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Number of results: 97
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Abstract

The paper reports the study of the complexation processes in aqueous solution of α-CD and DMSO. Cyclodextrins (CDs) (sometimes called cycloamyloses) are cyclic oligosaccharides formed by glucose units interconnected by α-(1,4) linkages; α-CD is one of three the most common CDs. It consists of six glucopyranose units. The speed of ultrasonic waves has been measured by the resonance method on ResoscanTM System apparatus. Some collateral data, such as density and heat capacity of the system, have also been measured. On the basis of the experimental data the excess adiabatic compressibility was determined. The extremes of the excess adiabatic compressibility function for different mixture compositions allowed us to establish the composition of molecular complexes formed in the solution. The obtained results suggest the formation of the α-CD with DMSO inclusion complexes with chemical stoichiometric ratio value of 1:1.
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Authors and Affiliations

Milena Kaczmarek-Klinowska
Tomasz Hornowski
Andrzej Skumiel
Monika Jażdżewska
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Abstract

Filtration process is one of the basic and essential processes in technological systems for treatment of municipal, community and industrial wastewater treatment. Filtration process is a subject of numerous published research and theoretical elaborations. This publication concerns theoretical analysis with basic character, and is a verification of theoretical analysis and physical equations describing process of filtration aided with empirical formulas.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Piecuch
Jacek Piekarski
Grażyna Malatyńska
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Abstract

IIn this short communication, we revise a correlation for the saturated liquid isothermal compressibility based on the data available in DIPPR (Postnikov, 2016) which considers the molecular non-sphericity and addresses a problem of predicting speeds of sound in saturated long-chained alkanes. In addition, we correct a misprint appeared in the cited work and provide programming code used for the realisation of the proposed calculations.

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Authors and Affiliations

Eugene B. Postnikov
Yuriy V. Nedyalkov
Ilya Polishuk
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Abstract

This study investigates several factors that have not been specified in the standard for dynamic stiffness, compressibility, and long-term deformation; these factors can be used to evaluate the acoustic and physical performances of resilient materials. The study is intended to provide basic data for deriving the factors that need to be additionally reviewed through the standards. Since magnitude of dynamic stiffness changes with an increase in loading time, it is necessary to examine the setting of the loading time for a load plate under test conditions. Samples of size 300×300 mm, rather than 200×200 mm, yielded more reliable results for compressibility measurement. Since the test to infer long-term deformation of resilient materials after a period of 10 years in some samples showed variation characteristics different from those specified in the standards, it is recommended that the test method should be reviewed through ongoing research.
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Authors and Affiliations

Kyoung-Woo Kim
Jun-Oh Yeon
Kwan-Seop Yang
Myung-Jun Kim
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Abstract

The Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams containing Expanded Polystyrene Beads (EPS) and Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) as sand and cement replacement with a percentage between 10% and 30% were studied in terms of load-deflection behaviour. RC beam’s size was 1000×150×150 mm and simply supported at spaced 750 mm apart. The 10% of POFA without EPS shows a slight increase which is 0.26% higher than normal concrete in compressive strength. The ultimate load and flexural performance of RC beams with EPS and POFA exhibited a decreasing trend. All beams’ ultimate load exceeds the design value. The cracks of the RC beam may be classified as vertical flexural cracks, and some of the cracks can be classified as shear cracks based on the crack angle. As the percentage of EPS and POFA increases above 20% for all specimens, cracking starts to change to shear cracking.
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Authors and Affiliations

M.H. Osman
1
ORCID: ORCID
L.Y. Chin
1
S.H. Adnan
1
ORCID: ORCID
M.L.M. Jeni
1
W.A.W. Jusoh
1
ORCID: ORCID
S. Salim
2
Nur Liza Rahim
3
ORCID: ORCID
J.J. Wysłocki
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Faculty of Engineering Technology, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn, Centre for Diploma Studies, Pagoh, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Centre of Excellence Geopolym er & Green Technology (CEGeoGTech), 01000 Perlis, Malaysia
  4. Częstochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering and Materials Technology, Department of Physics, 19 Armii KrajowejAv., 42-200 Częstochowa
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Abstract

