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Abstract

Socio-economic development as well as factors and determinants of development. The scientific language, as well as everyday and literary language, is in constant development. The effect of this development is the multiplication of flavored notions and concepts leading to many misunderstandings and ambiguities, which should not happen in the scientific language. The presented texts should be written in a language that is clear, simple, logical, unambiguous and understandable, and their interpretation should not cause problems. This article presents remarks concerning the interpretation of such basic notions of socio-economic sciences as socio-economic development, economic growth and factors and conditions of development, quite freely used in scientific texts. It also contains the correct interpretation of these notions, especially in reference to the language of socio-economic geography, regional economics and socio-economic and spatial development and planning. Only an unambiguously interpreted text can be a platform for mutual understanding, basis for scientific discussion and the way to the the real development of science.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy J. Parysek
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Abstract

The research was carried out on two different industrial wastes deposited on the premises of a chemical plant: used graphite electrode after electrolysis of brine applying the mercury-cathode method and coal catalyst past the usage period after the synthesis of vinyl chloride. The need for utilization of the waste necessitated development of a fast and reliable procedure for mercury determination. We have found procedures for mineralization of coal samples and determination of small concentrations of mercury by the cold vapour of atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS) in the available literature. Six procedures for passing mercury from the examined waste into solutions were tested, and mercury was assayed using the titration method of Wickbold and CV AAS. The results were evaluated statistically. It has been found that four ways to mineralize the examined industrial waste samples can be used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Ciba
Joanna Kluczka
Maria Zolotajkin
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Abstract

The determination of the content of ecotoxic elements directly in flue gas is important for determining its actual emission from coal combustion. Moreover, in the BAT for large combustion plants conclusions adopted in 2017, apart from tightening of pollutants emission standards, i.e. SO 2, NO x and dusts, and setting emission limits, among others, for mercury, the monitoring of the actual emission of toxic elements has been established with the use of specific analytical methods. The review and comparison of available methods of analyzing the content of elements in flue gases in accordance with American and European standards has been presented in the article. Moreover, the factors influencing the quality of the obtained measurement results were identified.

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Authors and Affiliations

Faustyna Wierońska-Wiśniewska
Dorota Makowska
Andrzej Strugała
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Abstract

The paper presents two alternative proposals for processing kinematic modular networks. The first method employs the idea of multi-group transformation which may be reduced to setting up a system of conditional equations with unknowns. The kinematic parameters (point motion velocities) are in this case determined after the observations are adjusted, together with point coordinates. The other proposal is based on the classic idea of the parametric method. The theoretical relationships for functional models of the network adjustment for each of the methods have been provided. The practical conditions have been presented for the application of the proposed models (methods) in constructing detailed computational algorithms. The modular network technology may be an appropriate method of geodetic determination of displacements, especially in difficult terrain conditions (slopes, trees, unfavourable exposition to satellite signals).
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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Gargula
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Evaluation apprehension is the anxiety arising from a concern that one’s knowledge or expertise may be evaluated unfavorably by an audience. In this regard, the educational field comprising students’ discussions, lectures, presentations, and interactions is not an exception. Plethora of studies on student apprehension demonstrated that the construct is under the influence of different factors and can create various consequences. The aim of the present review is to complement and encapsulate previous research on student apprehension by providing an updated review on the concept in different disciplines. Data from 30 studies published in Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, and System were coded based on a coding scheme. The studies were broadly classified into four categories in the realm of education in terms of students’ disciplines; namely, Second/Foreign Language Learning (9 studies), Accounting and Finance (4 studies), Medicine, Nursing, and Pharmacy (6 studies), and miscellaneous disciplines (11 studies). The focus of this review pivoted around antecedents and consequences of student apprehension in each field. The analysis demonstrated the multidimensional nature of the construct caused by a host of variables and resulting in a multitude of ramifications. Based on these findings, some implications and strategies for mitigating student evaluation apprehension are presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Safoura Jahedizadeh
Behzad Ghonsooly
Azar Hosseini Fatemi
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Abstract

