattainable ideal. Such ideal cannot be used as a personal criterion of the quality of one’s understanding. There is a tension between the feeling of understanding and the scarcity of personal means to justify this feeling. I am suggesting that similar, albeit weaker effect occurs also in more elaborate, scientific categorizations. What is really wrong in the passage from categorization to understanding is some form of self-understanding: We do not know whether we understand better, or at all when we put some categorical order onto our experience. We do not seem to have the required meta-understanding.

Defects affect the properties and behavior of the casting during its service life. Since the defects can occur due to different reasons, they

must be correctly identified and categorized, to enable applying the appropriate remedial measures. several different approaches for

categorizing casting defects have been proposed in technical literature. They mainly rely on physical description, location, and formation

of defects. There is a need for a systematic approach for classifying investment casting defects, considering appropriate attributes such as

their size, location, identification stage, inspection method, consistency, appearance of defects. A systematic approach for categorization of

investment casting defects considering multiple attributes: detection stage, size, shape, appearance, location, consistency and severity of

occurrence. Information about the relevant attributes of major defects encountered in investment casting process has been collected from

an industrial foundry. This has been implemented in a cloud-based system to make the system freely and widely accessible.

The sports landscape is constantly changing due to innovation and entrepreneurship. The availability of technology led to the emergence of esports and augmented sports. Biofeedback and sensing technologies can be used for athlete monitoring and training purposes. Research on motor control deals with planning and execution of bodily movements and provides some insights towards formal presentation of sports.
Previous research provided many sports categorization models. On many occasions, published articles did not distinguish competitive gameplay activities (gaming) from athletic performance (esports). Our goal was to define esports by extending existing universal sport definitions and propose a novel modular computational framework for categorizing sports through environments and signals.
We have fulfilled our goals by illustrating how signals flow within competitive (sports) environments. Our esports definition introduces esports as a group of sports similar to motorsports. Moreover, we have defined mathematical foundations for signal processing by various actors (athletes, referees, environments, intermediate processing steps). We have demonstrated that representing sports as a multidimensional signal can lead to the categorization of sports through computation. We claim that our approach could be applied to transfer training methods from similar sports, analysis of the training process, and referee error measurement.
Our study was not without limitations. Further research is required to validate our theoretical model by embedding available variables in latent space to calculate similarity measures between sports.

The objective of the paper was the hydrological analysis, in terms of categorizing main watercourses (based on coupled catchments) and marking areas covered by potential impact of the occurrence and activities of the European beaver Castor fi ber . At the analysed area – the Forest District Głogów Małopolski there is a population of about 200 beavers in that Forest District. Damage inflicted by beavers was detected on 33.0 ha of the Forest District, while in the area of 13.9 ha the damage was small (below 10%). The monitoring of the beavers’ behaviour and the analysis of their influence on hydrology of the area became an important element of using geoinformationtools in the management of forest areas. ArcHydro ArcGIS Esri module was applied, as an integrated set of tools for hydrographical analysis and modelling. Further steps of the procedure are hydrologic analyses such as: marking river networks on the DTM, filling holes, making maps of the flow direction, making the map of the accumulation flow, defining and segmentation of streams, marking elementary basins, marking coupled basins, making dams in the places, where beavers occur and localization of the area with a visible impact of damming. The result of the study includes maps prepared for the Forest District: the map of main rivers and their basins, categories of watercourses and compartments particularly threatened by beaver’s foraging.

The aim of the study was to examine how the manipulation of information about hypothetical presidential candidates infl uenced youth’ attitudes towards them. The experiment was conducted on 929 subjects (454 women and 475 men), who were either pupils in their fi nal year of secondary school or university students, aged 18–25. The amount of information about politicians was manipulated (politicians’ gender, political affi liation, moral and competence traits (positive or negative), political programme characteristics). The results showed that (1) the own-group favoritism effect was observed only among female participants, (2) female presidential candidate was evaluated better than male presidential candidate in conditions of positive information, yet, when negative information about candidates was provided, female presidential candidate was evaluated worse than male presidential candidate.

The author submits a brief account of his claim concerning the ethical component of the speaking beings’ nature. He voiced these views at a number of places, beginning with his works in the mid‑nineties. As against Kant’s idea of God being the source of moralisches Gefühl, or of his „categorical imperative”, the logically necessary (and thus sufficient) root of speaking beings’ ethical nature must be seen in their language faculty as such (while nothing deprives God of what used to be called „His gift” of that faculty). A linguistic‑analytic reasoning that leads to the above conclusion is presented.

Traditional clustering algorithms which use distance between a pair of data points to calculate their similarity are not suitable for clustering of boolean and categorical attributes. In this paper, a modified clustering algorithm for categorical attributes is used for segmentation of customers. Each segment is then mined using frequent pattern mining algorithm in order to infer rules that helps in predicting customer’s next purchase. Generally, purchases of items are related to each other, for example, grocery items are frequently purchased together while electronic items are purchased together. Therefore, if the knowledge of purchase dependencies is available, then those items can be grouped together and attractive offers can be made for the customers which, in turn, increase overall profit of the organization. This work focuses on grouping of such items. Various experiments on real time database are implemented to evaluate the performance of proposed approach.