In this paper, we establish variation of constant formulas for both Caputo and Riemann- Liouville fractional difference equations. The main technique is the Z -transform. As an application, we prove a lower bound on the separation between two different solutions of a class of nonlinear scalar fractional difference equations.

We investigate a scalar characteristic exponential polynomial with complex coefficients associated with a first order scalar differential-difference equation. Our analysis provides necessary and sufficient conditions for allocation of the roots in the complex open left half-plane what guarantees asymptotic stability of the differential-difference equation. The conditions are expressed explicitly in terms of complex coefficients of the characteristic exponential polynomial, what makes them easy to use in applications. We show examples including those for retarded PDEs in an abstract formulation.

A boundary value problem for a non-linear difference equation of order three is considered. We show that this equation can be interpreted as the equation satisfied by the value function in a stochastic optimal control problem. We thus obtain an expression for the solution of the non-linear difference equation that can be used to find an explicit solution to this equation. An example is presented.

This paper presents the concept of using algorithms for reducing the dimensions of finite-difference equations of two-dimensional (2D) problems, for second-order partial differential equations. Solutions are predicted as two-variable functions over the rectangular domain, which are periodic with respect to each variable and which repeat outside the domain. Novel finite-difference operators, of both the first and second orders, are developed for such functions. These operators relate the value of derivatives at each point to the values of the function at all points distributed uniformly over the function domain. A specific feature of the novel operators follows from the arrangement of the function values as well as the values of derivatives, which are rectangular matrices instead of vectors. This significantly reduces the dimensions of the finite-difference operators to the numbers of points in each direction of the 2D area. The finite-difference equations are created exemplary elliptic equations. An original iterative algorithm is proposed for reducing the process of solving finite-difference equations to the multiplication of matrices.