The spectacular surge of Poland's VAT revenues after 2015 prompted a discussion about the role of the tax administration in collecting tax liabilities. Unfortunately, the scarcity of the available data prevents empirical studies from reaching reliable conclusions about the determinants of VAT revenues. Given that, this article presents a wider attempt at identifying the determinants of VAT revenues in the EU Member States. Using panel cointegration methods, several working hypotheses linking VAT gap to income factors, the business cycle, tax carousels, and an effectiveness of the government are evaluated. The results of the research provide evidence that the VAT gap in the EU countries is under a strong influence from variables approximating changes in per capita incomes, the business cycle, and the openness of an economy to intra-EU trade. The latter finding is a sufficient indication that the improvements made to Poland's tax system were both legitimate and effective.
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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Kelm
1

  1. Chair of Econometric Models and Forecasts, University of Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

In the article I discuss the modal version of the so‑called ‘consequence argument’ for incompatibilism. I quote and review critical remarks that predominate in the literature, and try to answer them. I show that the main strategy employed with the view to undermining the consequence argument revolves on the meanings of expressions used in it. The premises are allegedly false, the conclusion is not strong enough, and the rules are incorrect. I object to this kind of strategy and claim that the consequence argument should be assessed on its merits and declared as correct. It is a strong reason in favor of the truth of incompatibilism.
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Bibliography

Beebee H. (2013), Free Will. An Introduction, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Beebee H., Mele A. (2002), Humean Compatibilism, „Mind” 111, s. 201–223.
Campbell J.K. (2007), Free Will and the Necessity of the Past, „Analysis” 67, s. 105– 111.
Campbell J.K. (2010), Compatibilism and Fatalism: Reply to Loss, „Analysis” 70, s. 71–76.
Ginet C. (1966), Might We Have No Choice?, w: K. Lehrer (red.), Freedom and Determinism, New York: Random House, s. 87–104.
Grobler A. (2006), Metodologia nauk, Kraków: Aureus – Znak.
Huemer M. (2000), Van Inwagen’s Consequence Argument, „The Philosophical Review” 109, s. 525–544.
Kane R. (2007), Libertarianism, w: J.M. Fischer, R. Kane, D. Pereboom, M. Vargas, Four Views on Free Will, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, s. 5–43.
Lewis D. (1979), Counterfactual Dependence and Time’s Arrow, „Nous” 13, s. 455– 476.
Lewis D. (1981), Are We Free to Break the Laws?, „Theoria” 3, s. 113–121.
McKay T.J., Johnson D. (1996), A Reconsideration of An Argument Against Compatibilism, „Philosophical Topics” 24, s. 113–122.
Speak D. (2012), The Consequence Argument Revisited, w: R. Kane (red.), The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, Oxford Handbooks Online, www.oxfordhandbooks.com.
Van Inwagen P. (1975), The Incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism, „Philosophical Studies” 27, s. 185–199.
Van Inwagen P. (1983), An Essay on Free Will, Oxford: Clarendon Press. Van Inwagen P. (2000), Free Will Remains a Mystery, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 1–19.
Vihvelin K. (2000), Libertarian Compatibilism, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 139–166.
Warfield T.A. (2000), Causal Determinism and Human Freedom are Incompatible: A New Argument for Incompatibilism, „Philosophical Perspectives” 14, s. 167–180.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Nowakowski
1

  1. Uniwersytet Marii Curie‑Skłodowskiej w Lublinie, Wydział Filozofii i Socjologii, Pl. M. Curie‑Skłodowskiej 4, 20‑031 Lublin
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Abstract

The article aims to briefly present Peter Strawson’s view expressed in his seminal article Freedom and Resentment (1962). We start with certain remarks on the position of the article among other works by Strawson and on reasons of its vast popularity manifested by many modern authors interested in the issues of responsibility or free will. Next, we move on to the issue of interpretation of the central thought of Strawson’s work. To do this, we present the most common interpretation, which at the first glance seems to express the core of Strawson’s view in a fairly convincing way. Then we adopt a slightly different perspective on the main line of reasoning in the article in question and in this context we try to interpret its general message. We argue that the main topic of the article is the philosophical issue of punishment. For this is the problem which – if we are right – is the proper object of the debate between an optimist who is also a compatibilist and a pessimist who is also a libertarian.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Gut
Stefaan E. Cuypers
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Abstract

