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Number of results: 9
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Abstract

The cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), has become a widespread pest causing serious losses in several economically important crops, particularly cotton. To the best of our knowledge this is the first record of cotton mealybug, P. solenopsis as a new pest of potato plants in Egypt. The insect was noticed on potato plants for the first time during the growing season of 2016 (mid-August 2016). Mealybug specimens were collected from infested potato plants and identified as P. solenopsis. In an attempt to control this insect pest species, seven insecticides viz. sulfoxaflor, abamectin + thiamethoxam, spirotetramat, thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, buprofezin, and pymetrozine, belonging to different chemical groups, were tested for their effect against nymphs and adult females of P. solenopsis on potato under field conditions. The obtained results indicated that sulfoxaflor, abamectin + thiamethoxam and spirotetramat had the highest efficacy against P. solenopsis recording 80.3–96.05% reduction of the insect population after 21 days of application. Thiamethoxam, imidacloprid, buprofezin and pymetrozine failed to exhibit sufficient P. solenopsis control.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mohamed Rezk
Abdel-Nasser T. Hassan
Moustafa F. El-Deeb
Nehal Shaarawy
Youssef Dewer
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Abstract

With advancing technology, printed circuit board (PCB), one of the most important components of ewaste, has become a source of pollution due to an ineffective waste management system. This problem can be solved by converting PCB waste into a valuable product which will emerge to maximize the renewable energy supplies. In this aspect, co-pyrolysis is advantageous in both simple and successful in producing high-quality pyrolysis oil. In this paper, cotton stalk (CS) as biomass was used and pyrolysis of PCB, CS, and a mixture of both in 1:1 have been carried out. CS has a good combustibility at 500°C which was chosen for the pyrolysis reaction in a fixed bed reactor for slow pyrolysis. The pyrolytic oil was analysed by GC–MS and FTIR. The results indicate that there is an increase in oil yield from 19.6% to 27.5% by weight and phenol and phenolic compounds in oil of co-pyrolysis from 60.94% to 76.82% compared to literature available. There is an increase in bromine solidification in char by 25% with a mixture of CS and PCB compared to CS and PCB individually which is much higher than literature data. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, co-pyrolysis of PCB:CS has been attempted first time and debromination of oil was found excellent in the present work.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sonalben B. Prajapati
1 2
Alok Gautam
3 2
Shina Gautam
3 2

  1. Government Engineering College, Chemical Engineering Department, Bhuj- 370001, Gujarat, India
  2. Gujarat Technological University, Chandkheda, Ahmedabad, 382424 Gujarat, India
  3. Shroff S. R. Rotary Institute of Chemical Technology, Chemical Engineering Department, Bharuch-393135, Gujarat, India
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Abstract

In view of the ecological hazards of chemicals, pot experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma sp. against Macrophomina phaseolina. Greenhouse evolution of the interaction between M. phaseolina isolates and Trichoderma sp. isolates revealed a very highly significant (p = 0.0000). M. phaseolina isolate x antagonist isolate interaction for all the following parameters: preemergence damping-off, postemergence damping-off, survival, plant height, and dry weight. This interaction implies that a single isolate of antagonist can be highly effective againstan isolate of M. phaseolina, but may have only minimal effectsonotherisolatesof M. phaseolina. Therefore, isolates of antagonist should be tested against as many isolates of M. phaseolina as possible, as this will improve the chance of identifying antagonist isolates effective against several isolates of M. phaseolina.

