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Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present the preparation of Project Risk Assessment Methodology and its mitigation in complex construction projects. The main text provides a summary of the approach, the method used and the findings. The conclusions have been drawn that the proper tools for quantifying risks have to be based on the criteria specific for mathematical statistic and probability or at least fuzziness. Function, which makes possible to categorize any risks into one of the five categories, is a combination of probability and the impact on one of the items: people and their safety or budget, cost, schedule and planning or quality and performance. An attempt was made to express numerically the relationship between risks impacts and their level of likelihood. Also, a method of associating the influence of projects risks impacts on the extent of the likelihood of project risk occurrence which makes possible to determine the direction and the strength of this relationship was presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Konior
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Abstract

Supplementing well recognised practical models of project and construction management, based on probabilistic and fuzzy events may make possible to transfer the weight of the change and extra orders assessment from the qualitative form to a quantitative one. This assessment, however, is naturally burdened with an immeasurable, subjective aspect. Elaboration of probability of occurrence in a construction project unforeseen building works requires application (in addition to the non-measureable, qualitative criteria) of measurable (quantitative) criteria which still appear during construction project implementation. In reimbursable engineering contracts, a random event described as an extra, supplementary building work has a random character and occurs with a specific likelihood. In lump sum contracts, on the other hand, such a random event has a fuzzy character and its occurrence is defined in a linear manner by the function of affiliation to the set of fuzzy events being identical with unforeseen events. The strive for quantitative presentation of criteria regarded by nature as qualitative and the intention to determine relations between them led to the application of the fuzzy sets theory to this issue. Their properties enable description of the unforeseen works of construction projects in an unambiguous, quantitative way.

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Authors and Affiliations

J. Konior
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Abstract

During implementation of construction projects, durations of activities are affected by various factors. Because of this, both during the planning phase of the project as well as the construction phase, managers try to estimate, or predict, the length of any delays that may occur. Such estimates allow for the ability to take appropriate action in terms of planning and management during the execution of construction works. This paper presents the use of the non-deterministic concept for describing the uncertainty of estimating works duration. The concept uses the theory of fuzzy sets. The author describes a method for fuzzy estimations of construction works duration based on the fact that uncertain data is an inherent factor in the conditions of construction projects. An example application of the method is presented. The author shows a fuzzy estimation for the duration of an activity, taking into consideration the distorting influence caused by malfunctioning construction equipment and delivery delays of construction materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

N. Ibadov
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Abstract

Construction projects, even exemplarily planned and organized, bear a risk of unforeseen events and problems which can result in completion of the works after the deadline, that is delays. The construction of bridges is an inseparable part of road and rail projects and construction and expansion of the transport network. The paper aims at finding a relationship between the independent variables characterizing bridge projects and the delays during their implementation. Two alternative models were proposed to solve the problem: logit and probit. The data set comprising road and rail bridges built in Poland in the last 12 years (2005–2017) was used to build the models. The evaluation, quality and accuracy parameters of proposed models were determined in the final part of the paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Leśniak
M. Juszczyk
G. Piskorz
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Abstract

This paper deals with the problem of stabilization by an estimated state feedback for a family of nonlinear time-delay Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy parameterized systems. The delay is supposed to be constant where the parameter-dependent controls laws are used to compensate the nonlinearities which are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Based on the Lyapunov- Krasovskii functionals, global exponential stability of the closed-loop systems is achieved. The controller and observer gains are able to be separately designed even in the presence of modeling uncertainty and state delay. Finally, a numerical example is given to show the applicability of the main result.
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Authors and Affiliations

Nizar Hadj Taieb
1
Mohamed Ali Hammami
2
François Delmotte
3

  1. University of Sfax, IPEIS Sfax, Tunisia
  2. University of Sfax, Faculty of Sciences of Sfax, Tunisia
  3. University of Artois, Bethune, France
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Abstract

The problems in the Covid-19 pandemic have a major influence on the field of education with the use of technology to support the teaching and learning process to facilitate students who do home learning activities. The proposed concept of freedom of learning is a more comprehensive concept such as portfolio and assignments such as group assignments, writings, and so on that are done in full online by adding additional features such as Teaching and Learning Activities and Assessment through information technology media. (E-Learning / Learning Management System). The method proposed in this research is the Peer Connection Queue (PCQ) method on mikrotik operating systems. PCQ method is a program to manage network traffic in Quality of Services (QoS). Bandwidth management methods. The hypothesis formulated is to create bandwidth management with PCQ so that bandwidth sharing is automatically and evenly distributed to multi clients. Therefore, in this research finally formulated into the goal of E-Learning effectiveness analysis using bandwidth management analysis method, which will be measured and analyzed in this research is throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. So that the final result of this research obtained the feasibility of the teaching and learning process that is carried out effectively.
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Bibliography

