This article examines the occasional verse published by the daily Czas [Time] in 1864–1879, i.e. over a decade and a half after the suppression of the January Rising. These texts, which feature both solemn occasions and local ephemera, present us with a unique chronicle of life of Cracow and its environs. In addition to listing all the relevant texts, the article attempts to identify their authors, i.e. unlock their initials or pseudonyms, to outline the conventions and genological peculiarities of that verse, and to gauge the attitudes of the Cracovians towards the question of Poland’s independence, Romanticism, patriotism as well as some well-known authority figures.
The article presents briefly several methods of working time estimation. However, three methods of task duration assessment have been selected to investigate working time in a real construction project using the data collected from observing workers laying terrazzo flooring in staircases. The first estimation has been done by calculating a normal and a triangular function. The next method, which is the focus of greatest attention here, is PERT. The article presents a way to standardize the results and the procedure algorithm allowing determination of the characteristic values for the method. Times to perform every singular component sub-task as well as the whole task have been defined for the collected data with the reliability level of 85%. The completion time of the same works has also been calculated with the use of the KNR. The obtained result is much higher than the actual time needed for execution of the task calculated with the use of the previous method. The authors argue that PERT is the best method of all three, because it takes into account the randomness of the entire task duration and it can be based on the actual execution time known from research.
The paper presents an analysis of the grammatical function of the German perfect tense form by encoding the “real” times. The theoretical base provides a combination of two separate concepts, i.e. Reichenbach’s and Weinrich’s model, and is an attempt to combine them into one, prototypical model. As an additional criterion, the classification according to Vendler is introduced, because one of the goals of the paper is also to examine the use of auxiliary verbs haben-have and sein-be in verbal periphrases depending on their Aktionsart, or type of activity.
Pod koniec XX w. dzięki wykorzystaniu metod fizycznych ludzkość uzyskała możliwość wykonywania dokładnych pomiarów czasu minionego za pomocą niezwykle czułych urządzeń.
Secularity is a historical product of modern ages that signaled a diminishing role of transcendence in public as well as individual life, changing effectively the common understanding of key social institutions: economy, state, knowledge, the family, religion. It may take on the form of a neutral lack of transcendence in public life and personal orientation (secularization); it can also appear as an active ideological presence – an ambitious project to remove any reference to transcendence from public life in view of creating “a religion free zone” (secularism). In the first case secularity comes about as a result of a civilization process of subtraction, in which religion melts under the pressure of modern technology, science, economy, a new philosophical orientation, and political frameworks. In the second one, it assumes the form of a bellicose ideology which implies a specific agenda of actions against religion. Secularity came into being as an outcome of philosophical, cultural and political shifts that strived to free individuals from being subjects of the old moral order, and make them inde-pendent autonomous agents that live in the unprecedented conditions of novus ordo seculorum and secular, ordinary time.
Interferometria sejsmiczna jest dynamicznie rozwijającą się metodą, której pierwsze zastosowania sięgają początków obecnego stulecia. Aktualnie znajduje coraz szersze zastosowanie w zagadnieniach m.in. obrazowania głębokich struktur ziemi oraz utworów przypowierzchniowych, monitorowania procesów wulkanicznych oraz analizowania wpływu silnych trzęsień ziemi na obiekty budowlane. Metoda ta pozwala na odtworzenie odpowiedzi impulsowej tzw. funkcji Greena ośrodka pomiędzy parą odbiorników na podstawie zarejestrowanych w tym samym czasie sejsmicznych pól falowych na tych odbiornikach. W wyniku odpowiednich operacji matematycznych metoda ta zamienia zarejestrowane na odbiornikach koherentne fale sejsmiczne o nieznanym czasie oraz miejscu ich wzbudzenia na układ tzw. wirtualnych źródeł emitujących sejsmiczne pole falowe z dowolnego odbiornika. W artykule przedstawiono fizyczne uzasadnienie wyników eksperymentu akustyki odwróconego czasu (ang. time-reversed acoustics) według Derode i in. (2003), które jest zarazem wytłumaczeniem metody interferometrii sejsmicznej. Eksperyment laboratoryjny w pierwszym etapie polegał na rejestracji akustycznego pola falowego wyemitowanego na brzegu naczynia wypełnionego cieczą i stalowymi prętami. Następnie rejestracje zostały odwrócone w czasie i wysłane powtórnie do wewnątrz naczynia i odebrany po przeciwnej stronie. Zarejestrowany na końcu sygnał okazał się zbliżony do sygnału wyemitowanego, pomimo przejścia przez ośrodek wielokrotnie rozpraszający. Doświadczenie to uzasadniono wykorzystując technikę korelacji wzajemnej (ang. cross-correlation), zasadę superpozycji pola falowego oraz zasadę wzajemności Rayleigha.