The properties, superior calorific value (SCV) and the compressibility factor (z), of 77 natural gas (NG) samples are calculated from two different calibration approaches of gas chromatography, based on ISO 6974-2. The method A uses an analytical curve with seven points that the best adjust is confirmed by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); it is required when the composition of the natural gas varies. The method B uses a single point calibration, with an allowed tolerance between the calibration gas mixture and sample mole fraction, so it is used to analyze constant natural gas streams. From natural gas composition analyzed by both methods, exceeding the method B allowed tolerance; SCV, z and its uncertainties are calculated and compared. The results show that all samples that comply with Brazilian legislation can be analyzed by method B, because there are no metrological differences in terms of SCV and z, even though the allowed tolerance has been exceeded. This simplified methodology minimizes operator exposure, besides saving about US$ 50,000.00 per chromatograph.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elcio de Oliveira
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Abstract

In order to grasp the strength characteristics and permeability of chlorite schist, the triaxial compression permeability test of chlorite schist was carried out by using a rock triaxial servo testing machine equipped with seepage device. Based on the test results, the failure strength, initial permeability and permeability development of rock samples under different confining pressure and different pore water pressure are compared, and the failure types of rock samples under triaxial compression permeability and their influence on permeability are analyzed. The results show that the increase of confining pressure is conducive to the improvement of failure strength of chlorite schist, and the increase of pore water pressure reduces the failure strength, which is related to the inhibition of crack development in rock samples by confining pressure and the promotion of crack expansion by pore water pressure. The mechanical deformation of chlorite schist in triaxial compression permeability process has experienced initial compaction stage, linear elastic stage and crack stable propagation to failure stage. As a consequence, permeability shows three trends of decline, stable development and rise, which is closely related to the development of the internal structure of rock samples at each stage. During the failure of triaxial compression permeability, there is a local compression zone in chlorite schist, and the rising rate slows down due to the influence of the compression zone.
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Authors and Affiliations

Fuqi Wang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Weipei Xue
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongdong Qiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jun Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Laiwang Jing
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Huating Coal Industry Daliu Coal Mine Co., Ltd, Shixinyao Town, Chongxin County, Pingliang, China
  2. Anhui University of Science and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Mining Response and Disaster Prevention and Control in Deep Coal Mines, 168 Taifeng Street, Tianjia’an District, Huainan, China
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Abstract

The durability of building structures reinforced by steel is one of the main concerns in civil engineering. Currently, research in the field is focused on the possibility of replacing steel with relatively corrosion-resistant reinforcement, such as BFRP (Basalt Fiber Reinforced Polymers) bars. The behaviour of BFRP bars during compression has not yet been determined. The experimental results pertaining to BFRP bars subjected to compression were presented and discussed in the paper. The research program involved the preparation of 45 BFRP samples with varying unbraced length and nominal diameter of 8 mm that were subjected to compression. For samples with the unbraced length of up to 85 mm, the destruction was caused by crushing. The bars with the unbraced length greater than 120 mm were destroyed as a result of global buckling of the bar and subsequent fiber kinking. Based on the relationship between the buckling load strength – unbraced length, the optimal unbraced length of BFRP bar was determined, for which buckling load strength reaches its maximum value. The buckling load strength decreased, as the unbraced length increased. The values of modulus of elasticity under compression for variable unbraced lengths were slightly different for the samples, and were similar to the modulus of elasticity obtained at the tensile testing. The relationship between the buckling load strength and the unbraced length of BFRP bars was determined. This may contribute to the optimization of the transverse reinforcement spacing in compressed elements and to the development of standard provisions in the area of elements reinforced with FRP bars being subjected to compression.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Urbański
1
ORCID: ORCID
Kostiantyn Protchenko
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The objective of this work is to present an energy analysis of different absorption refrigerating systems operating with diverse refrigerants. Also is applied the method of experimental design to optimize configurations proposed by the absorption pairs used and the operating conditions. Both acceptable coefficient of performance and low operating generator temperature are scrutinised. Therefore, a computer program is developed. An investigation of the thermodynamic properties is presented. Results show the coefficient of performance evolution versus respectively the evaporator temperature, temperature of condensation and generator temperature. A particular interest is devoted to the intermediate pressure effect on the performance of different systems. In order to better converge in the selection of the configuration and the refrigerant, which can ensure a high coefficient of performance associated to relatively low operating generator temperature the plan of experiments has been developed, taking in account all parameters influencing the system performance and the function of operating temperature. Results show that the refrigerating machine containing a compressor between the evaporator and the absorber has a coefficient of performance quite acceptable and that it can work at low generator temperature for about 60 ◦C and using the NH3/LiNO3 as refrigerant.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ridha Ben Iffa
Lakdar Kairouani
Nahla Bouaziz
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Abstract