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[6] S. Sundarasen, K. Chinna, K. Kamaludin, M. Nurunnabi, G.M. Baloch, H.B. Khoshaim, A. Sukayt, “Psychological impact of COVID-19 and lockdown among university students in Malaysia: implications and policy recommendations,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020, 17(17), 6206. [7] https://kampusmerdeka.kemdikbud.go.id/news/kampus-merdeka-ala-mas-menteri-nadiem-makarim-seperti-apa-konsepnya
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Authors and Affiliations

Setiyo Budiyanto
1
Lukman Medriavin Silalahi
1
Freddy Artadima Silaban
1
Henry Binsar Hamonangan Sitorus
2
Agus Dendi Rochendi
3
Mochamad Furqon Ismail
4

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Mercu Buana, Indonesia
  2. Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional “Veteran” Jakarta , Indonesia
  3. Department of Oceanographic Physics, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia, Indonesia
  4. Department of Physical Oceanography, Geomar Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Germany
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Abstract

New frequency domain methods for stability analysis of linear continuous-time fractional order systems with delays of the retarded type are given. The methods are obtained by generalisation to the class of fractional order systems with delays of the Mikhailov stability criterion and the modified Mikhailov stability criterion known from the theory of natural order systems without and with delays. The study is illustrated by numerical examples of time-delay systems of commensurate and non-commensurate fractional orders.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Busłowicz
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Abstract

The stability analysis for discrete-time fractional linear systems with delays is presented. The state-space model with a time shift in the difference is considered. Necessary and sufficient conditions for practical stability and for asymptotic stability have been established. The systems with only one matrix occurring in the state equation at a delayed moment have been also considered. In this case analytical conditions for asymptotic stability have been given. Moreover parametric descriptions of the boundary of practical stability and asymptotic stability regions have been presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ruszewski
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Abstract

For many years, a digital waveguide model is being used for sound propagation in the modeling of the vocal tract with the structured and uniform mesh of scattering junctions connected by same delay lines. There are many varieties in the formation and layouts of the mesh grid called topologies. Current novel work has been dedicated to the mesh of two-dimensional digital waveguide models of sound propagation in the vocal tract with the structured and non-uniform rectilinear grid in orientation. In this work, there are two types of delay lines: one is called a smaller-delay line and other is called a larger-delay line. The larger-delay lines are the double of the smaller delay lines. The scheme of using the combination of both smaller- and larger-delay lines generates the non-uniform rectilinear two-dimensional waveguide mesh. The advantage of this approach is the ability to get a transfer function without fractional delay. This eliminates the need to get interpolation for the approximation of fractional delay and give efficient simulation for sound wave propagation in the two-dimensional waveguide modeling of the vocal tract. The simulation has been performed by considering the vowels /ɔ/, /a/, /i/ and /u/ in this work. By keeping the same sampling frequency, the standard two-dimensional waveguide model with uniform mesh is considered as our benchmark model. The results and efficiency of the proposed model have compared with our benchmark model.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tahir Mushtaq Qureshi
Khalid Saifullah Syed
Asim Zafar
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Abstract

Tea mosquito bugs (TMB; Helopeltis bradyi, Hemiptera, Miridae) are a main pest in tea and cacao plantations worldwide. Pheromone-mediated mating disruption (MD) is a promising strategy to manage TMB populations. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the simultaneous effect of TMB female delayed mating (1, 3 and 5 days delayed mating) and pairing duration (1 day, 5 days, and entire lifespan) on several reproductive parameters. Results showed that female delayed mating obviously affected egg number, egg viability, and offspring number, but male delayed mating did not show such effects. Shortened pairing durations had a significant effect on egg viability and offspring number but not on egg number. Increased delayed mating and pairing duration negatively affected adult longevity. In general, we noted that TMB reproductive performance is vulnerable to delayed mating and shortened pairing durations, thus providing essential guidance for the implementation of MD strategies of TMB in the field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Indriani Feberati Putri
1
Suputa Suputa
1
Alan Soffan
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Plant Protection, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Abstract