This article is about selected issues in women’s sports, and above all the modest participation of women in so-called leisure sports. Statistical data concerning Poland and other countries (particularlyWestern Europe) is presented. The fashion for jogging, which is currently being seen in Poland as well, is analyzed. The author’s own research, done in 2013 and involving 865 participants in the Łódź ‘I Care About My Health’ Marathon, documents the smallness of women’s interest in participating in marathon struggles.On the basis of the information collected in the study’s survey questionnaires, it was possible for the author to create a socio-demographic portrait of the female Polish long-distance runner. It was also possible to note the sociologically interesting and elucidating difference between men and women in the sphere of training and in their running careers/biographies.
The purpose of this analysis is to deal with the first of the conditions for commencement of laytime, i.e. obligation of the vessel to arrive at the agreed destination. The position, prima facie, with regard to berth, dock or port is relatively straightforward, it having been established that the vessel only becomes an arrived ship when it enters the specified berth, dock or port, respectively. In all three cases, in principle, the risk of delay in reaching the specified berth, dock or port is borne by the shipowner. In many cases, the shipowners, for obvious reasons are not prepared to bear such a risk for loss and take appropriate action. In particular, they demand the inclusion, in the charterparty, of a specific clause shifting the risk of such loss. We will deal therein below with one of the most commonly used forms of such a clause namely – “Time lost waiting for a berth clause” against broader picture of current English jurisdiction.
The author paints a personal and often critical image of three cities — those, which he is the most familiar with and which are particularly dear and close to him. Despite being familiar with tens of the most renowned cities in the world, the author has selected fully familial examples, which he has had and continues to have personal ties. Throughout their histories, they have been subjected to dramatic events. In terms of spatial creation, they underwent — and continue to undergo-fluid, hybrid, ambivalent and often controversial transformation. They have also been treated implicitly, as subjectively-presented models of cities in general — as well as of their fate and evolution. The author considers the city to be — perhaps — the greatest expression of human culture and civilisation.
W artykule zweryfikowano i pogłębiono tezy na temat uczestnictwa w kulturze w małych i średnich miastach postawione w trakcie ogólnopolskich, eksploracyjnych analiz etnograficznych. Źródłem danych służących weryfikacji są wyniki badań przeprowadzonych w sześciu miejscowościach (Dobrzyniu, Obrzycku, Rawiczu, Ostródzie, Grudziądzu i Elblągu) w 2017 roku. Teoretyczną podstawę badań i analiz stanowi „postrozszerzeniowa” koncepcja kultury – nowa propozycja konceptualizacji uczestnictwa w kulturze. W badaniu potwierdzono tezy mówiące o niewielkim zainteresowaniu większości mieszkańców uczestnictwem w kulturze instytucjonalnej, wyspowym charakterze aktywności elit, „relacjogennej” funkcji uczestnictwa w kulturze, wciąż istotnej roli telewizji i niskich wskaźnikach czytelnictwa. Ponadto ustalono, że nowe, cyfrowe formy dostępu nie odmieniły jeszcze praktyk kulturalnych na obszarach pozametropolitalnych. Wynikiem prac badawczych jest też jedna z pierwszych segmentacji osób uczestniczących w kulturze w małych i średnich miastach.
The basic element of a project organizing construction works is a schedule. The preparation of the data necessary to specify the timings of the construction completion as indicated in the schedule involves information that is uncertain and hard to quantify. The article presents the methods of building a schedule which includes a fuzzy amount of labour, time standards and number of workers. The proposed procedure allows determining the real deadline for project completion, taking into account variable factors affecting the duration of the individual works.
The author puts forward a hypothesis related to the interpretation of the thought of Joseph Ratzinger – Benedict XVI on the interrelation of time and eternity. Different religions offer different ways of departing temporality - the way of being within the confines of time - towards some extratemporal existence, commonly referred to as eternity or immortality. This perspective evokes a fundamental question: if time wants to reach beyond itself towards eternity, is it that eternity - in its turn - stays in a kind of interrelation to time, or is it a kind of negative atemporality? In its view of the matter, Christianity makes a clear statement that God has power over time, which implies that God participates in the temporal reality. This participation manifests itself overtly through the Incarnation of the Son of God. Consequently, this participation shows that man takes part in the eternity of God. In this sense, a Christian reaches eternity through his/her existence in the Person of the Resurrected Jesus. This ability to eternally remain in Jesus rests on the immortal element of the human being - that is his/her spiritual soul. The soul opens a path towards salvation and the relational eternity, that is a relationship of a Christian person with the Son of God and through Him with God as Trinitary Love. This is how Christianity – while respecting the linear nature of time – promotes a positive cyclical (yet not a reiterative) concept of time, which manifests itself in the exitus - reditus relationship. Exitus is an autonomous act of God’s creation, while reditus - is a human self-sacrifice as exemplified by the Son of God. Jesus’ self-sacrifice to God the Father is a model of how time can be projected onto a new way of existence: eternity. Therefore, Christ brings time to its fullness. His Event marks the beginning of eternity for the faithful