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Abstract

In 1998 microbiological investigation of water on eleven sample points, of the greatest antropogenie reservoir in the West-part of Upper Silesian Region was carried out. Total numbers of psychrophiles, mesophiles, Coliform bacteria was determined. In the estuary of Kłodnica river Coli-coefficient was 0.00004, coefficient of Coli-faecal type was 0.0009. These values indicate severe water pollution with faecal matter over the standards for waters and sewage waters. With the distance from estuary of Kłodnica river microbiological pollution factors decrease was observed. After 1 km Coli-coefficient was 100-product decrease. In the sample point at the end of longitude profile, near the dam vicinity, values of those indicators successfully decreased to 0.1 of the Coli-form and 1 for Coli-faecal type. In the 4 sample points along the length of left bank of second part of reservoir (West-part) the differentiation of water quality was observed between I and III quality classes. Decrease of numbers of faecal streptococci by flow-line from 6000 in the estuary of the Kłodnica river to 15 in the pelagic point and 4 in the end of reservoir was determined. Decrease in microbiological factor is the greatest on the first 1000 meters of longitude profile of the reservoir. Very important in decrease of bacteria numbers is sedimentation process of alochtonie suspended solids.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Aleksandra Smyłła
Aleksandra Starczyńska
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Abstract

The results of investigation on the amount and chemical composition of biogas emitted from bottom sediments of polluted Dzierżno Duże dam reservoir have been presented. The bottom sediments could be a resource of considerable quantity of biogas, e.g. methane. The dilution of methane in water is similar to that of oxygen. The presence of methane dissolved in the water deteriorates environmental conditions. The quantity of biogas depending on temperature ranged from 2 to 12 dm3/m2*d. The biggest singular grow exist in the water temperature 10-15°C. Chemical composition for biogas is dependent on the temperature. Along with the water temperature growth from 7 to 24°C, participation of methane in the biogas increased from 73% to 85%, and the participation of nitrogen from 3.9% to 22.47%. The participation of carbon dioxide decreased from 22% to 4.5%. The heterogeneous process of biogas emission arc running in the kinetic and diffusion area is dependent on temperature. In the low temperature the progress of the process is controlled by the speed of biochemical reaction. The progress of the diffusion process grows in a high temperature, and in the range of 15-24° C the processes is controlled by diffusion of substrates and products of reaction.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Jerzy Mazierski
Eligiusz Kowalski
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Abstract

The pathogenetic bacteria are in flowed to the Dzierżno Duże dam-reservoir by highly polluted Kłodnica River. Their considerable number decreases along with distance within the reservoir. From the Kłodnica River estuary and in the distance 700 m, the water quality is classless (coefficient of Coli - fecal type was 0.002 - 0.008). In the 1500 m distance water quality was III and II class purification. Near the Kłodnica River estuary the number of streptococci fecal-type, rod-shaped bacteria (Clostridium) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was big (MPN 2400). The FC/FS index (fecal coliform/fecal enterococci) was 4. It is indicative of human-fecal pollution. No diversification in the number of staphylococci depending on sample point localization was recorded. The research by traditional and the latest methods did not confirm the presence of Salmonella in the water of reservoir. The investigations of staphylococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa seem to confirm the role of zooplankton as an important element (consumption of biocenosis feeding on bacteria pressure) in the selfpurification processes. The patho-rnicrobiological pollution of the reservoir is a factor, due to recreational function of its east part of.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Smyłla
Katarzyna Glowacka
Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