A novel measurement method and a brief discussion of basic characteristics of measuring the phase shift angle between two sinusoidal signals of the same frequency are presented in this paper. It contains a mathematical model for using conditional averaging of a delayed signal interfered with noise to measure the phase shift angle. It also provides characteristics of conditional mean values and discusses the effect of random interferences on the accuracy of the phase shift measurement. The way to determine the variance of the conditional mean value, together with the assessment of standard and expanded uncertainty, are described. The uncertainty characteristic shows the complementary properties of the discussed angle measurement principle �� for small absolute values |��| (minimum for �� = 0) relative to the correlation principle, where the minimum measurement uncertainty is present for �� = ��/2. |
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Kowalczyk
1
Anna Szlachta
1

  1. Rzeszow University of Technology, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Metrology and Diagnostic Systems, W. Pola 2, 35-959 Rzeszow, Poland
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Abstract

In pursuing numerous construction projects, investors and contractors regularly face construction delay problems, many of which are likely to have been avoidable. There is found that payment delays and project delays are the two most critical effects of risk factors of construction management. The paper presents the practical application of the Earned Value Management method, which was used to estimate the possible extension of the duration of construction works during which realization disturbances occurred on the example of selected construction investment. The realization disturbances are usually an inseparable element in the implementation of construction works. They are the result of, among others: additional works, changes or design defects, as well as a badly adopted logistics strategy regarding the supply of construction materials. Delays or increasing the total cost of investment is a problem often encountered in the implementation of construction investments, despite advanced construction technologies, including system technologies and proven tools supporting the management of the construction process. The EVM method is used to control investments. It allows you to control delays and acceleration of construction works as well as to estimate their cost and completion date. In the analyzed case it was used to determine the scale of delays arising in construction works and related effects with the specification of the participation of individual participants of the investment process for delays. This paper is a continuation and supplementation of the research presented in the article: “The influence of construction works disturbances on the EVM analysis outcomes – case study” [23].
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Bibliography