One of the worst accidents that can take place in industrial presses is related to the risk of generating cracks in the columns. In order to avoid press columns from being subjected to tensile stress in the loading phase, the columns are sometimes assembled precompressed, so that nominal stress maintains negative values throughout the work cycle. Previous researches have considered cracks propagating under cyclic compressive loads in notched specimens. In these cases, the fatigue cracks are initiated at the notch root due to residual tensile stresses and grew at a progressively decreasing speed before arresting. The subject of the present paper is to give a paradigmatic example of crack initiation and propagation also in a general compressive field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Giorgio Olrni
Alessandro Freddi
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Abstract

The policy of sustainable development seeks to improve energy efficiency of industrial equipment. Efforts to improve energy efficiency also apply to the paint shops, where the recovery of waste heat is sought. The main source of a large amount of low-temperature waste heat in the paint shop is the spray booth. The second place where a large amount of low temperature waste heat is released is the room where the compressed air is prepared. Low energy efficiency of air compressors requires a large electric power supply. As a result, the emitted large heat fluxes become waste energy of the technological process. Heat is equivalent to up to 93% of the electric power supplied in the air compression process. There are solutions for recovering heat from compressors coming from the oil cooling water, but then the waste heat from the cooling of the compressed air and from the electric motor is released into air in the room. A method for recovering low-temperature waste heat from the air preparation room by means of an air-source heat pump has been proposed. An energy balance of the air compression and dehumidification process for the paint shop was made. A Matlab’s built-in numerical model includes air compressor and dehumidifier, heat recovery and accumulation for the purposes of use in the spray booth. A simulation experiment was carried out on the effectiveness of heat recovery from the air preparation room. The use of combined energy management in paint shops was proposed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Adamkiewicz
Piotr Nikończuk
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Abstract

The article presents the results of CRL research on glacial till contaminated with JET A1 aviation fuel and mineral oil 15W40. The conducted research has shown that the compressibility of fine grained soils contaminated with hydrocarbons during a constant rate of loading tests depends on the physical properties of the soil, properties of oil contaminants, their content in the soil pores as well as the adopted loading velocity. The implemented laboratory test program shows that the contamination of glacial till with hydrocarbons increases their compressibility. Moreover, this research shows that the CRL test method may be recommended in the compressibility research of fine grained soils contaminated with hydrocarbons.
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Stajszczak
1

  1. Geoteko Geotechnical Consultants Ltd., ul. Wałbrzyska 14/16, 02-739 Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The aim of the paper was to analyse the possibility to use waste material which is created during the production of mineral-asphalt mixes as a side effect of the process of drying and dedusting diabase aggregate in high temperature. Experimental studies included the analysis of the influence of the addition of diabase dust on the improvement of the properties of cement concrete destined for the construction of local roads. The mineral additive in the form of diabase dust, which constitutes natural waste, was inserted into the concrete mix as a mineral additive substituting a part of the aggregate with the constant amount of cement and water, and additionally as the substitute for cement. The performed studies resulted in the conclusion that adding diabase dust significantly increased the tightness and density of concrete, which impacts the increase of compressive strength by 7, 21 and 28% in reference to model concrete. The insertion of the waste diabase dust into the concrete mix significantly improved the freeze-thaw resistance of concrete after 150 cycles of testing and reduced the water absorption by 6, 15 and 21%. Using diabase dust as a substitute in the following amount: 50, 100 and 150 kg/m3 did not cause significant changes in the scope of density and water absorption, whereas the reduction of the compressive strength was from 8, 23 and 33% in reference to the model concrete. The application of dust as the substitute for cement resulted in the reduction of the costs of concrete by 6, 12 and 18% and resulted in the possibility to fully apply waste material, which confirms the justness of undertaking implementation research. Concrete with the use of waste rock dusts may be qualified as concrete that is environmentally friendly and compliant with the sustainable development of modern construction materials.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Rudnicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Robert Jurczak
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology in Warsaw, ul. Gen. S. Kaliskiego 2, 01-476 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, al. Piastów 50a, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a method of choosing parameters of a mathematical model for simulation of a working cycle of compression-ignition engine on the basis of experimental measurements. In order to choose the parameters of the model, the Nelder-Mead method has been used. As a result of such an approach, a simplified mathematical model with very good numerical effectiveness can be used for simulation of the working cycle of the engine, while very good compatibility of numerical results and experimental measurements is ensured. Suitable algorithms and results of calculations are presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Brzozowski
Jacek Nowakowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The mechanical characteristics of transversely isotropic rocks are significantly different under various levels of inclination, and it is difficult to describe exactly the mechanical behaviour of transversely isotropic rocks. Assuming that rock consists of a great deal of microelements, and the microelement strength controlled by Mohr–Coulomb criterion follows the log normal distribution. The elastic modulus is used to reflect the anisotropy of rock, and the weak patches stiffness model is verified and employed to depict the variation of elastic modulus with different inclination angle. Based on basic damage mechanics theory and statistical method, a nonlinear statistical empirical model for transversely isotropic rocks is proposed under uniaxial compressive condition. In order to verify the correctness of the proposed model, comparison analyses between predicted results and experimental data taken from published literature are carried out, which have good consistency. Finally, the discussions on the influences of the distribution parameters ��, �� and elastic modulus with different inclination angle, ����, on proposed model is offered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Yansheng Deng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chenjie Shen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Baoping Zou
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
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Abstract

