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Number of results: 18
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Abstract

The objective of the project was to find out whether the composting process of municipal waste may be used as a low temperature heat source. It was determined that during high temperature phase of the process on average 930.5 kJ of heat is produced per kg of compost. The designed and made laboratory model was used for carrying out three stages of testing, boiling down to running the composting process with parallel heat recuperation from the process. Basing on the tests, the parameters having affecting the heat recuperation process effectiveness were determined, viz.: optimum initial temperature of cooling water should be approximately 30°C, the reduction of flow rate of the cooling water has advantageous impact on the increase of process efficiency, whereas the safe temperature lower limit for compost cooling should be higher than 52°C (which safeguards compost sanitary purity). It was also observed that in parallel to compost age heat recuperation process efficiency is declining.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Klejment
Marian Rosiński
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Abstract

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect otthe composting process in the container technology Kneer on E. coli inactivation. The bacteria placed in the special carriers were introduced into the composted material. The elimination rate of E. coli differed depending on both the carriers· location in the biomass and the thermal conditions. The most effective hygienization, nr the material was noticed in summer - after 48 h in the middle layer, 6 days in the top layer and 10 days in the bottom layer. In spring and autumn, the bacteria survived the longest in the bottom layer - 85 and 45 days, respectively. Apart from the high temperature, the research points out the action of other factors such as competition, antagonism and antibiosis.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Szala
Zbigniew Paluszak
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Abstract

Composts made of municipal solid waste could be widely used in reclamation of soil-less mechanically transformed grounds. Even though its usefulness, bearing in mind its origin, it is necessary to consider the compost composition in order to avoid posing a threat to environment due to the possible emission of toxic substances which could be present in compost. Especially, organic waste should be monitored, because being present in composts it might be leached and pose a risk to groundwater and plants. In this work the leaching tests were carried out to state the solubility of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water. The both tests results show low solubility of PAHs, max. 10.4% in lysimetrie test and 3.9% in one-step leaching test.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Ciesielczuk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The main objective of presented research work was the assessment of the impact of reduced straw content, as organic carbon source, on the course of sewage sludge composting process. During the research work performed in industrial conditions, the composting process going in periodically overturned windrows differing in proportion of dehydrated sludge, straw and structural material being 4:1:1 and 8:1:2 respectively, was observed. The consequence of increase of sludge concentration with relation to straw was decrease of C:N ratio in the input material from 11.5 to 8.5. The following parameters were analyzed as indicators for the assessment of the composting process: contents of fulvic acids (FA), humic acids (HA), lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose as well as absorbance in UV/VIS (λ=280, 465 and 665 nm) range. The results obtained have indicated that the increase of sludge content extends the elevated temperature (T>50°C) period from 42 days to approximately 65 days. Our tests did not confirm that limitation of straw content added to sewage sludge had any adverse effect on the course of composting. PI index (HA/FA), which qualifies the compost as mature in the first case – No 1, exceeds limit value of 3.6 on the 83rd day whereas, in the second case No 2, on the 48th day.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Sidełko
1
Bartosz Walendzik
1
Małgorzata Smuga-Kogut
1
Beata Janowska
1
Kazimierz Szymański
1
Anna Głowacka
2
Aleksandra Leśniańska
1

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
  2. West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the work was to develop a mathematical model using equations of fluid mechanics that describe the dynamics of air flow in a part of the compost aerating system integrated with a stationary reactor. The results of the simulation show that adjusting the flow resistance along the entire length of the compost aerating duct, depending on the distance from the connection of the duct with the fan's pressure conduit pipe through gradually increasing the air outflow area by increasing the number of repeatable gaps, yields a uniform pressure distribution above the grate. The process parameters used for computation were relevant to composting a subscreen fraction separated from mixed municipal waste using 80 mm mesh screen (Fr<80 mm) under real conditions. Microsoft EXCEL 2010 software and STATISTICA version 13.3 by StatSoft were used for numerical and statistical analysis of the test results. The research results are presented in four tables and five figures and discussed in the text of the article. During tests performed in real conditions, various variants were tested for reactor filling level and air outflow active surfaces in subsequent grate parts (Fc (i)). It was found that the target waste layer thickness i.e. 3.0 m and Fc (i) changes, in accordance with the values of the developed model, result in a stable pressure distribution pd, amounting to 1506 Pa and 1495 Pa at the grate front and end part.
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Bibliography