The objective of the research was to investigate the efficiency of selected methods of data fusion from visual sensors used on-board satellites for attitude measurements. Data from a sun sensor, an earth sensor, and a star tracker were fused, and selected methods were applied to calculate satellite attitude. First, a direct numerical solution, a numerical and analytical solution of the Wahba problem, and the TRIAD method for attitude calculation were compared used for integrating data produced by a sun sensor and an earth sensor. Next, attitude data from the star tracker and earth/sun sensors were integrated using two methods: weighted average and Kalman filter. All algorithms were coded in the MATLAB environment and tested using simulation models of visual sensors. The results of simulations may be used as an indication for the best data fusion in real satellite systems. The algorithms developed may be extended to incorporate other attitude sensors like inertial and/or GNSS to form a complete satellite attitude system.
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Bibliography

  1.  E. Babcock, “CubeSat Attitude Determination via Kalman Filtering of Magnetometer and Solar Cell Data,” in 25th AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites, 2011, [Online]. Available: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/smallsat/2011/all2011/56/.
  2.  M. Fakhari Mehrjardi, H. Sanusi, Mohd.A.Mohd. Ali, and M.A. Taher, “Three-Axis Attitude Estimation Of Satellite Through Only Two- Axis Magnetometer Observations Using LKF Algorithm,” Metrol. Meas. Syst., vol. 22, no. 4, pp. 577–590, 2015, [Online]. Available: https://journals.pan.pl/dlibra/publication/104365/edition/90368.
  3.  T. Nguyen, K. Cahoy, and A. Marinan, “Attitude Determination for Small Satellites with Infrared Earth Horizon Sensors,” J. Spacecr. Rockets, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 1466– 1475, 2018, doi: 10.2514/1.A34010.
  4.  Y.T. Chiang, F.R. Chang, L.S. Wang, Y.W. Jan, and L.H. Ting, “Data fusion of three attitude sensors,” in SICE 2001. Proceedings of the 40th SICE Annual Conference. International Session Papers (IEEE Cat. No.01TH8603), 2002, pp. 234–239, doi: 10.1109/SICE.2001.977839.
  5.  H. Kim, J. Hong, W. Park, and C. Ryoo, “Satellite celestial navigation using star-tracker and earth sensor,” in 2015 15th International Conference on Control, Automation and Systems (ICCAS), Oct. 2015, pp. 461–465, doi: 10.1109/ICCAS.2015.7364961.
  6.  L. Yuqing, Y. Tianshe, L. Jian, F. Na, and W. Guan, “A fault diagnosis method by multi sensor fusion for spacecraft control system sensors,” in 2016 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Aug. 2016, pp. 748–753, doi: 10.1109/ICMA.2016.7558656.
  7.  F.L. Markley, “Attitude Determination Using Two Vector Measurements,” 1998. [Online]. Available: https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search. jsp?R=19990052720.
  8.  J.J. Moré, “The Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm: Implementation and theory,” in Numer. Anal., vol. 630, 1978, pp. 105–116.
  9.  A. Forsgren, P.E. Gill, and M.H. Wright, “Interior Methods for Nonlinear Optimization,” SIAM Rev., vol. 44, no. 4, pp. 525–597, Jan. 2002, doi: 10.1137/S0036144502414942.
  10.  E.B. Dam, M. Koch, and M. Lillholm, “Quaternions, Interpolation and Animation,” Copenhagen, 1998. [Online]. Available: https://web. mit.edu/2.998/www/QuaternionReport1.pdf.
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Authors and Affiliations

Janusz Narkiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Sochacki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Adam Rodacki
1
Damian Grabowski
1

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering, Institute of Aeronautics and Applied Mechanics, ul. Nowowiejska 24, 00-665 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

The United Nations General Assembly established the Sustainable Development Goals in 2015 to achieve an equitable and sustainable future for all by 2030. This study aims to model the relationship between government revenue per capita, quality of governance and the targets of several of these goals, including the coverage of the critical determinants of health; water, sanitation, healthcare, and education. We used government revenue because the policies and practices of international and multinational organisations - including corporations and banks - are more likely to influence revenue rather than government spending in countries in which they are engaged. Also, government revenue reflects a government's ability to spend across all sectors rather than just health or education. An unbalanced non-linear panel data model was employed, and annual data on 217 countries over the period 1960-2000 was used. The coverage of the Sustainable Development Goal variables was expressed as percentages and measures of the quality of governance included in the model. A linear relationship between revenue and the determinants of health would not be appropriate; therefore, we employ a logistic function. A standard panel logistic function would impose the same shape “S” curve on all countries, which is inappropriate. Therefore, we augment the parameters of the logistic function with measures of the quality of governance in each country, which allows each country to have a different “S” shape as the quality of its governance varies. Our study found that increased government revenue is associated with increased progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. An improvement in the quality of governance could amplify this effect. This modelling and its accompanying visualisations can predict the potential of an increase in government revenue in an individual country regarding progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.
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Authors and Affiliations