The main objective of the study was to evaluate if macrophytes structure and trophic status of dam reservoir Kraśnik on a small lowland river Wyżnica are determined by phosphorous loadings. Studies were conducted seasonally in May, July and October during the years 2008-2009. Samples were taken at four sites: Site 1 - inflow of the Wyżnica River to pre-dam, Site 2 − pre-dam, Site 3 − dam reservoir and Site 4 - outflow of the Wyżnica River from dam reservoir. Physical and chemical parameters (temperature, Secchi disc depth, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, total suspension, chlorophyll-a, TP and P-PO4) were measured in water samples. Together with water parameters there were estimated biomass of phytoplankton and species composition and biomass of emergent, floating-leaved and submerged macrophytes. Concentrations of TP, chlorophyll-a and Secchi disc depth were used to calculate trophic state index of Carlsson for dam reservoir and its pre-dam. Based on mean water current, mean residence time of water in dam reservoir and concentrations of TP and P-PO4 loadings (g m-2) flowing into dam reservoir with the Wyżnica River were calculated. The results showed visible negative effect of phosphorous loadings on both macrophytes composition and trophic state of the reservoir. The marked changes concerned soft vegetation. High P loadings (7.74 g m-2 of TP and 6.03 g m-2 P-PO4) during the spring of 2008 caused the disappearance of characeans meadows. In 2009, the presence of rigid hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum L.), the species typical for eutrophic lakes was noted. This unrooted submerged plant uptakes dissolved orthophosphates directly from the water column.

Values of Carlsson index (51.4 ≤ TSI ≤ 68.2) indicate the eutrophic state of dam reservoir Kraśnik. During summer season in dam reservoir there were observed algal blooms (biomass of phytoplankton exceed 10 mg WW dm-3) and low water transparency (Secchi disc depth ranged from 0.4 to 0.65 m). During the two-year studies in dam reservoir Kraśnik a high reduction of P loadings, mostly dissolved orthophosphates was observed. Dependently on season, reduction of P-PO4 loadings ranged from 52% (July 2008) up to 91% (May 2009). The reduction of TP was lower and reached values from 15% (May 2008) to 48% (July 2009).

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Authors and Affiliations

Monika Tarkowska-Kukuryk
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Abstract

This study includes hydrologie characteristics of the Potok Toszecki basin area and the results of chemical analysis of water quality of the Potok Toszecki. These investigations were carried out in following periods: from March 1993 till May 1994 and from January 1997 till June 1998. The results of investigations on the chemical parameters of water quality were compared with analysis, carried out in 1976. Under the results of this investigations water quality of the Potok Toszecki - a watercourse, which flows to the Pławniowice Reservoir - was defined and essential factors, connected with character of the basin area have been shown. Classification of several parameters was achieved under the official decree of the ministry of environmental protection from November 5th 1991. On the basis of this classification it was found, that the main risk for the Pławniowice Reservoir are biogenie substances and suspension, inflowing to the Reservoir together with the water of the Potok Toszecki. Improvement of the existing situation will be possible only if firm waste-water managements action will be taken.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Jerzy Kozłowski
Agata Domurad
Bartłomiej Zych
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Abstract

Determined concentrations of BTEX and PAHs in bottom sediments of strong polluted dam- reservoir Dzierżno Duże (Western Part of Upper Silesian Region in South of Poland) are presented. Hydrocarbons (PAH) concentrations have not grown since 1979. The effect of adaptation process of microbiological groups to PAH degradation over the long period of pollution in the anthropogenic ecosystem is presented. Organic pollutants are deposited in the bottom of the Kłodnica river estuary. Total PAHs concentration in bottom sediments was estimated about 30 mg/kg dry weight near the Kłodnica estuary and it gradually decreases. In the distance of 700 m from first part of the water reservoir, PAH concentration is lower than 80% of the concentration, which was determined in the first sampling points of the estuary. In the present ecosystem the hydrocarbons are the element of strong environmental contamination.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Marianna Czaplicka
Anna Węglarz
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Abstract