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Authors and Affiliations

Aly A. Aly
Mohamed A. Abdel-Sattar
Moawad R. Omar
Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
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Abstract

Laboratory studies were carried out on the effects of an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of Azadirachtin (AZ) (6 g a.s./l EC) on four major cotton pests in Senegal: Spodoptera littoralis Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Helicoverpa armigera Hϋbner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). In both S. littoralis (SL) and H. armigera (HA), larval weight loss was observed 48 h after treatment. Appreciable weight gain was only observed in SL larvae at dosages of 0.05 and 0.1 g a.s. /l AZ, 72 h after treatment. In both SL and HA, there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control larvae and those treated with 0.1 to 1.5 g a.s. /l AZ. At a dosage of 1.5 g a.s./l, AZ caused 60% mortality in SL and 0% mortality in HA, 72 h after treatment. The treatment with AZ at dosages of 0.05 and 1.5 g a.s./l resulted in 50 and 30% malformation in SL and HA pupae respectively. The duration of development from the IV instar larva to pupa in both lepidopterans increased progressively with AZ dosage. SL was more susceptible to AZ than HA. No growth disrupting effects were observed in A. gossypii (AG) and T. urticae (TU) where EC50 values of 1.49 and 1.36 g a.s./l AZ respectively were obtained. The implications of the effects of AZ on further field trials against cotton pests are discussed.

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Authors and Affiliations

George Ekukole
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Abstract

The influence of ambient solar UV-A or UV-B radiation on growth responses was investigated in three varieties of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) after exclusion of solar UV-A/B radiation: JK-35, IH-63 and Khandwa-2. Cotton plants were grown from seeds in UV-exclusion chambers lined with selective UV filters to exclude either UV-B (280-315 nm) or UV-A/B (280-400 nm) from the solar spectrum under field conditions. Excluding UV-B and UV-A/B significantly increased plant height, leaf area and dry weight accumulation in all three varieties of cotton. The varieties differed considerably in their sensitivity to ambient UV-A/B. Khandwa-2 was most sensitive and JK-35 least sensitive to ambient solar UV. We monitored the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbic acid peroxidase (APX), glutathione reductase (GR) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), as well as the level of the antioxidant ascorbic acid (ASA), in primary leaves of the most UV-sensitive variety (Khandwa-2). The level of UV-B-absorbing substances was significantly decreased by exclusion of solar UV-B and UV-A/B. Exclusion of solar UV decreased the activity of all the antioxidant enzymes monitored and the level of ascorbic acid versus control plants (+UV-A/B) grown under filters transparent to solar UV. Reduction of the antioxidant defense after UV exclusion indicates that ambient solar UV exerts significant stress and induces some reactive oxygen species to accumulate, which in turn retards the growth and development of cotton plants. Ambient solar UV stresses cotton plants, shifting their metabolism towards defense against solar UV. Exclusion of solar UV eliminates the need for that defense and leads to enhancement of primary metabolism.

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Authors and Affiliations

Sunita Kataria
Priti Dehariya
K.N. Guruprasad
G.P. Pandey
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Abstract

The main purpose of this study is to determine the optimum water consumption for achieving water savings and obtaining good yields in cotton production, which has been expanding in Central Asia and Turkmenistan since the 1960s. In the last few decades, water resources in the region have been difficult to access, due to the expansion of agricultural activity and population growth. The oscillation of the amount of water released from dams of the Amudarya River to obtain energy for the upper countries in the winter season has been causing crises in countries of Central Asia.
An experiment was carried out in an agricultural field at a cotton research centre in the Yolöten district of Turkmenistan. The experiment led to the observation that it is possible to achieve higher efficiency and lower water consumption in cotton production. At the same time, the water savings that can be achieved as a result of using the drip irrigation method in cotton production throughout the country have been calculated. The calculations have provided the basis for recommending irrigation as a solution to the problems in question.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Begmyrat Kulmedov
1
ORCID: ORCID
Vladimir I. Shcherbakov
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Nile University of Nigeria, Department of Civil Engineering, Plot 681, Cadastral Zone C-OO, Research & Institution Area, Jabi Airport Bypass, Abuja FCT, 900001, Nigeria
  2. Voronezh State Technical University, Department of Hydraulics, Water Supply and Water Disposal, Voronezh, Russia
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Abstract

The population of spider feeding on insect pests of cotton was observed throughout the growth period of the crop, being maximum in the month of July. Chrysoperla was observed from second fortnight of June to harvesting of the crop being maximum in November. The incidence of coccinellids was recorded from the middle of August to middle of September and remained till harvesting of the crop being maximum in the first fortnight of November. A positive significant effect of maximum and minimum temperature on spider and negative significant effect on population of chrysoperla and coccinellids was recorded. Evening RH exerted positive significant effect on spider and negative significant effect on coccinellids.

