We used an artificial substratum (plexiglass tiles) to compare diatom communities at three different depths at two sites differing in their hydrological conditions and glacier melt-water influence. Samples at 1 m depth were taken during early summer in 2018, whereas samples at 3 m and 6.5 m were obtained in late summer 2020. The tiles were submerged for a period of up to 45 days in 2018, and up to 34 days in 2020. Water temperature, salinity, conductivity, oxygen saturation and concentrations, and Secchi depth were measured multiple times at both sites. During late summer of 2020 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) was also measured at depths of 3, 6.5 and 10 m at both sites. The communities constituted of a total of 50 taxa. Colonization and community development followed the same scheme at both sites and at all depths, with an early establishment of the dominant taxa, and a decline in species richness, diversity, and evenness indices over the time towards relatively stable low values. Based on the results of PERMANOVA, ANOSIM and SIMPER analyses, diatom communities were site-specific, with 49% dissimilarity between the sites. Mechanical disturbances, such as wave action and ice scouring, as well as depth (and light availability) seemed to be the main factors driving the differences. The motile Navicula aff. perminuta dominated under mechanical disturbances at various light conditions, Navicula glaciei preferred calm shallow waters, and erect diatom growth forms were present in higher numbers in deeper waters with deteriorated light conditions.

Main aim of the study was to search for possible differences in diatom colonization and their communities under the influence of glacier meltwater inflow and when unaffected by glacier meltwater, and also to define the time needed for the development of diatom communities on newly submerged substrates at small depths in Antarctica. We used artificial substrates (Plexiglass© tiles), submerged at a depth of 1 m below the sea surface at two locations at the South Bay of Livingston Island: (1) Johnsons Dock – a cove, known to receive glacier meltwater with sediments, and (2) outside the cove, generally unaffected by glacial meltwater. Samples from the natural epilithon at similar depth were also taken as a reference for diatom community structure. Statistical testing the differences between the two sites was not possible this time, but the samples allowed us to compare the sites in terms of diatom growth, species richness, diversity and evenness changes in diatom communities along the time of the experiment at both sites and with the natural epilithon at similar depths. Diatom colonization followed the three-phases scheme (colonization, logarithmic growth and equilibrium) as in other latitudes. Based on the valve density and community indices e.g. species richness, diversity (1-D) and evenness (J’), we consider that at least three weeks might be necessary to obtain sufficiently representative for the environment diatom communities on new substrates at small depths in Antarctica, in conditions similar to those of South Bay. No particular differences between the sites were noted in the colonization scheme, but the diversity (1-D) and evenness (J’) were higher at glacier influenced site, as well as the number of the valves on the substrates. Sea ice diatoms prevailed at the glacier influenced site. We suggest that species exchange between the sea ice and other hard substrates do exist, at least for some taxa, and such species might be indicative for variations in both salinity and water transparency, related to glacial meltwater inflow.

The aim of the study was to determine species structure of aquatic bugs in four anthro-pogenic water reservoirs. Heteroptera structure observed in studied reservoirs was clearly differen-tiated, which refers to age of the ponds. Newly created water reservoirs become quickly colonized mainly by pioneering species Corixinae, which led to formation of taxonomic group population of density exceeding 2700 indiv. m-2. In older reservoirs there were fish, which potential predation pressure led to almost a complete decline of bugs. The reason of bugs poverty in water reservoirs colonized by fish was also probably a small habitat diversity, leading to lack of refuges from predators.

The effects of application of an artificial honeydew mixture of glucose, fructose and trehalose (GFT), honey and Bemisia tabaci nymph-extract as kairomonal sources in enhancing the foraging efficiency and performance of Eretmocerus sp. near furuhashii on cucumber plants were studied. Experiments were conducted in small greenhouses (4×3×3 m) using life table methods. Life table data indicated that the total mortality in B. tabaci immature cohorts in all treatments was in the order of fourth instar > first instar > second = third > egg > pupa cohorts. The tested kairomonal materials had a significant effect on the rate of parasitism (p > 0.0415) with 13.23, 9.04 and 10.54% higher than that of control in artificial honeydew of GFT, nymph-extract and honey treatments, respectively. B. tabaci egg/adult survival ratio was also significantly affected (p > 0.0001) by the tested kairomonal sources being lowest (22.91%) in nymph-extract treatment. Moreover, the tested kairomonal materials arrested significantly more parasitoids to colonize the treated plants comparing to control. Apparently, the tested materials were significantly effective in attracting the parasitoids up to 3 days after applications then significant difference was not found between treatments.