A trial to determine the atmospheric precipitants and their role as the element of pollutants budget in transport of pollutants into water ecosystems has been presented. Total dawnfall method were used with sedimentary funnels of 0.28 m2 . The pH, conductivity, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, organic nitrogen, phosphates, organic carbon, chlorides, sulphates, calcium, magnesium and heavy metals (iron, zinc, lead and cadmium) were determined. The analysis results are similar to the results obtained at other sample points of Upper Silesia. The range of pollutant concentration changes indicate the objective factors for the analysis results dispersion. With the method apllied, only average values of concentration can be used for the evaluation of the chemical status of downfall waters and atmospheric air. The atmospheric precipitants thought underestimated are siginificant source for pollutants (nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals) introduced directly to the trophogenical zone of water ecosystem. In the case of the Kłodnica hydro-junction reservoirs, the loads of nitrogen and phosphorus from atmospheric precipitations are determined as "dangerous surface loading". The presence of considerable loads of magnesium in the precipitations indicates the possibility of chemical precipitation of polyphosphates from epilimnion zone, and are consequence the quicker transportation of phosphorus to the bottom sediments. It can activate the intra-reservoir enrichment process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

From March to October 1998 carried out hydrochemical and hydrobiological researches on retentional water reservoir Przeczyce on the Czarna Przemsza river were. Surface area of this reservoir is 570 ha. Maximal depth is 10 m, total volume 20 mln m3• In results self-purification processes water in the ecosystem is in I and II quality class. In the saprobity clasassification it is in betamezosaprobic class. Low number of macrobenthos organisms is the result of the Czarna Przemsza river pollution. In the I Part of this paper results of hydrochemical investigation was given.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Deryło
Lubomir Narloch
Maciej Kostecki
Piotr Szilman
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Abstract

In the period from March to October 1998 hydrochemical researches on a dam-reservoir Przeczyce were carried out. This resevoir is an effect of the partition of Czarna Przemsza valley, by ground barrier. Surface area of the reservoir is 570 ha, and its total cubic content is 20.75 mln m3 of water. Researches proved that in effect of systematic conveyance of pollutans by the Czarna Przemsza River, water quality in the reservoir is in eutrophy state. Raised concentration of orto-phosphates in output originating from washing out of drainage basin soils (the Schindler coefficient is 64), and from domestic sewage causes, notwithstanding relatively low concentration of nitrates, a threat for the reservoir. Disadvantageous nitrogen-phosphorus proportion, which amounts 56 od a tributary stream, 20 in the reservoir, and 14 in a autflow, is conducive to eutrophication of the reservoir. This proportion indicates that in Przeczyce dam-reservoir phosphorus is the agent limiting use of nitrogen in the process of primary production. Balance of nitrogen and phosphorus, and especially that a load of phosphates leaded to the reservoir counterbalances itself with a load of water diversion. This evidences the loss of the reservoir ability to lay surplus nutrients, especially phosphorus, in bottom sediments, and consequentlyattests to the near moment of starting the process of anrichment from the inside of ecosystem. In the next, last part of this paper, results hydrobiologically (macrobentos) investigations will describe.
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Authors and Affiliations

Antoni Deryło
Maciej Kostecki
Piotr Szilman
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Abstract

The study presents the results of the research into different phosphorus forms in the bottom sediments of anthropogenic limnic ecosystems i.e. the reservoirs of Pławniowice, Rybnik and Goczałkowice (SP). The bottom sediments of dam reservoirs were investigated by chemical extraction procedure for phosphorus forms. The lowest value of the mean AAP form percentage in the Pławniowice bottom sediments reflected the effect of reclamation with the hypolimnetic removal that had been conducted in the reservoir since 2003. The highest percentage of the RDP form (2%) was found in the Goczałkowice bottom sediments. The order of the specific speciation forms in the bottom sediments of the examined reservoirs was:

Rybnik: AAP > EP > WDP > RDP; 4,630> 3,740 > 117 > 65 > 3.5 mgP/kg

Pławniowice: AAP > EP > WDP > RDP; 916 > 783 > 107 > 15 > 1.4 mgP/kg

Goczałkowice: AAP > WDP > EP > RDP; 686 > 628 > 51 > 7 > 0.14 mgP/kg

The mutual correlations between the phosphorus speciation forms (AAP : EP : WDP : RDP) were as follows:

Rybnik: 1,323 : 1,068 : 33 : 18 : 1;

Pławniowice: 654 : 559 : 76 : 11 : 1;

Goczałkowice: 4,900 : 4,485 : 364 : 50 : 1.