Bernadette O'hare
1
Steve G. Hall
2

  1. St Andrews University, United Kingdom
  2. Leicester University, United Kingdom, Pretoria University, South Africa
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Abstract

In the process of development and modernisation or updating lands or buildings register database the knowledge of the accuracy of analytical determination of areas is required. The knowledge of accurately determined areas is also indispensable for other activities, as e.g. in the case of geodetic maintenance of investments or in the process of control of direct subsidies for agriculture, which are performed within the Integrated Administration and Control System (IACS). In the case of double determination of area of an object, basing on co-ordinates of its vertices, determined from two independent measurements of the same accuracy, the results of calculations differ from one another. The value of that difference, generated in the natural way - following the law of error propagation - should be discussed with respect to its permissibility. This paper presents the analysis of technical and legal regulations, which are obligatory in Poland and which concern permissible errors of analytical determination of areas. Then, a method of determination of values of permissible differences of double determination of areas of cadastral (and other) objects basing on co-ordinates of vertices, under the assumption that those areas are determined with obligatory accuracy (i.e. which total error of position of a point does not exceed O. I O m) and with consideration of shapes of a geometrical object and its area is presented. A formula, which defines the maximum value of the permissible difference of double calculation of an area, which is the function of the parcel area, its shape and the accuracy of determination of position of vertices, has been proposed. Results obtained with the use of the proposed formula were then compared with those obtained with the use of the formula, which recently is obligatory in Poland, as well as other formulae acquired from professional literature. It has been proved that in order to record areas of cadastral objects according to existing regulations, the accuracy of determination of position of border points, should be considerably improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Doskocz
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Abstract

The presented study is based on three theoretical approaches: the sociocultural model of eating disorders, self- determination theory and objectification theory. The study has two aims. Firstly, to test a model of body dissatisfaction in women based on these theories and secondly, to experimentally examine the effect of low-intensity fat talk on body dissatisfaction and its related variables. The results showed that body surveillance and self-determination were directly associated with body dissatisfaction. There was an indirect effect of thin-ideal internalization on body dissatisfaction as well as an indirect effect of self-determination on body dissatisfaction, both through body surveillance. The experimental effect of this subtle form of fat talk was not confirmed. However, the content analysis of the participants’ short texts revealed that even this form of fat talk was associated with marked body dissatisfaction and negative emotions for some participants. In summary, body surveillance was a central variable in the model of body dissatisfaction in young women. This habit of constant monitoring of body appearance is not trivial and should be addressed in interventions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eva Paulisova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olga Orosova
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Kosice, Slovak Republic
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Abstract

The author tries to explain what consequences for social morality ensue from the assumption that moral attitudes are expressed not only in words but also in reactive attitudes. P.F. Strawson assumes that acts of resentment can alter attitudes of those who have triggered them by their behavior. On the other hand, we are ready to control our outbursts of short temper and anger to a certain degree if we take into account agents’ motives and their limited ability to exercise self-control. Moreover, it seems that reactive attitudes – though less precise than verbal rebuke – are more frank and straightforward. Nevertheless, why must I, when I hear a mediocre academic researcher brag over and over again about his apparently essential contribution to philosophy, curb my moral assessment of his self-importance to the level of my irritation? Why should I feel constrained to keep my moral disgust in tune with my impatience mixed with amusement? Why shouldn’t I continue to believe that I can be an amiable character and a rigorous moral person at the same time?