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  2. Cui, C., Zhang, X. & Cai W. (2020). An energy-saving oriented air balancing method for demand controlled ventilation systems with branch and black-box model, Appl. Energy, 264, 11473. DOI:10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114734
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  4. Gałwa-Widera, M. & Kwarciak-Kozłowska, A. (2016). Methods for elimination of odor in the composting process, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 18, pp. 850-860.
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  10. Kisielewska, M., Dębowski, M. & Zieliński, M. (2020). Comparison of biogas production from anaerobic digestion of microalgae species belonged to various taxonomic groups. Archives of Environmental Protection, vol. 46, pp. 33-40. DOI:10.24425/aep.2020.132523
  11. Klimek, A., Rolbiecki, S. & Rolbiecki R. (2018). Effects of mulching with forest litter and compost made of sewage sludge on the presence of oribatida as bioindicators of soil revitalization in larch and pine in-ground forest nurseries, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 20, pp. 681-696.
  12. Lanzerstorfer, Ch., Neder, F. & Schmied, R. (2016). Constant design air flow industrial ventilation systems with regenerative dust filters: Economic comparison of fan speed-controlled air damper controlled and uncontrolled operation, Energy and Buildings, 128, pp. 503–510. DOI:10.1016/j.enbuild.2016.07.032
  13. Lubczyńska, U. (2017). Applied hydraulic in environmental engineering. Publishing House, Kielce University of Technology, 2017.
  14. Nguyen, T.P., Koyama, M. & Nakasaki, K. (2022). Effects of oxygen supply rate on organic matter decomposition and microbial communities during composting in a controlled lab-scale composting system, Waste Management, Vol. 153, pp. 275-282. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.09.004
  15. Nogueira Da Silva Vilela, R., Amorim Orrico, C.A., Previdelli Orrico Junior, M.A., Aspilcueta Borquis, R.R., Dias de Oliveira, M.T.J., De Avila M. R., Torres dos Santos, F. & Viana Leite, B.K. (2022). Effects of aeration and season on the composting of slaughter house waste, Environmental Technol. & Innov, 27, 102505. DOI:10.1016/j.eti.2022.102505
  16. Pączka, G., Garczyńska, M., Mazur-Pączka, A., Podolak, A., Szura, R., Skoczko, I. & Kostecka, J. (2018). Vermicomposting of sugar beet pulps using Eisenia Fetida (sav.) earthworms, Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska, 20, pp. 588-601.
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  18. Sadeghi, S., Nikaeen, M., Mohammadi, F., Nafez, A.H., Gholipour, S., Shamsizadeh, Z. & Hadi, M. (2022). Microbial characteristics of municipal solid waste compost: Occupational and public health risks from surface applied compost, Waste Management, 144, pp.98-105. DOI:10.1016/j.wasman.2022.03.012
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  27. Wang, X., Bai, Z., Yao, Y., Gao, B., Chadwick, D., Chen, Q., Hu, Ch. & Ma, L. (2018). Composting with negative pressure aeration for the mitigation of ammonia emissions and global warming potential, J. of Cleaner Production, 195 (10), pp. 448-557. DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.146
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Sidełko
1
Dariusz Boruszko
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Koszalin University of Technology, Poland
  2. Bialystok University of Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Results of toluene and p-xylene containing model gases biofiltration are presented. Process was carried out on columns packed with two kinds of non-modified composts. Velocity and efficiency of biofiltration was determined and plotted vs. impurities concentration and linear gas velocity. Highest, average for the top section of the column, values of the decomposition velocity were found to be ca. 80 g/m3 /h, and average for the whole column ca. 40 g/m3/h respectively. Fluctuations of these values at similar, well controlled, measurement parameters were however encounter, most probable due to varying hardly adjustable humidity of the column bed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Wieczorek
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Abstract

The study was conducted in the area of the impact of sulfur mine in Jeziórko. The aim of the study was to assess changes in pH, cation exchange capacity and content of available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium after 6 years of conducting remediation. In the experiment (plots with an area of 15 m2) degraded soil was rehabilitating by post-floating lime and compost from sewage sludge, sewage sludge and ash from combined heat and power (CHP). Composts at a dose of dry matter 180 t · ha-1 (6%), were determined in accordance with Minister of the Environment Regulation from 2001, applied the following options: control (only native soil limed), compost from municipal sewage sludge, sewage sludge compost (80%) and ash (20%), compost from sewage sludge (70%) and ash (30%). The reclaimed plots were sown with mixture of rehabilitation grass. Single de-acidification, land fertilization and a further 6-year extensive (without fertilization) use had a different influence on the properties of the native soilless substratum. Irrespective of the reclamation manner, after six years land use in the upper layers, observed increase in the average content of available phosphorus, available potassium content does not changed significantly but recorded a tenfold decrease in the content of available magnesium.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Baran
Anna Wójcikowska-Kapusta
Grażyna Żukowska
Marta Bik-Małodzińska
Sylwia Wesołowska-Dobruk
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Abstract