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Authors and Affiliations

Shish Ram Dhaka
Bhanwar Lal Pareek
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Abstract

Six isolates of Trichoderma spp. (belonging to species; Trichoderma harzianum and T. longibrachiatum) were applied as seed or soil treatments to suppress damping-off of seedlings of ten cotton cultivars under greenhouse conditions. In most cases, cultivar x isolate interaction was a highly significant (p < 0.01) source of variation in the tested seedling growth parameters: incidence of disease, seedling height, and seedling dry weight. This interaction implies that a single isolate of Trichoderma can be highly effective in controlling the disease on a cotton cultivar but may have minimal efficiency in controlling the disease on another cultivar. It was also found that, in most cases, cultivar x isolate x application method was a highly significant source of variation (p < 0.01) in the tested growth parameters. Cotton cultivars showed differences in the disease reaction to the biocontrol agents. In the experiments evaluating the Trichoderma antagonists and their effect on seedling disease, a highly significant (p < 0.01) experimental treatment interaction was found. This interaction suggests that the outcome of cultivar x isolate interaction is markedly affected by the application method. Thus, the application method should be chosen to maximize the outcome of this interaction. The degree of the control of seedling disease in cotton differed according to the isolates of antagonists, the application method and cultivars.

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Authors and Affiliations

Asran-Amal Abdel-Mongy
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Abstract

Nozzle type and herbicide application timing can affect herbicide efficacy. Prickly sida ( Sida spinosa) and barnyardgrass ( Echinochloa crus-galli) are problematic weeds in eastern Mississippi cotton production and have reduced yield in recent years. Field studies were conducted at two locations – Brooksville, MS (2018, 2019) and Starkville, MS (2019) to understand the nozzle type and herbicide application timing effects on prickly sida and barnyardgrass control in cotton. Studies also compared applications made by an eight-nozzle tractor-mounted sprayer with a four-nozzle backpack sprayer. Herbicide applications were made at four timings: preemergence (PRE), early-postemergence (EPOST), mid-postemergence (MPOST), and late-postemergence (LPOST) corresponding to the preemergence (immediately after planting), two-to-three leaf, four-to-six leaf, and early-bloom stages, respectively. Treatments were made at 140 l · ha−1 applied at each growth stage, with nozzle type and sprayer as variables by each timing. Results showed no differences in treatments applied with backpack and tractor-mounted sprayers. Control of barnyardgrass was significantly affected by nozzle type, but control of prickly sida was not significantly influenced by nozzle type. In all three site-years, plots receiving a MPOST only herbicide application resulted in less weed control than areas receiving a two-pass POST herbicide program. Cotton yield was significantly affected by the herbicide program at one site-year, but was not significantly affected by the herbicide program except where cotton injury exceeded 15%. A two- or three-pass herbicide program was most effective in controlling prickly sida and barnyardgrass in Mississippi cotton.
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Authors and Affiliations

J. Connor Ferguson
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Justin S. Calhoun
3 2
Kayla L. Broster
2
Luke H. Merritt
4 2
Zachary R. Treadway
5 2
Michael T. Wesley Jr.
6 2
Nicholas Fleitz
7

  1. Weed Science and Technical Agronomy, Sesaco Corporation, Yukon, Oklahoma, United States
  2. Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi, United States
  3. Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Portageville, Missouri, United States
  4. Orr Agricultural Research & Demonstration Center, University of Illinois, Baylis, Illions, United States
  5. Plant and Soil Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, Oklahoma, United States
  6. Agronomy, Bayer Crop Science, Jerseyville, Illions, United States
  7. Application Agronomist, Pentair-Hypro, New Brighton, Minnesota, United States

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