Research over a three year period indicated that P. ramorum occurred rarely in Poland on Rhododendron spp., in spite of established monitoring in nurseries, trade stands, forest and water from early spring to late autumn each year. The pathogen was not found in forests on Vaccinium vitisidaea, Calluna vulgaris, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus rubra, proving its limited spread. The species was detected, however, from 2 rivers. P. citricola was isolated from most of surveyed plants. Besides this P. cactorum, P. cinnamomi, P.citrophthora and P. nicotianae var. nicotianae were isolated from diseased plants. Additionally Pestalotia sydowiana, species of Fusarium, Botrytis cinerea and Trichoderma were often found in diseased plant tissues. Laboratory and glasshouse research showed slight differences in colonization of plants by P. ramorum and P. citricola. However, taking into account the range of host plants, and frequency of pathogen occurrence in infected plant material and water, it became clear that P. citricola poses a much greater danger than P. ramorum to the natural environment in Poland.

We test the application of dendrochronological methods for dating and assessing the environmental impacts of tsunamis in polar regions, using an example of the 21 November 2000 landslide−generated tsunami in Vaigat Strait (Sullorsuaq Strait), West Greenland. The studied tsunami inundated a c . 130 m−wide coastal plain with seawater, caused erosion of beaches and top soil and covered the area with an up to 35 cm−thick layer of tsunami deposits composed of sand and gravel. Samples of living shrub, Salix glauca (greyleaf willow) were collected in 2012 from tsunami−flooded and non−flooded sites. The tree−ring analyses reveal unambiguously that the tsunami−impacted area was immediately colonized during the following summer by rapidly growing shrubs, whilst one of our control site specimens records evidence for damage that dates to the time of the tsunami. This demonstrates the potential for dendrochronological methods to act as a precise tool for the dating of Arctic paleotsunamis, as well as rapid post−tsunami ecosystem recovery. The reference site shrubs were likely damaged by solifluction in the autumn 2000 AD that was triggered by high seasonal rainfall, which was itself a probable contributory factor to the tsunami−generating landslide.

The aims of the study was to establish whether differences exist between periphytic ciliate communities on different substrates; to determine whether colonization time would yield an abundance and taxonomic composition of ciliates; to assess the effect of physical and chemical factors on the distribution of ciliates in a shallow hypertrophic lake. Generally the species richness as well as the abundance ofpcriphytic ciliates arc determined mostly by the habitats and chemical properties of the waters (especially the content of total organic carbon and nitrate nitrogen), and, to a lesser extent, by the type of the colonized substrate. Moreover, exposition time of the substrates affected both an increase in the richness of periphytic ciliates and the changes in their trophic structure. At the beginning of the experiment the substrates were intensively colonized by typically bacterivorous species, yet prolonged exposition time resulted in an increasing proportion of omnivorous species.

The Ways of the Diaspora in the narrative of Claudio Magris – One of the themes in the works of Claudio Magris is that of the frontiers between nations which have been divided by arbitrary political decisions. This is the case with Central Europe, which forms a sort of transnational melting pot and which has hosted the Hebrew Diaspora. The theme of the Diaspora plays a key role in many of Magris books, in particular Lontano da dove. In his recent novel, Non luogo a procedere, one of the topics is the slave trade, a sort of African Diaspora.

