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Abstract

In this study, solar cells based on copper oxide and titanium dioxide were successfully manufactured using the reactive direct-current magnetron sputtering (DC-MS) technique with similar process parameters. TiO2/CuO, TiO2/Cu2O/CuO/Cu2O, and TiO2/Cu2O solar cells were manufactured via this process. Values of efficiencies, short-circuit current, short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and maximum power of PV devices were investigated in the range of 0.02÷0.9%, 75÷350 µA, 75÷350 µA/cm2, 16÷550 mV, and 0.6÷27 µW, respectively. The authors compare solar cells reaching the best and the worst conversion efficiency results. Thus, only the two selected solar cells were fully characterized using I-V characteristics, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ellipsometry, Hall effect measurements, and quantum efficiency. The best conversion efficiency of a solar cell presented in this work is about three times higher in comparison with the authors’ previous PV devices.
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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Wisz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paulina Sawicka-Chudy
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Sibiński
2
ORCID: ORCID
Zbigniew Starowicz
3
ORCID: ORCID
Dariusz Płoch
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Góral
3
Mariusz Bester
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marian Cholewa
1
Janusz Woźny
4
ORCID: ORCID
Aleksandra Sosna-Głębska
2

  1. Institute of Physics, College of Natural Science, University of Rzeszów, 1 Pigonia St., 35-317 Rzeszów, Poland
  2. Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Łódź University of Technology, 211/215 Wólczańska St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
  3. Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta St., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  4. Department of Semiconductor and Optoelectronic Devices, Łódź University of Technology, 211/215Wólczańska St., 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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Abstract

Catalytic properties of activated carbons oxidized, treated with N-compounds, and promoted with copper were studied in selective catalytic reduction NOX by ammonia (NH3-SCR). The modification of the catalysts consisted of a series of steps (pre-oxidation of activated carbon, impregnation with urea, impregnation with copper). The physicochemical properties of the obtained samples were determined using X-ray diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, and low-temperature N2 sorption. The modification with copper improved the catalytic activity and stability of the catalysts. All the functionalized carbon doped with copper reached more than 90% of NO conversion and CO2 did not exceed 240 ppm at 220 ◦C. The sample doped with 5 wt.% Cu had the maximum NO conversion of 98% at 300 ◦C. The maximum N2O concentration detected for the same sample was only 55 ppm, which confirmed its selectivity.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marwa Saad
Anna Białas
Przemysław Grzywacz
Cezary Czosnek
Bogdan Samojeden
Monika Motak
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Abstract

Eutectic copper oxides (Cu2O) crystallize during the copper solidification process in the ETP grade copper which leads to high oxygen concentrations in interdendritic spaces. It has been experimentally found that they can be regular or elongated, and their size reaches several micrometres. During the multi-cage hot rolling process, homogenization of the oxide distribution in the entire volume of the wire rod occurs. This process is carried out in the soft copper matrix. Throughout the drawing process the fragmentation of oxides transpires along with changes in the shape from angular to more oval in a degree depending on the size of the deformation (wire diameter). Microcracks, fissures and local stress fields in the reinforced copper matrix arise around the oxide particles. The article presents the results of research on the evolution of copper oxides in ingots, wire rods and wires. The results of investigations of the wires properties and the limitations of the drawing process, especially of microwires, are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Zasadzińska
T. Knych

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