The comparison of the mean concentration values for specific phosphorus forms in the bottom sediments of the three investigated reservoirs demonstrated that the Rybnik sediments had the highest contents of phosphorus. The contents in Pławniowice and Goczałkowice were 5-7 times lower

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Krystyna Janta-Koszuta
Katarzyna Stahl
Bartosz Łozowski
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Abstract

Using the infra-red telcdetection methods for measurement of waler temperature it has been shown that hydrodynamic conditions which are a result of anthropopressiou, as the supplementary water mass movement, impose square differential temperature conditions of limnic ecosystem. The Rybnik dam reservoir shows, that effect of anthropopression expressed as the thermal pollutant and itrareservoir water movement is stronger than the natural limnological factors for the type and location of the reservoir. For such situation, when the mixion of the water mass caused by anthropopression is stronger than natural water movement, the author proposes the term "anthropomixion".
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
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Abstract

The research objective was to study temporal and spatial relations between specific phosphorus species as well as to examine total phosphorus content in the bottom sediments of an anthropogenic, hypertrophic limnic ecosystem Rybnik Reservoir, functioning under thermal pollution conditions. The chemical extraction procedure for the speciation of bioavailable phosphorus forms was used. It was found that available algae phosphorus was the most dominant phosphorus species in both sediment layers (83%), while the lower share was readily desorbed phosphorus form (0.1%). The phosphorus species concentrations depended on the organic matter concentration. The differences between phosphorus species contents in the upper (5 cm) and lower (15–20 cm) sediment core layers were low. The biologically active sediment layer extended from the sediment surface to at least 20 cm depth of the sediment core. Distributions of the concentrations within the year and at specific sampling points resulted from the variability observed for particular points and transformation intensity. Furthermore in the following study, the reaction rate constant for the increase and decrease in the concentrations of the phosphorus species in sediments was given. It was indicated that the speed of the phosphorus species transformations was affected by the environment temperature. In the heated water discharge zone (water temp. 17–35°C) the concentrations of selected speciation phosphorus forms increased more than in the dam zone (5–25°C). It was also found that the abundance of the bottom sediments with phosphorus species was related to the oblong and transverse asymmetry of reservoir depth.

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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
Malwina Tytła
Joanna Kernert
Katarzyna Stahl
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Abstract

The aim of the study was evaluation of ecological potential of reservoirs, once complexes of fish ponds, which are currently covered by international form of nature conservation. An effort to identify the source of reservoirs’ water supply in biogenic substances has also been undertaken. Studied dam reservoirs, included in Natura 2000 site: a Special Protection Area (SPA) called ‘Uroczysko Mosty--Zahajki’ (PLH060014). The ‘Uroczysko Mosty-Zahajki’ consists of two neighboring, not very deep reservoirs: Mosty (390 ha) and Zahajki (240 ha), located in the Hanna river’s catchment area, a tributary of the Bug and Zielawa rivers entering the Krzna river. Studied reservoirs represented moderate (reservoir Zahajki) and bad (Mosty reservoir) ecological potential. The buffer zones of Mosty and Zahajki reser-voirs were dominated by large forest complexes. The studied reservoirs are supplied with rivers and ditches contaminated with nutrients. Mosty and Zahajki reservoirs, in spite of moderate and poor ecologi-cal potential, increase the water resources of the area, have a positive impact on the circulation of water and increase the landscape and recreational values of region.
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Authors and Affiliations

Weronika Maślanko
Joanna Sender
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Abstract