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[2] K. Park, H.W. Lee, K. Choi, et al., “Project Risk Factors Facing Construction Management Firms”. Int J Civ Eng 17, pp. 305–321 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-017-0262-z
[3] ANSI EIA – 748 Standard – Earned Value Management Systems.
[4] K. Araszkiewicz, and M. Bochenek, “Control of construction projects using the Earned Value Method – case study”, Open Engineering 9 (2019), pp. 186–195. https://doi.org/10.1515/eng-2019-0020
[5] M. Bilal, L.O. Oyedele, H.O. Kusimo, H.A. Owolabi, L.A. Akanbi, A.O. Ajayi, O.O. Akinade, and J.M.D. Delgado, “Investigating profitability performance of construction projects using big data: A project analytics approach”, Journal of Building Engineering, 26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100850
[6] D.W.M. Chan, T. O. Olawumi, and A. M.L. Ho, “Perceived benefits of and barriers to Building Information Modelling (BIM) implementation in construction: The case of Hong Kong”, Journal of Building Engineering, 25 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100764
[7] R. Charef, S. Emmitt, H. Alaka, and F. Fouchal, (2019). “Building Information Modelling adoption in the European Union: An overview”. Journal of Building Engineering, 25, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100777
[8] T. Chen et al, “How do project management competencies change within the project management career model in large Chinese construction companies?”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2018.12.002
[9] U. Dwivedi, “Earned Value Management Explained”, 2019 Project Smart reserved, https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/earned-value-management-explained.php
[10] F. Elghaish, S. Abrishami, M. RR. Hosseini, S. Abu-Samra, and M. Gaterell, “Integrated project delivery with BIM: An automated EVM-based approach”, Automation in Construction, 106, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autcon.2019.102907
[11] M. Lendo-Siwicka, M. Poloński, and K. Pawluk, “Identification of the interference in the investment process during the realization of a shopping centre – a case study”, Archives of Civil Engineering, LXII (2016), pp. 159–172. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0058
[12] L. Lin, R. Müller, F. Zhu, and H. Liu, “Choosing suitable project control modes to improve the knowledge integration under different uncertainties”, International Journal of Project Management, 37 (2019), pp. 896–911. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijproman.2019.07.002
[13] L. Song, “Earned Value Management: A Global Cross-Industry Perspective on Current EVM Practice”. PMI 2010.
[14] S.T. Matarneha, M. Danso-Amoako, S.T. Matarneh, S. Al-Bizri, M. Gaterell, and R. Matarneh, “Building information modeling for facilities management: A literature review and future research directions”, Journal of Building Engineering, 24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100755
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[21] P. Piroozfar, E. R.P. Farr, A.H.M. Zadeh, S.T. Inacio, S. Kilgallone, and R. Jin, “Facilitating Building Information Modelling (BIM) using Integrated Project Delivery (IPD): A UK perspective”, Journal of Building Engineering, 26 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100907
[22] B. Roseke, “The Earned Value Method”. https://www.projectengineer.net/the-earned-value-method/
[23] A. Starczyk-Kołbyk, and L. Kruszka, “The influence of construction works disturbances on the EVM analysis outcomes – case study”, Archives of Civil Engineering, LXVI (2020), pp. 161–177. https://doi.org/10.24425/ace.2020.131781
[24] A. Webb, “Using Earned Value – a project manager guide”. Gower Publishing, Ltd., 2003.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Starczyk-Kołbyk
1
ORCID: ORCID
Leopold Kruszka
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00–908 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, ul. gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2,00–908 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Irrigation and hydropower are among the most important sectors in the construction industry that propel the economic needs of a developing country like Vietnam. The construction of these projects often suffers from severe delays, leading to financial losses and other negative impacts on the economy. This paper aims to determine delay factors in the construction of these projects. Among many, 39 most important candidates of delay causes were identified from the literature review. Further surveys on project participants were conducted for the severity of these causes. An exploratory factor analysis was utilized to identify latent factors that cause delays in construction projects. The analysis result categorized a few groups of factors such as abnormal factors on the construction site (e.g., labor accidents, hydrology, water flow, extreme weather) and technical factors related to the construction contractor (e.g., unsuitable schedule, outdated construction technology, unprofessional workers) that have the greatest impact on the delay in construction of irrigation and hydropower projects in Vietnam. These findings contribute to the body of knowledge of project management and risk management, hence an improvement in the efficiency of the project sectors’ performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Van Son Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Huu-Hue Nguyen
1
ORCID: ORCID
Duc Anh Nguyen
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dinh Tuan Hai
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. ThuyLoi University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, No. 175 Tay Son Road, Dong Da District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
  2. Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Department of Building and Industrial Construction, No. 55 Giai Phong Street, Hai Ba Trung District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
  3. Hanoi Architectural University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Km 10, Nguyen Trai Street, Thanh Xuan District, Hanoi City, Vietnam
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Abstract

The positive (minimal) realization problem for a class of singular discrete-time linear single-input, single-output systems with delays in state and delays in control is addressed. Solvability conditions for the positive (minimal) realization problem are established. It is shown that there exists a positive (minimal) realization of an improper transfer function T(z) = n(z) / d(z) if the coefficients of polynomial n(z) are non-negative and of the polynomial d(z) are non-positive except the leading one, which should be positive. A procedure for computation of the positive (minimal) realization of the transfer function is proposed and illustrated by an example.

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Authors and Affiliations

T. Kaczorek
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Abstract

Simple necessary and sufficient conditions for robust stability of the positive linear discrete-time systems with delays with linear uncertainty structure in two cases: 1) unity rank uncertainty structure, 2) non-negative perturbation matrices, are established. The proposed conditions are compared with the suitable conditions for the standard systems. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Busłowicz
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Abstract

Simple new necessary and sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability of the positive linear discrete-time systems with delays in states are established. It is shown that asymptotic stability of the system is equivalent to asymptotic stability of the corresponding positive discrete-time system without delays of the same size. The considerations are illustrated by numerical examples.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Busłowicz
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Abstract

In the paper positive fractional continuous-time linear systems are considered. Positive fractional systems without delays and positive fractional systems with a single delay in control are studied. New criteria for approximate and exact controllability of systems without delays as well as a relative controllability criterion of systems with delay are established and proved. Numerical examples are presented for different controllability criteria. A practical application is proposed.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID
Nikola Matlok
1

  1. Department of Applied Mathematics, Silesian University of Technology, Kaszubska 23, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Abstract