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Hołówka
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Geographic trajectory of a pipeline is important information for pipeline maintenance and leak detection. Although accurate trajectory of a ground pipeline usually can be directly measured by using global positioning system technology, it is much difficult to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline where global positioning system signal cannot be received. In this paper, a new method to determine trajectory for an underground pipeline by using a pipeline inspection robot is proposed. The robot is equipped with a low-cost inertial measurement unit and odometers. The kinematic model, measurement model and error propagation model are established for estimating position, velocity and attitude of the robot. The path reconstruction algorithm for the robot is proposed to improve accuracy of trajectory determination based on pipeline features. The experiment is given to illustrate that the position errors of the proposed method are less than 40% of that of the standard extended Kalman filter.
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Bibliography

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[3] Zhang, T.,Wang, X., Chen, Y., Shuai, Y., Ullah, Z., Ju, H., & Zhao, Y. (2019). Geomagnetic detection method for pipeline defects based on ceemdan and WEP-TEO. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 26(2), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2019.128363
[4] Ju, H.,Wang, X., Zhang, T., Zhao, Y., & Ullah, Z. (2019). Defect recognition of buried pipeline based on approximate entropy and variational mode decomposition. Metrology and Measurement Systems, 26(4), 735–755. https://doi.org/10.24425/mms.2019.129587
[5] Piao, G., Guo, J., Hu, T.,&Deng, Y. (2019). High-sensitivity real-time tracking system for high-speed pipeline inspection gauge. Sensors, 19(3), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19030731
[6] De Araújo, R. P., De Freitas, V. C. G., De Lima, G. F., Salazar, A. O., Neto, A. D. D., & Maitelli, A. L. (2018). Pipeline inspection gauge’s velocity simulation based on pressure differential using artificial neural networks. Sensors, 18(9), 3072. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18093072
[7] Chowdhury, M. S., & Abdel-Hafez, M. F. (2016). Pipeline inspection gauge position estimation using inertial measurement unit, odometer, and a set of reference stations. ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part B: Mechanical Engineering, 2(2), 021001-1-10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4030945
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Authors and Affiliations

Shuo Zhang
1
Stevan Dubljevic
1

  1. University of Alberta, Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, T6G 2R3 Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Abstract

The paper tries to defend the thesis that it is impossible to decide upon moral issues without any references to the ontology of the world we live in. An illustrative example of the main argumentation line is the choice made by Cypher—a second plan character in the movie Matrix. Cypher decides to betray human rebels fighting against machines for freedom and, as a reward, accepts affluent life in the virtual reality. His choice seems to be superficially reprehensible because of the abandonment of the real world and authentic life. However, one can argue that the dichotomy between the real and virtual world is seeming. By choosing the virtual reality Cypher decided to act in a world which, like the real world, makes it possible to be a moral subject and enables authentic experience. The difference between both the worlds lies in the type of determination limiting any conscious subject. Cypher prefers to live in a world determined by the algorithm of Matrix more than in a world where his behaviour is determined by genes and other biological factors.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Gurczyński
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Abstract

The changes in the paralinguistic (social, economic, cultural) and linguistic sphere influence the quantitative and qualitative changes in a categorically diversified onomastic resource and the communicative flow of its elements on three levels of linguistic contact — nationwide, local and individual. The flow is additionally determined in the sphere of spontaneous everyday communication and in higher communicative functions (official linguistic behaviour). The accumulation of determinants which allow the usage of appropriate names and appellative forms (official and unofficial, e.g. diminutives, feminisms) involves the application of cumulative research methods, including psycho-, socio- and pragmalinguistic description of proper names functioning in communication. The contemporary theory of discourse in its three dimensions — formal, functional and interactional gives this possibility. It also requires the constant specification and standardization of Neoslavonic onomastic terminology.

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Authors and Affiliations

Robert Mrózek
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Abstract

The distribution of net profit is one of the basic problems of the financial strategy of companies. The amount of retained earnings affects the level of investment and the pace of their development, whereas the level of dividends translates into stock prices. Therefore, it is assumed that maintaining the right proportions in the distribution of net profit into the retained part and the part transferred to the shareholders will translate into the company’s value. The first part of the paper contains theoretical considerations on macroeconomic, microeconomic and the capital market determinants influencing companies’ distribution of net profit. A large group of microeconomic factors – long-term trends in changes of net profit, shareholder structure, the company’s life cycle and its investment opportunities – as well as a selection of financing sources facilitating the attainment of the optimal capital structure are discussed. The most important macroeconomic factors include the economic situation, the level of inflation, sector specifics and the situation on the stock market. The authors present the results of empirical research in which they assume that the dividend yield of companies from the oil and gas sector influences the value of the company depending on the level of investments shaping the book value of shares, and that the dividend yield affects the duration of the return on capital expressed as the price to net profit ratio, and thus the level of company risk. The calculated Pearson linear correlation coefficients show an insignificant influence of the dividend yield on the value of companies from the oil and gas sector. This value is determined by a number of other factors. The study is based on statistical data for 2010–2020 derived from Warsaw Stock Exchange Yearbooks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Sierpińska-Sawicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Maria Sierpińska
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Economics, Poznań, Poland
  2. University of Economics and Human Sciences in Warsaw, Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract

The mathematical modeling of mineral processing is a very complex task because of random character of comminuted materials. However, it allows applying of standard laws of mass preservation and mass transport. The basic method of description of comminution processes is determination of particles size distribution curves for products. In the paper, the concept of applying so-called censored distribution functions was presented, what means equations of exponential, Weibull, log-normand logistic distribution functions as the basis of crushers work description (formulas 1, 2, 3 and 4). The censoring of distribution functions is being realized through acceptation of maximum particle size dmax and the shape of them depends on shape and scale parameters. The joining of technical parameters of comminuting devices with parameters of equations describing distribution functions of products allows creating of satisfying models of comminution processes. After application of general forms of separation curves the description of sieving processes is possible (equations 6a and 6b) and then also of comminution systems. The optimization of aggregates production may be based on introduction of goal function determining profit dependably on amount of individual assortments. In case of analysis of comminution systems (formulae 10) in preparation of feed to beneficiation the goal function should be based on levels of useful minerals exposure in individual fractions. The paper shows the possibility of simulation of comminution processes course leading to determination of optimal conditions of systems containing comminution and sieving processes. Furthermore, the necessity of creation of empirical models for grinding processes was shown as they would be the compensation of models being result of heuristic analysis of phenomena. Also, the elementary rules of selection of models forms and their modifications based on justification of relations between distribution function parameters and basic technical parameters of devices as well characteristics of comminuted materials were discussed. The paper is the introduction to further research of general approach to joining grained materials characteristics with comminution effects.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Tumidajski
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Abstract

Objective: The current study aims to investigate, which of the factors are directly and indirectly associated with disordered eating in a non-clinical population of university students in Slovakia. Methods: 302 university students (52.3% female, M age=21) filled in a questionnaire assessing the perceived pressure to be thin, the internalization of appearance ideals, disordered eating, satisfaction of basic psychological needs and the regulation of exercise. The hypothesized model was tested with a parallel multiple mediation analysis using PROCESS macro.
Results: The pressure to be thin from partner, the internalization of appearance ideals and the controlled regulation of exercise were directly associated with disordered eating. The pressure to be thin from media was indirectly associated with disordered eating through the internalization of appearance ideals. The pressure to be thin from partner and from family as well as satisfaction of the need for competence were indirectly associated with disordered eating through the controlled regulation of exercise.
Conclusions: The results of the current study support the focus of the existing eating disorder interventions at decreasing the internalization of sociocultural appearance ideals. The results suggest the usefulness of incorporating the promotion of autonomous regulation of behaviour, especially with regard to exercising, within the prevention and intervention field.
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Authors and Affiliations

Eva Paulisova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olga Orosova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Lucia Barbierik
2

  1. Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Kosice
  2. Pavol Jozef Safarik University in Kosice, Faculty of Arts, Department of Educational Psychology and Psychology of Health, Kosice
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Abstract

The growing demand for fresh water and its scarcity are the major problems encountered in semi-arid cities. Two different techniques have been used to assess the main determinants of domestic water in the Sedrata City, North-East Algeria: prin-cipal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANNs). To create the ANNs models based on the PCA, twelve explanatory variables are initially investigated, of which nine are socio-economic parameters and three physical char-acteristics of building units. Two optimum ANNs models have been selected where correlation coefficients equal to 0.99 in training, testing and validation phases. In addition, results demonstrate that the combination of socio-economic parameters with physical characteristics of building units enhances the assessment of household water consumption.
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Authors and Affiliations

Menal Zeroual
1
Azzedine Hani
1
Amir Boustila
2

  1. University of Badji Mokhtar, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of water resource and sustainable development, BP 12 / 23000 Annaba, Algeria
  2. University of Badji Mokhtar, Faculty of Earth Sciences, Laboratory of natural resource and development, Annaba, Algeria
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Abstract