The paper contains a micobiological characteristic of sewage sludge composted in controlled conditions together with bio-wastes (straw, sawdust, bark). An experiment was carried out in which the composted material was mixed up in adequate weight proportion and placed in biorcactor chambers with a constant air flow. The composting process aimed at defining the development dynamics and the survival of pathogenic microorganisms in the sewage sludge composted with different additions in a cybernetic bioreactor. Samples of compost necessary for microbiological analyses were taken at the same time, in reference to the actual temperature value. Bacteriological studies were carried out on selected substrates by plate method determining the number of pathogenic bacteria from the species: Salmonella, Clostridium perfringens, as well as from Enterobacteriaccac family. In the experiments, the presence of living eggs or intestinal ATT pathogens was determined by floatation method, as well. Il was found that the sewage sludge used in composting process did not contain any Salmonella spp. bacteria or any living eggs of intestinal ATT pathogens. Composting process completely eliminated the number or bacteria from Enterobactcriaccae family, bul it did not contribute lo the elimination of Clostridium perfringens bacteria. On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the elimination of the studied groups of microorganisms, in all studied composts took place with the increase of temperature. In the case or Enterobacteriaceae, it was found that their complete removal from the composted material took place in chamber K3, while in the remaining chambers, it followed 48 hours later. Elimination ofthe vegetative forms ofC!oslridium perfringens bacteria followed after 96 hours of composting, in all composts at the same time. The obtained composts met the sanitary norms according lo the regulations of the EC Commission No. I 85/2007 of February 20, 2007 which changed the regulation of WE No. 809/2003 and WE No. 810/2003 referring to the extension of the validity period of transitional means for composting plants and biogas producing plants according to the instruction orWE No. 1774/2002 of European Parliament and Council and according to the instruction of the Minister for Agriculture and Country Development (2004).
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Dach
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Abstract

In order to select the most optimum parameters for running heat recuperation process from aerobic composting process, three testing stages were run involving the registration of the value of recuperated heat volume and the observation of cooling impact on composting process parameters. The values of thermal conductivity coefficient were measured as a function of compost temperature, density and age. The values ranged from 0.171 to 0.300 W/mK. The optimum parameters for process running were selected. Basing on them it was estimated how much heat will be possible to recuperate during the composting process on industrial scale using a battery of heat exchangers. For artificially aerated pile with the following dimensions: lower base 8 m, upper base 5 m, height 3.5 m, length 3 m; it will be possible to recuperate approximately 7.4 kW (from 1 m2 of heat exchanger surface - 774 W).
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Klejment
Marian Rosiński
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Abstract

The paper presents microbiological characteristics of sewage sludge derived from the mechanicalbiological sewage treatment plant and farmyard manure as well as composts manufactured from them. In the performed experiment, four types of composts were analyzed. The first of them comprised the sewage sludge alone, the second one - was made up only of farmyard manure, while the remaining composts were prepared by mixing the above-mentioned bio-wastcs in the following proportions: 75% sewage sludge+ 25% farmyard manure and 50% sewage sludge + 50% farmyard manure. The next stage of experiments involved analyses of the composts incubated with soil. The following assays were carried out in the experimental composts and mixtures of soil and composts: counts of Salmonella sp., E. coli, Clostridium perfringens, total counts of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes on selective media employing the plate method. The performed investigations revealed that the composting process resulted in complete riddance of the Salmonella sp. and reduction in the numbers of the remaining groups of microorganisms. Therefore, it can be said that the composted sewage sludge was suitable for the utilization for agricultural purposes in accordance with the Directive of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development of October 2004. Moreover, it was found that, as early as 60 days after the introduction of composts into the soil, counts of the majority of the analyzed groups of microorganisms (with the exception of actinornycctcs and E. coli), including pathogenic bacteria from the C. perfringens genus, were found reduced. The obtained research results proved that the introduction of bi o-wastes into the soil may decrease survivability in the natural environment of certain pathogens; hence it is a good method of utilization of this organic material.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Wolna-Maruwka
Jacek Czekała
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Abstract