In this paper, we have researched implementing convolutional neural network (CNN) models for devices with limited resources, such as smartphones and embedded computers. To optimize the number of parameters of these models, we studied various popular methods that would allow them to operate more efficiently. Specifically, our research focused on the ResNet-101 and VGG-19 architectures, which we modified using techniques specific to model optimization. We aimed to determine which approach would work best for particular requirements for a maximum accepted accuracy drop. Our contribution lies in the comprehensive ablation study, which presents the impact of different approaches on the final results, specifically in terms of reducing model parameters, FLOPS, and the potential decline in accuracy. We explored the feasibility of implementing architecture compression methods that can influence the model’s structure. Additionally, we delved into post-training methods, such as pruning and quantization, at various model sparsity levels. This study builds upon our prior research [1] to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the subject matter at hand.
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Authors and Affiliations

Artur Sobolewski
1
Kamil Szyc
1

  1. Wrocław University of Scienceand Technology, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

The study investigates the effect of Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) added in changed proportions as stabilising agents on soil parameters: uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Proctor compactness and permeability. The material included dredged clayey silts collected from the coasts of Timrå, Östrand. Soil samples were treated by different ratio of the stabilising agents and water and tested for properties. Study aimed at estimating variations of permeability, UCS and compaction of soil by changed ratio of binders. Permeability tests were performed on soil with varied stabilising agents in ratio H WL B (high water / low binder) with ratio 70/30%, 50/50%, and 30/70%. The highest level of permeability was achieved by ratio 70/30% of cement/slag, while the lowest - by 30/70%. Proctor compaction was assessed on a mixture of ash and green liquor sludge, to determine optimal moisture content for the most dense soil. The maximal dry density at 1.12 g/cm 3 was obtained by 38.75% of water in a binder. Shear strength and P-wave velocity were measured using ISO/TS17892-7 and visualised as a function of UCS. The results showed varying permeability and UCS of soil stabilised by changed ratio of CEM II/GGBS.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University (Lunds Tekniska Högskola, LTH), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Brussels, Belgium
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Abstract

The paper presents the results of a series of Cone Penetration Test CPTu performed near the city of Wroclaw (Poland). The tests were carried out in 13 testing points located in close distance to each other. To verify the results of the penetration tests, fine-grained soil samples from selected depths were taken for laboratory tests. The study focuses on the evaluation of soil type, unit weight, and undrained shear strength cu, and compression index Cc. The grain size distribution of the soil and its mechanical parameters on the basis of a uniaxial compression and an oedometer tests were estimated. A comparison of laboratory and CPTu for selected values is presented. Determination of soil type was carried out on the basis of ISBT and IC values and good agreement with the granulometric composition was found. For undrained shear strength, commonly used correlations based on Nk, Nkt and Nke were adopted. However, the values obtained from the CPT are significantly lower than the results from laboratory tests. Therefore, values of cone factors suitable for investigated soil type and reference test were proposed. In the case of the compression index, the coefficient values βc and αm obtained agreed with those available in the literature. The findings presented in the paper indicate that laboratory tests remain necessary to identify soil properties from CPTu. The presented results are also a contribution to the knowledge of local soil conditions in the Lower Silesia area (Poland).
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Authors and Affiliations