Bogusław Wolniewicz presented his axiological system in four volumes of Filozofia i wartości (“Philosophy and Values”: 1993, 1998, 2003, 2016). For Wolniewicz, just as for his mentor Henryk Elzenberg, axiology is openly assertive and encompasses a painful confrontation of opposite moral beliefs. Wolniewicz’s vision of the reality is gloom, bitter, dramatic and deeply pessimistic. In history he detects unwelcome contributions of demonic powers (Manichaeism), he also believes that human moral character is genetically given and immutable (determinism), that some people are deprived of conscience (dualism), and that the tendency toward evil cannot be reformed (non-meliorism), human reason is not sufficient for a morally good action (voluntarism), while the so-called free will is no more than a manifestation of instincts (irrationalism). Everyone follows their pleasure (hedonism), but not everyone seeks pleasure in the same actions. In particular, some people take pleasure in cruel and destructive behaviour (demonism), while some others mind their own business (utilitarianism), and rare are those who devote themselves to higher values (perfectionism). Religion is a human invention and it emerges as a natural phenomenon in reaction to the fact of mortality. The institution of the Church should nevertheless be honored even by nonbelievers because it supports conservative values. In contemporary Western civilization a crisis can be observed between the conservative part of society (‘right-handed orientation’) and the liberal one (‘left-handed orientation’). Hateful emotions appear on both sides and are dangerous to Western unity. Conservative orientation is attached to the idea of fate, i.e. irrational power that occasionally turns human life into tragedy (fatalism). Wolniewicz’s vision is close to the theology of St. Augustine (original sin, predestination, radical dualism of good and evil) but without a consolation in hope for immortality.

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Authors and Affiliations

Łukasz Kowalik
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Henri Bergson as well as Gaston Milhaud undertake a radical critique of the conception of radical determinism because they both think that mind is able to act in a free and creative manner. In the article, I examine to what degree their arguments, aimed to prove this autonomy, converge. I inquire whether their endorsement of freedom of the mental acts led the two philosophers to the same conclusions regarding the cognitive extent of the intellect and therefore the parallel description of the status of scientific cognition.

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Authors and Affiliations

Elżbieta Walerich
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Abstract

In 1995, Professor Krzysztof Skubiszewski added a Dissenting Opinion to the East Timor Judgment, wherein the ICJ declined jurisdiction in a proceeding started by Portugal against Australia for its having concluded the East Timor Gap treaty with Indonesia, in blatant violation of the East Timorese’s right to self-determination. Ad-hoc Judge Skubiszewski posited that the Court should have accepted jurisdiction and he presented a series of convincing arguments for this proposition. In 2019 the ICJ rendered an Opinion in the Chagos Islands case. The fact that the ICJ accepted jurisdiction in this case demonstrates that an impressive development has taken place since 1995, one whereby many of Professor Skubiszewki’s requests have been implemented. At the same time however, the Chagos Opinion is not fully satisfying as it neglects, to a considerable extent, the human rights issue. This contribution shows that Skubiszewski’s Dissenting Opinion would have provided guidance also for these questions and that it remains as topical today as it was in 1995.

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Peter Hilpold
ORCID: ORCID
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The subject of the wind tunnel tests is a steel chimney 85 m high of cylindrical – type structure with a grid-type curtain structure situated at its upper part. The model of the upper part of the chimney made in the scale of 1:19 was equipped with 3 levels of wind pressure measurement points. Each level contained 24 points connected with pressure scanners. On the base of the pressure measurements, both mean and instantaneous aerodynamic drag and side force coefficients were determined. Next wind gust factors for these two wind action components were determined. Moreover, for each pressure signal Fast Fourier Transform was done. Mean wind action components were also determined using stain gauge aerodynamic balance. Obtained results make possible to conclude that the solution applied in the upper part of the designed chimney is correct from building aerodynamics point of view. Some minor vortex excitations were observed during model tests of the upper part of the chimney. The basic dynamic excitation of this part of the chimney is atmospheric turbulence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Flaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Renata Kłaput
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Flaga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Krajewski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wind Engineering Laboratory, Jana Pawła II 37/3a, 31-864 Cracow

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