The fumigant pesticide methyl bromide (MB) is no longer used in most countries due to its carcinogenic effects. It is followed by carbon bisulfide and chloropicrin which are the most effective liquid synthetic chemicals in pesticide formulations. They are converted to gas to penetrate soil particles and eliminate plant pests such as insects, weeds, and causal plant diseases of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and nematodes under greenhouse, field and storage conditions. These fumigants are non specific pesticides and highly hazardous to humans, environmental resources, and deplete the ozone layers. Furthermore, increasing the cost of crop production by inceasing the amount of pesticides treatments was increased the cost of research on the alternatives of green pesticides from eco-friendly agents, natural organic soil amendments of organic wastes, green manure, biofumigation crops, compost, and essential oils, as well as formulations, are examples of this. Organic fumigants that are non toxic, non-residual, highly degradable and decomposable are available as eco-friendly alternatives to chemical pesticides to manage soil borne pests and diseases of plants. This article summarizes the development of applicable eco-friendly formulations which use natural organic materials to disinfest soil in order to reduce plant diseases caused by soil- -borne pathogens.
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Authors and Affiliations

El-Sayed Hussein Ziedan
1

  1. Plant Pathology Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract

Results of study on biofiltration of waste gases arising during lacquer covering of coil wires are presented. Gases contained over 50 compounds, phenol, cresols, in between. Biofiltration was carried out on compost bed at 0.28 emfs average linear velocity of gases. Efficiency of the whole process reached over 99%. Significant decrease of concentration of several compounds already in humidifier has been encountered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Wieczorek
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Abstract

In the present paper changes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) content were evaluated during composting of sewage sludge stabilized with coal fly ash. The content of PAHs in sewage sludge used for composting was I 0385 μg/kg (±830). In fly ash only three PAHs were determined (phenanthrene - 0.9 μg/kg, anthraccnc - 1.9 μg/kg and chrysenc - 2.7 μg/kg). Addition of fly ash to composted sewagesludge had various - dependent on its share - effect on PAHs mineralization. Relatively best degradation (66.3%) was noted when sewage sludge was mixed with fly ash in amount 20% (w/w). In composted sewage sludge and sludge with 30% addition of fly ash a decrease of PAH content was also observed (38 and 32.4% respectively). Relatively "best" mineralization was noted for 3-ring PAHs. Estimated half-lives of all investigated compounds depended on individual PAHs properties and ranged from 59 to 1164 days.
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Authors and Affiliations

Patryk Oleszczuk
Stanisław Baran
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Abstract

W doświadczeniu poletkowym badano bezpośredni i następczy wpływ nawożenia kompostem z odpadów zieleni miejskiej w dawkach IO i 20 Mgha' na skład agregatowy, wodoodporność agregatów, właściwości wodne i powietrzne gleby płowej typowej wytworzonej z lessu, ulegającej powierzchniowej erozji wodnej. W pierwszym roku badań stwierdzono, że nawożenie kompostem istotnie zmniejszyło niekorzystną zawartość bryi o wymiarach> IO mm, a zwiększyło zawartość powietrznie suchych agregatów 1-5 mm i 0,25-1 mm w warstwie 0-1 O cm gleby zerodowanej. Wdrugim roku po zastosowaniu kompostu wglebie istotnie zwiększyła się zawartość wodoodpornych agregatów o wymiarach 0,25-10 mm w porównaniu z glebą poletek kontrolnych. W trzecim roku po zastosowaniu kompostu nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic w składzie agregatowym i wodoodporności agregatów glebowych. W bezpośrednim działaniu dodatek kompostu istotnie zmniejszy! gęstość gleby, istotnie zwiększy!wilgotność aktualną, pelnąpojemnośćwodną, przewodnictwo wodne nasycone, porowatość ogólną, zawartośćmakroporówo średnicy> 20 μmi przepuszczalność powietrznąwpowierzchniowej warstwie gleby. Podwpływemnawożenia kompostemnie zmieniła się istotnie polowa pojemnośćwodna i retencja wody użytecznej dla roślin, natomiast zawartośćmezoporówglebowych o średnicy 0,2-20 μmistotnie zmniejszyła się. Wartości wskaźnika jakości stanu fizycznego gleby S według Dextera w glebie nawożonej kompostem były zbliżone do wartości wskaźnika w obiektach kontrolnych. Bardziej skuteczne było nawożenie kompostem w dawce 20 Mg·ha·1•
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Paluszek
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Abstract

The paper deals with the study upon the possibility to reduce migration of deposited pesticide wastes by using natural and waste sorption agents that would make a screen against plant protection means penetration into the hydrosphere. Sewage sludge from dairy treatment plant "Mlekovita" in Wysokie Mazowieckie as well as the same sludge with sawdust composted under natural conditions in Rudka Forestry Inspectorate was applied as natural sorption agents. Freundlich's and Langmuir's isotherms revealed that raw (no composting) sewage sludge showed better sorption features towards chloroorganic pesticides.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Ignatowicz
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Abstract