Matylda Tankiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Irena Bagińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Str., 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego st., 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

Use of the poroelasticity theory by Biot in the description of rock behaviour requires the value of the e.g. Biot coefficient α to be determined. The α coefficient is a function of two moduli of compressibility: the modulus of compressibility of the rock skeleton Ks and the effective modulus of compressibility K. These moduli are determined directly on the basis of rock compressibility curves obtained during compression of a rock sample using hydrostatic pressure. There is also a concept suggesting that these compressibility moduli might be determined on the basis of results of the uniaxial compression test using the fact that, in the case of an elastic, homogeneous and isotropic material, the modulus of compressibility of a material is a function of its Young modulus and its Poisson ratio. This work compares the results obtained from determination of the Biot coefficient by means of results of compressibility test and uniaxial compression test. It was shown that the uniaxial compression test results are generally unsuitable to determine the value of the coefficient α. An analysis of values of the determined moduli of compressibility shows that whereas the values of effective moduli of compressibility obtained using both ways may be considered as satisfactorily comparable, values of the relevant rock skeleton moduli of compressibility differ significantly.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Nowakowski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Nurkowski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Strata Mechanics Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

Dynamic biaxial compression tests and Particle Flow Code numerical simulations of the cement mortar specimens with a single joint were carried out to study the mechanical properties and crack evolution of artificial rock samples with a single joint. The effects of lateral stress 𝜎2, loading rate V , the dip angle β (between the vertical loading direction and the joint) on the biaxial compressive strength 𝜎 b, and the evolution lawof crackwere investigated. Test results showed that; (1) when both the dip angle β and the loading rate V remained unchanged, the biaxial compressive strength 𝜎 b increased with the increase in the lateral stress 𝜎2, while 𝜎2 had no obvious effect on the crack evolution law; (2) when both the dip angle β and the lateral stress 𝜎2 were kept unchanged, the loading rate V had an insignificant effect on the biaxial compressive strength 𝜎 b and the crack evolution law; (3) when both the lateral stress 𝜎2 and the loading rate V were constant, the biaxial compressive strength 𝜎 b decreased first and then increased with the increase in the dip angle β ; however, the dip angle β did not significantly affect the crack evolution law. The conclusions obtained in this paper are presented for the first time.
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Authors and Affiliations

Xiong Liangxiao
1
ORCID: ORCID
Haijun Chen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Xinghong Gao
3
ORCID: ORCID
Zhongyuan Xu
4
ORCID: ORCID
Deye Hu
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang 330013, China
  2. Geotechnical Engineering Department, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing,210029, China
  3. China Construction Third Bureau First Engineering Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430040, China
  4. Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
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Abstract

Each year, mine and mill operations generate enormousamounts of two waste types – fine-grained tailings andcoarse-grained waste rocks. Fine-grained tailings are either discharged in slurry form to surface tailings dams ordelivered in cementitious form to underground mine stopes as backfilling, while coarse-grained rocks are typicallystored by depositing as a dry material in large dumps. The engineering design of surface tailings dams orunderground mine stopes is often controlled by the high compressibility and low shear strength characteristics offine-grained tailings. Cemented paste backfill CPB indicating saturated, fine-grained backfills can undergo majorconsolidation settlement during early curing stages. Thus, a better understanding of the rate and magnitude of bothdifferential and total settlement of CPB cured under stressis essential for a proper backfill geotechnical design. Theconsolidation parameters of CPB can be determined from an improved lab setup called CUAPS (curing underapplied pressure system). This setup is capable of simulating the CPB placement and curing conditions, andmeasuring the consolidation parameters of CPB cured under effective stresses ranging between 0.5 and 400 kPa.In this study, a series of one-dimensional consolidation tests were conducted on CPB samples allowing forexamination of the effects of binder type and rate as well as curing time on the compression properties (e.g.,coefficient of consolidationcv, compression indexCc, and recompression indexCr) and the final geotechnicalindex properties (e.g., void ratioef, water contentwf, and degree of saturationSf). Results showed that as the bindercontent increases, the initial resistance to consolidation increases. Thecvvalue decreases over the course of timedue to evolution of the CPB microstructure generated by the hydration process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Erol Yilmaz
Tikou Belem
Mostafa Benzaazoua
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Abstract