Incidence of colonic atresia in living infants ranges from 1:5,000 to 1:60,000 (average 1:20,000). It constitutes 1.8 to 15% of all cases of atresia of the gastrointestinal tract. In 58.56–75% of all cases is right-sided. We aim, through the presentation of two cases of colonic atresia which we encountered and after systematic research of the current literature, at addressing three major issues: diagnostic approach, operative strategy and management of the prognostic parameters of the colonic atresia. The common parameter in these two cases was the early diagnosis, which played a significant role in the uncomplicated postoperative course. The first case was a type I sigmoid atresia. Contrast’s escape during contrast enema examination due to accidental rupture of the distal part of the colon led to diagnosis. Side-to-side anastomosis, restoration of the rupture and a central loop sigmoidostomy were urgently performed. The second case was a type III atresia at the level of the ascending colon, which was early diagnosed via pregenital ultrasonography, in which colonic dilation was depicted. Restoration of the intestinal continuity early after birth was performed at a time. In conclusion, we believe that early diagnosis, selection of the appropriate operative strategy and prompt recognition of potential post-operative complications, especially rupture of the anastomosis, contribute to the optimization of the prognosis in patients with colonic atresia.

The Kharkiv text of Ukrainian literature is examined for the first time from the point of view of a cross‑cultural analysis of the iconic work by H. Kvitka‑Osnovʹyanenko The Foundation of Kharkiv. The expediency for introducing this concept into academic circulation is argued for because of the traditional covering of Kharkiv and Sloboda Ukraine in literature, culture, and history. Substantiated are the conditions and specifics of the integral text about the city and the formation of identity under the influence of frontier psychology. Emphasized are the differences between the creation of national stereotypes and the birth of an independent worldview, and postcolonial experience.

The Baltic Sea has always played a vital part in the history of Poland. In the light of the resolutions of the Yalta Conference, Poland’s boarders were shifted, including Western Pomerania in its territory. In 1945 Kołobrzeg was the most severely destroyed city on that territory. The city was either already ablaze or set on fire by German gangs active at that time. All its pre-war functions were non-existent. The harbour was immobilized, the economic basis fell apart. The city was devoided of water, power and food delivery was problematic. The newly-arrived Polish settlers perceived Kołobrzeg as a tragic and overwhelming image of a “dead city”. The area was dominated by debris, the stench of decomposing bodies of German soldiers and looters arriving from central Poland. The Wehrwolf pursued sabotages and the most terrifying Red Army committed crime and rapes. In the light of the population records and files of the Registry Office the inflow of people was rather slow during the first months, only to increase the pace in the following years. Many of them believed they would find employment rebuilding the city or in the harbour. The settlers had long been insecure about the temporary character of Poland in Western Pomerania and on the Baltic coast.

Arbuscular mycorrizal (AM) fungi may enhance plant growth and polyphenol production, however, there have been limited studies on the relationships between root colonization of different fungal species and polyphenol production on cultivated Allium porrum (garden leek). The effects of inoculation of AM fungi spores from Rhizophagus intraradices, Giga -spora margarita, Glomus geosporum, Paraglomus occultum, Claroideoglomus claroideum, and Glomus species on colonization of garden leek roots and symbiotic changes in polyphenol production and plant growth were evaluated in greenhouse experiments. There were significant differences (p < 0.05) in colonization of leek roots by AM fungi species. The greatest level of root colonization was recorded on plants inoculated with R. intraradices (73%) and the lowest level on C. claroideum (3.2%). Significant differences (p < 0.05) in plant height were recorded between AM inoculated plants and the controls. Polyphenol levels differed significantly (p < 0.05) between garden leek plants inoculated with AM fungi and the non-inoculated controls. The percentage increases in polyphenol (a derivative of kaempferol) on garden leeks inoculated with G. geosporum relative to the untreated controls ranged from 28 to 1123%. Due to symbiosis with different AM species, other polyphenols decreased in some instances (negative values) and increased in others for values of up to 590%. Results showed that AM fungi species exhibited remarkable differences in polyphenol levels in garden leeks. The high polyphenol production by garden leek plants inoculated with G. geosporum, and Glomus species could be exploited for enhanced resistance of garden leeks to insects and diseases. This research highlights an understudied area, notably the relationships between AM fungal inoculations, root colonizations and polyphenol production in garden leeks. The findings can be utilized to improve pest resistance and the quality of garden leek plants.