Phytolith-occluded carbon (PhytOC) is highly stable, and constitutes an important source of long-term C storage in agrosystems. This stored carbon is resistant to the processes of oxidation of carbon compounds. In our research phytolith content in barley (Estonia) and oat (Poland) grain and straw was assessed at field trials, with Si as a liquid immune stimulant OPTYSIL and compost fertilisation. We showed that cereals can produce relatively high amounts of phytoliths. PhytOC plays a key role in carbon sequestration, particularly for poor, sandy Polish and Estonian soils. The phytolith content was always higher in straw than in grain regardless of the type of cereals. The phytolith content in oat grains varied from 18.46 to 21.28 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw 27.89–38.97 mg∙g−1 DM. The phytolith content in barley grain ranged from 17.24 to 19.86 mg∙g−1 DM, and in straw from 22.06 to 49.08 mg∙g−1 DM. Our results suggest that oat ecosystems can absorb from 14.94 to 41.73 kg e-CO2∙ha−1 and barley absorb from 0.32 to 1.60 kg e-CO2∙ha−1. The accumulation rate of PhytOC can be increased 3-fold in Polish conditions through foliar application of silicon, and 5-fold in Estonian conditions. In parallel, the compost fertilisation increased the phytolith content in cereals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Rutkowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Peter Schröder
2
ORCID: ORCID
Michel Mench
3 4
ORCID: ORCID
Francois Rineau
5
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Szulc
6
ORCID: ORCID
Wiesław Szulc
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jarosław Pobereżny
7
ORCID: ORCID
Kristjan Tiideberg
8
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Niedziński
1
ORCID: ORCID
Evelin Loit
8
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Institute of Agriculture, Nowoursynowska St, 166, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Helmholtz Center for Environmental Health, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Environmental Simulation, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Munich, Germany
  3. University of Bordeaux, Amphithéâtre 3 à 12, 33000, Bordeaux, France
  4. INRAE – National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and the Environment, 147 rue de l’Université 75338, Paris, France
  5. Hasselt University, Martelarenlaan 42, 3500, Hasselt, Belgium
  6. Fire University, Słowackiego St, 52/54, 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
  7. University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego Ave., 7, 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
  8. Estonian University of Life Sciences, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Fr. R. Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006, Tartu, Estonia
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Abstract

Composting of municipal solid waste with a 1 % addition of pulverized metallic iron, iron oxide(III) and iron sulfide(II) has been carried out. The amounts of iron in the bioavailable forms have been assayed in the composts obtained by means of speciation analysis, and the influence of composting on iron mobility has been evaluated. It has been found that pulverized metallic iron introduced into the waste occurs in the compost in the fractions easily accessible to plants, mainly the carbonate fraction. In the waste contaminated with Fe203 iron remains in the residual fraction, and composting does not practically increase its mobility. Over half of the iron from FeS remains in the waste in the residual fraction however, after composting there was an increased iron concentration in the bioavailable carbonate fraction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Ciba
Maria Zolotajkin
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Abstract

The article presents the results of the research related to the decomposition of polylactic acid (PLA)/halloysite nanotube (HNTs) biocomposites into a simple organic form. After manufacturing the nanocomposites, the evaluation of the composting process simulation was conducted using the biodegradation method. First, the selected properties of PLA/HNTs biocomposites, such as density, water absorption, and impact strength were tested. Next, the impact of the composting process on the behavior of PLA/HNTs composites was investigated from 30 to 90 days. Finally, the loss of mass of the composites, hardness, and the structural changes of biocomposites under the composting conditions before and after the composting were evaluated using SEM microscopy. The results showed that the PLA modified by HNT particles has biodegradation-friendly properties and therein is fully suitable for organic recycling. Due to this, in the coming years, it may contribute to the replacement of non-biodegradability polymers, i.e. polyolefins and polyesters, and reduction of plastic packaging wastes.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Czarnecka-Komorowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Bryll
2
ORCID: ORCID
Ewelina Kostecka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Małgorzata Tomasik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Elżbieta Piesowicz
4
ORCID: ORCID
Katarzyna Gawdzińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Materials Technology, Polymer Processing Division; Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Department of Machines Construction and Materials, Maritime University of Szczecin, 71-650 Szczecin, Poland
  3. Department of Interdisciplinary Dentistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
  4. Institute of Material Science and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Szczecin, 70-310 Szczecin, Poland

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