The most power consuming part in the vapor compression cycle (VCC) is the gas compressor. Heating the refrigerant under constant volume after the compressor increases the condenser pressure, which consequently increases the cooling rate of the VCC. This study examined the influence of heating different refrigerants, i.e. R143a, R22, and R600a on the cooling rate of the VCC. Four experiments have been performed: the first experiment is a normal VCC, i.e. without heating, while in the second, third, and fourth experiments were carried out to raise the temperature of the refrigerant to 50°C, 100°C, and 150°C. It has been found that heating raises the refrigerant pressure in VCC and thereby improves the refrigerant’s mass flow rate resulting in an improvement in the cooling power for the same compressor power. Heating the refrigerant after the mechanical compressor increases the temperature of the condenser as well as the temperature of the evaporator when using refrigerant R134a, which prevents the refrigeration cycle to be used in freezing applications, however using refrigerant R22 or refrigerant R600a promotes the heated VCC to be used in freezing applications. Refrigerant R600a has the lowest operating pressure compared to R134a and R22, which promotes R600a to be used rather than R134a and R22 from a leakage point of view.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Salama Abd-Elhady
1
Emmanoueil Bishara Melad
2
Mohamed Abd-Elhalim
3
Seif Alnasr Ahmed
1

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Beni-Suef University, Sharq El-Nile, New Beni-Suef, 62521 Beni-Suef, Egypt
  2. Faculty of Technology and Education, Beni-Suef University, Sharq El-Nile, New Beni-Suef, 62521 Beni-Suef, Egypt
  3. Faculty of Technology and Education, Suez University, 43527 Suez, Egypt
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Abstract

In order to design a stable and reliable voice communication system, it is essential to know how many resources are necessary for conveying quality content. These parameters may include objective quality of service (QoS) metrics, such as: available bandwidth, bit error rate (BER), delay, latency as well as subjective quality of experience (QoE) related to user expectations. QoE is expressed as clarity of speech and the ability to interpret voice commands with adequate mean opinion score (MOS) grades. This paper describes a quality evaluation study of a two-way speech transmission system via bandwidth over power line – power line communication (BPL-PLC) technology in an operating underground mine. We investigate how different features of the available wired medium can affect end-user quality. The results of the described study include: two types of coupling (capacitive and inductive), two transmission modes (mode 1 and 11), and four language sets of speech samples (American English, British English, German, and Polish) encoded at three different bit rates (8, 16, and 24 kbps). Our findings can aid both researchers working on low-bit rate coding and compression, signal processing and speech perception, as well as professionals active in the mining and oil industry.
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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Falkowski-Gilski
1
Grzegorz Debita
2

  1. Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdansk University of Technology, Gdansk, Poland
  2. General Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military University of Land Forces, Wrocław, Poland
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Abstract

In this research project, the measurements of the ultrasonic P- and S-waves and seismic cone penetration testing (CPT) were applied to identify subsurface conditions and properties of clayey soil stabilized with lime/cement columns in the Stockholm Norvik Port, Sweden. Applied geophysical methods enabled to identify a connection between the resistance of soil and strength in the stabilized columns. The records of the seismic tests were obtained in the laboratory of Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) through estimated P- and S-wave velocities using techniques of resonance frequency measurement of the stabilized specimens. The CPT profiles were used to evaluate the quality of the lime/cement columns of the reinforced soil by the interpretation of signals. The relationship between the P- and S-waves demonstrated a gain in strength during soil hardening. The quality of soil was evaluated by seismic measurements with aim to achieve sufficient strength of foundations prior to the construction of the infrastructure objects and industrial works. Seismic CPT is an effective method essential to evaluate the correct placement of the CPT inside the column. This work demonstrated the alternative seismic methods supporting the up-hole technology of drilling techniques for practical purpose in civil engineering and geotechnical works.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Investments, Technology and Environment, Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  3. École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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