The aim of the present study was to examine changes in species composition and density of ciliates in an adjacent river, ccotone and reservoir zone (Zemborzycki Reservoir, Eastern Poland). Quality and quantity structure of planktonie ciliates showed visible differences between studied zones; the highest species diversity and abundance were observed in the ecotone (water/water). The lowest species diversity and abundance were noted in the Bystrzyca River. Independent on the zone, ciliates community was dominated by bacterivorous species with the lowest proportions of algivorous tax a. The present study showed that density of protozooplankton rose with the increase of nutrients delivery and TOC concentration in water.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Mieczan
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Tarkowska-Kukuryk
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Abstract

Physicochemical parameters of water and phytoplankton composition were studied in the dirnictic, submountain Dobczyce Reservoir (southern Poland) affected by summer storrnflow, which took place in September 2007. During summer (except September) temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and carbonates showed vertical differentiation. Stormwater flow through the system had a destabilizing effect on summer stratification. It diluted the concentrations of salts (sulphate and chloride) and slightly increased the concentration of nutrients in the reservoir. In phytoplankton some changes in the dominant species among the Cyanobacteria group were noted.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Szarek-Gwiazda
Grażyna Mazurkiewicz-Boroń
Elżbieta Wilk-Woźniak
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Abstract

In the study we have focused on the distribution of several metals (Cr, As, Pb) and anions (Cr, NO3-) and their partition between pore (interstitial) waters and sediments sampled at three stations at the Dobczyce Reservoir which supplies the drinking water to inhabitants from the city of Kraków and its agglomeration. The results show considerable increase in concentrations of Pb and As in pore water samples, when compared to the bottom waters. Meaningful alternations in concentration were observed in case of pore water samples (Pb, As) and sediments (Cr, Pb, As), coming from three stations and their lateral sections. The possible relations between this phenomenon and the sediment characteristic as well as the Fe and Ca content, has been studied. Some comments on the seasonal variations of anion contents in water and pore water samples, are also provided. It was found that nitrates and sulphates show considerable variations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mariusz Macherzyński
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Reczyński
J. Sanecki
Jerzy Górecki
Janusz Gołaś
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Abstract

Variability of stress proteins concentration in caged carp exposed to transplantation experiment model dam reservoir was caused only by natural (climatic and biological) conditions. Thus, the reference data of stress proteins concentration range in young carp individuals were obtained. Metallothionein, HSP70 and HSP90 protein concentrations as biomarkers were assayed in the livers, gills and muscles of six-month-old (summer) or nine-month-old (autumn) carp individuals in relation to the site of encaging, season (summer or autumn), the term of sampling (1, 2 or 3 weeks after the transplantation) and tissue. Physicochemical analyses of the condition of water as well as pollution detection were conducted during each stage of the experiment. As the result of this study, the range of the variability of the stress protein concentration in young carp individuals was obtained. According to the analyses of the aquatic conditions of a reservoir with no detectable pollutants, we conclude that the variability in the stress protein concentration levels in the groups that were compared is solely the result of the natural conditions. Future regular monitoring of the reservoir using the transplantation method and young carp individuals will be both possible and reliable. Moreover, the range of variability in the stress protein concentrations that were measured in the young C. carpio individuals acquired from the model dam reservoir in relation to all of the studied factors may be applied in the monitoring of any other similar reservoir.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Babczyńska
1
Monika Tarnawska
1
Piotr Łaszczyca
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Migula
1
Bartosz Łozowski
1
Andrzej Woźnica
1
Ilgiz Irnazarow
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Augustyniak
1

  1. Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
  2. Institute of Ichtyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
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Abstract

Multi-purpose reservoirs play an important role in satisfying demands for water supply, irrigation, hydropower, drinking water, flood protection, recreation, navigation, and other purposes. At the same time, they can often have considerable negative impacts on the environment and local biodiversity that remain largely unseen. These “dirty secrets” include sediment deposition, cyanobacteria blooms, and greenhouse gas emissions.