Water vapour radiometers (WVR) provide information about temperature and humidity in the troposphere, with high temporal resolution when compared to the radiosonde (RS) observations. This technique can provide an additional reference data source for the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) estimated with the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In this work, the accuracy of two newly installed radiometers was examined by comparison with RS observations, in terms of temperature (T), absolute humidity (AH), and relative humidity (RH), as well as for the ZTD. The impact of cloud covering and heavy precipitation events on the quality of WVR measurements was investigated. Also, the WVR data were compared to the GNSS ZTD estimates. The experiment was performed for 17 months during 2020 and 2021. The results show agreement between RS and WVR data at the level of 2◦C in T and 1 gm-3 in AH, whereas for RH larger discrepancies were noticed (standard deviation equal to 21%). Heavy precipitation increases WVR measurement errors of all meteorological parameters. In terms of ZTD, the comparison of WVR and RS techniques results in bias equal to –0.4 m and a standard deviation of 7.4 mm. The largest discrepancies of ZTD were noticed during the summer period. The comparison between the GNSS and WVR gives similar results as the comparison between the GNSS and RS (standard deviation 7.0–9.0 mm).
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Authors and Affiliations

Estera Trzcina
1
Damian Tondaś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Witold Rohm
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Science, Wroclaw, Poland
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Abstract

Simulation of wave propagation in the three-dimensional (3D) modeling of the vocal tract has shown significant promise for enhancing the accuracy of speech production. Recent 3D waveguide models of the vocal tract have been designed for better accuracy but require a lot of computational tasks. A high computational cost in these models leads to novel work in reducing the computational cost while retaining accuracy and performance. In the current work, we divide the geometry of the vocal tract into four equal symmetric parts with the introduction of two axial perpendicular planes, and the simulation is performed on only one part. A novel strategy is defined to implement symmetric conditions in the mesh. The complete standard 3D digital waveguide model is assumed as a benchmark model. The proposed model is compared with the benchmark model in terms of formant frequencies and efficiency. For the demonstration, the vowels /O/, /i/, /E/, /A/, and /u/ have been selected for the simulations. According to the results, the benchmark and current models are nearly identical in terms of frequency profiles and formant frequencies. Still the current model is three times more effective than the benchmark model.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tahir Mushtaq
1
Ahmad Kamran
1
Muhammad Zubair Akbar Qureshi
2
Zafar Iqbal
3

  1. Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, Pakistan
  2. Department of Mathematics, Air University, Islamabad, Pakistan
  3. Department of Mathematics, Government Graduate College of Science, Multan, Pakistan
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Abstract

This paper focuses on the invariance of the reachability and observability for fractional order positive linear electrical circuits with delays and their checking methods. By derivation and comparison, it shows that conditions and checking methods of reachability and observability for integer and fractional order positive linear electrical circuits with delays are invariant. An illustrative example is presented at the end of the paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Tong Yuan
1
ORCID: ORCID
Hongli Yang
1

  1. Shandong University of Science and Technology, China
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Abstract

The time delay element present in the PI controller brings dead-time compensation capability and shows improved performance for dead-time processes. However, design of robust time delayed PI controller needs much responsiveness for uncertainty in dead-time processes. Hence in this paper, robustness of time delayed PI controller has been analyzed for First Order plus Dead-Time (FOPDT) process model. The process having dead-time greater than three times of time constant is very sensitive to dead-time variation. A first order filter is introduced to ensure robustness. Furthermore, integral time constant of time delayed PI controller is modified to attain better regulatory performance for the lag-dominant processes. The FOPDT process models are classified into dead-time/lag dominated on the basis of dead-time to time constant ratio. A unified tuning method is developed for processes with a number of dead-time to time constant ratio. Several simulation examples and experimental evaluation are exhibited to show the efficiency of the proposed unified tuning technique. The applicability to the process models other than FOPDT such as high-order, integrating, right half plane zero systems are also demonstrated via simulation examples.
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Authors and Affiliations

Arun R. Pathiran
1
R. Muniraj
2
ORCID: ORCID
M. Willjuice Iruthayarajan
3
ORCID: ORCID
S.R. Boselin Prabhu
4
T. Jarin
5
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Technology, Ethiopian Technical University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
  2. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, P.S.R. Engineering College, Sivakasi, Virudhunagar District, Tamilnadu, India
  3. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, National Engineering College, Kovilpatti, India
  4. Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Surya Engineering College, Mettukadai, India
  5. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Jyothi Engineering College, Thrissur, India

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