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Authors and Affiliations

Silke Wieprecht
The CHARM-Team
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Abstract

Ecotoxicological biotests were applied in order to evaluate their suitability as early warning systems in the continuous monitoring of lowland shallow dam reservoirs located in Central Europe. The following biotests were used: Daphtoxkit F™magna, Algaltoxkit F™, Ostracodtoxkit F, Phytotoxkit and MARA Test. The experiment was conducted from July 2010 to December 2012 in Goczalkowice Reservoir (the Vistula River, Poland), serving as a model. For the analysis, 41 out of 52 measured water indices were used to assess its toxicity to living organisms. The results of biotests were correlated with 41 hydrochemical indices of water quality. The pattern of relationships among the result of biotest and hydrochemical indices as well as Factor Analysis (FA) and Primary Component Analysis (PCA) revealed that: i) signs of ecotoxicity detected with biotests were associated with either low fl ow periods or spring surface runoff of water; ii) single events of increased ecotoxicity in the depression areas behind saddle dam pump stations appearedafter high fl ow periods; iii) elevated toxicity was accompanied by high concentrations of dissolved and suspended substances; iv) FA and PCA demonstrated correlations among the results of biotests and damming parameters, water conductivity, alkali and transitory metal metals (Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn), and several forms of nitrogen phosphorous and carbon compounds concentration. The relationships suggest that batteries of biotests may serve as a cost-eff ective tool for continuous monitoring of water quality in dam reservoirs and can detect eff ects of extreme hydrologic events, local toxic discharges, and signs of the trophic status of the reservoirs
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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Łaszczyca
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mirosław Nakonieczny
2
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Kostecki
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Retired university professor, University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
  2. University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland
  3. Institute of Environmental Engineering Polish Academy of Sciences, Zabrze, Poland
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Abstract

Dam construction is one of the measures that is inevitable in many cases and must be done to supply drinking water, agricultural uses and electricity generation. There are many challenges to a successful dam project, and the managers of each project must consider the appropriate solutions for them. One of the studies that is done in dam design is sedimentation in dam reservoirs. The experimental area-reduction method is a very common technique that obtains the sediment distribution in depth and longitudinal profile. This technique shows that sediment accumulation is not limited to the bottom reservoirs. Sediment accumulation in a reservoir is usually distributed below the top of the protection reservoir or normal water level. In this study, the distribution of sediment in the reservoir of Karun Dam after a period of 65 years has been done using the experimental area-reduction method. Elevation–volume and elevation–area curves of the dam reservoir are obtained after the useful life of the dam and sediment deposition. The results showed that after 65 years, 106.47·10 6 m 3 of sediment is deposited in the reservoir of the dam and the useful volume of the reservoir is significantly reduced. Also, up to a height of 36.4 m, the dam reservoir is filled with sediment. Therefore, no valve should be placed up to this height.
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Authors and Affiliations

Rakhmat Yusuf
1
ORCID: ORCID
Aan Komariah
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dedy Achmad Kurniady
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mardiani Mardiani
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jumintono Jumintono
2
ORCID: ORCID
Khaldoon T. Falih
3
ORCID: ORCID
Oleg V. Kabanov
4
ORCID: ORCID
Surendar Aravindhan
5
ORCID: ORCID
Mustafa Mohammed Kadhim
6
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Department of Civil Engineering, Jl. Dr. Setiabudi No. 229, Isola, Kec. Sukasari, Bandung, Jawa Barat 40154, Indonesia
  2. Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Faculty of Technical and Vocational Education, Batu Pahat, Johor, Malaysia
  3. Al-Ayen University, Scientific Research Center, New Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Dhi-Qar, Iraq
  4. National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Republic of Mordovia, Saransk, Russia
  5. Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology, Chennai, India
  6. Al-Kut University College, School of Science and Engineering, Kut, Wasit, Iraq

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