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THE AUTHOR-READER RELATIONSHIP IN EARLY MODERN ENGLISH RECIPES

Marta Sylwanowicz

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny | 2018 | No 1

Keywords Early Modern English medical recipe interpersonal strategies

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Sylwanowicz

THE STRUCTURE OF EARLY MODERN ENGLISH RECIPE HEADINGS: CULINARY VS. MEDICAL

Marta Sylwanowicz Magdalena Bator

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny | 2018 | No 1

Keywords recipe culinary medical structure heading Early Modern English

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Authors and Affiliations

Marta Sylwanowicz

Magdalena Bator

Cuman integration and animal husbandry in 13th –16th century Greater Cumania, Hungary

Kyra Lyublyanovics

Acta Archaeologica Carpathica | 2017 | vol. LII | 259-287

Keywords Middle Ages Early Modern Period Great Hungarian Plain Cumans animal husbandry

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Abstract

Tribal fragments of the Cumans, a people of the Eurasian steppe region, appeared in the medieval kingdom of Hungary in the early 13th century, on the eve of the Mongol Invasion. Many of them permanently settled in the Great Hungarian Plain, and their community had to undergo profound transformations both in terms of social and economic strategies. Mobile pastoralism, often associated with the Cuman communities of the steppe, was definitely impossible in their new homeland. However, animal husbandry remained the most important economic activity in this part of the Carpathian Basin in the centuries after the Cumans’ arrival. This paper provides a case study on the region called Greater Cumania in the Great Hungarian Plain, and especially on one Cuman village, Orgondaszentmiklós, where 14th–16th-century habitation layers were brought to light. Archaeological and written evidence for animal husbandry is analyzed in order to establish patterns of integration or specialization in terms of animal herding. The results show that although some preferences that may have been rooted in steppe tradition were retained, the main factor in economic orientation was the position in the settlement network and the connection to markets. Swine keeping, a tradition virtually non-existent in the steppe area, was adapted relatively quickly as a response to available natural resources (marshlands) in the area. It seems, on the other hand, that horses preserved their high social value and their flesh was also consumed.

Authors and Affiliations

Kyra Lyublyanovics

Artistic setting of festivals and celebrations in the Archconfraternity of the Holy Rosary of the Dominican Church in Cracow

Krzysztof J. Czyżewski Marek Walczak

Rocznik Historii Sztuki | 2020 | No XLV | 59-84 | DOI: 10.24425/rhs.2020.136893

Keywords Early Modern religious confraternities Early Modern iconography Dominican Order in Poland The Holy Rosary iconography Early Modern religious celebrations Early Modern Polish culture

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Abstract

In the early modern period, there were around 40 religious confraternities in the agglomeration of Cracow, one of the oldest and most important being the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary at the Dominican Church of the Holy Trinity. It is not known when it was founded, but it was probably already operating in the late Middle Ages. In 1600, this confraternity, existing “ab immemorabilis tempore”, was reformed by Fr. Abraham Bzowski, who on this occasion prepared and published an extensive dissertation, having the character of its “statutes”. From 4 February 1601 the seat of the renewed confraternity was in the Chapel of the Three Kings, at the far end of the northern nave of the church. It contained the Brotherhood’s altar which was transferred, probably after 1688, to the church of St. Giles and placed on the altar’s stone in the apse of the presbytery. The altar contained the holy picture of the Virgin Mary of the Salus Populi Romani type, connected by tradition established in the first half of the 17th century with Pope Clement VIII, who was to grant it indulgences. Bernard Maciejowski, then Bishop of Łuck, later Bishop of Cracow and finally Primate, is considered as the donor of the painting. Every first Sunday in October, the Cracow copy of the Roman image was carried out by the brothers out of the chapel and in a solemn procession around the Main Square. This custom was linked to the victory of the Christian fleet over the Turkish one near Lepanto in 1571, after which Pope Pius V established its liturgical memory (7 October). In Poland, this tradition gained a new dimension after to the successful defence of the Chocim fortress against the Turks in 1621. The devotion to the Rosary was cultivated not only in the Brotherhood’s chapel, but also in the Conventual Church, where the altar of the Holy Rosary stood to the left of the choir entrance. Symmetrically to it, on the right side of the rainbow arcade stood the altar of the Confraternity of the Holy Name of Jesus, founded in 1585 by Fr. Bartłomiej of Przemyśl. Its aim was to eradicate the sinful custom of swearing oaths, and because of the connections with the Confraternity of the Holy Rosary it was called the Archconfraternity of the Rosary of the Most Holy Name of Jesus. The spreading of the rosary prayer by the Order went beyond the Conventual Church. A special role in this work was played by the Gothic Church of St. Giles, which the Dominicans took under their protection in 1588. An important caesura in the history of the Archconfraternity of the Holy Rosary was the move to a new spacious oratory, which was erected on the site of the medieval Chapel of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, at the far end of the southern nave of the church. One of the reasons for undertaking this new work is considered to be the desire to commemorate the victory of John III Sobieski over the Turks at Vienna on 12 September 1683. The opulent decor and interesting ideological programme have only partially survived, but they can be reconstructed on the basis of preserved written sources, as can be the character of the Brotherhood’s celebrations. Particularly interesting monuments include those connected with the so-called Century of the Rosary, established with the consent of Pope Innocent XII (1694). It was a congregation of 100 brothers and 100 sisters, whose task was to pray continuously for the souls suffering in Purgatory. Among other things, a book of this association has been preserved, which contains illuminations showing the salutary effects of the prayer of the Rosary.

Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof J. Czyżewski

1

Marek Walczak

2

Zamek Królewski na Wawelu
Uniwersytet Jagielloński

Moral values and the defense and legitimization of Catholic Europe. The setting of Stanisław Kostka’s beatification and canonization ceremonies in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

Janina Dzik

Rocznik Historii Sztuki | 2020 | No XLV | 85-90 | DOI: 10.24425/rhs.2020.136894

Keywords Beatification ceremonies canonization ceremonies Early Modern religious celebrations The Society of Jesus Jesuits Jesuit Order in Poland Early Modern occasional decorations Early Modern Polish culture

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Abstract

The putting on of spectacular ceremonies finalizing the acts of beatification and canonization of Stanisław Kostka, taking place in the principal Jesuit centers of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, was an important artistic activity of modern times. The content programs of the decorations which accompanied the celebrations between 1606 and 1726, known to us from written sources, reflect the propaganda of the Kostka ceremonies. The oldest occasional decorations and outdoor shows taking place in the city of Jarosław had been organized on the initiative of his relative Anna née Kostka Ostrogska. They were organized in connection with the proclamation of Stanisław Kostka as Blessed by Pope Paul V in 1606. The theme of the decorations accentuated the importance of the moral values of this ascetic follower of the Counter-Reformation Church, while the widely used language of allegory defined his individual spiritual values and illustrated scenes from his life and miracles.
However, Stanisław Kostka soon became seen as an advocate of the Polish Lithuanian-Commonwealth in its military struggles in the East, especially in the conflict with the Ottoman Porte. After the victory of Chocim (Khotyn) in 1621 he was revered as the patron saint of the Polish knighthood, and after the victory at the Battle of Chocim in 1673 he was rapidly proclaimed (in 1674) one of the main patrons of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. It was this aspect of Kostka’s promotion that was used in the decorative themes of his thanksgiving ceremonies after the closing of the beatification process and the decree of canonization by Pope Clement XI in 1714. The decorations of the Jesuit Church in Lublin, described in detail in the records of the Society of Jesus (1715), explained and glorified the new role of the young saint. His role as a guarantor of peace and stability of the Commonwealth, revealed in God’s eternal plans, was presented through astral configurations and complicated semantic systems. Kostka’s canonization, which had raised the importance of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as being linked to the papacy and the Catholic faith, was seen as the culmination of a great historical message and the revelation of the secret given to Poland, also recognizable through astral configuration.
The military and diplomatic triumph over the Ottoman Porte was considered a breakthrough moment, opening a period of happiness achieved thanks to Kostka’s intervention and the support of Heaven. The result of a united front in the battle with a common enemy was to achieve a state of happiness that strengthened the ecclesiastical and monarchical order, an idea taken up by the decorations seen in Jarosław and Vilnius, amongst others. The ad hoc political content was moved to the sphere of the monastic political philosophy and historical theology.
An allusion to the happy future that mathematicians had supposedly predicted was also included in the decorations. After the partition of Poland and the dissolution of the Jesuit order, the revival of the fading cult of Stanislaw Kostka took place in the Second Polish Republic, particularly during the jubilee celebrations of the 200th anniversary of his canonization in 1927. This was seen in the ceremony of bringing his relics from Rome to the new church in Rostków, which was attended by the President of the Republic of Poland Ignacy Mościcki. However, there was a significant change in semantics as Stanisław Kostka was now described as the patron saint of children and youth, frequent Holy Communion and felicitous vocational choices.

Authors and Affiliations

Janina Dzik

1

Kraków

Jozef Andrzej Gierowski – scholar and humanist – in the face of the questions of the history of modern Europe

Andrzej K. Link Lenczowski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2023 | tom 53 | 275-289 | DOI: 10.24425/hsm.2023.147373

Keywords Józef Andrzej Gierowski absolutism Baroque Enlightenment the Reich Early Modern Italy

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Abstract

Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s academic profile is presented in the light of his interest in the problems of universal history in relation to events, but above all to phenomena which allow for a better knowledge and understanding of the mentality of the people of the time, their activities and their consequences. Gierowski’s studies on the history of Europe were closely linked to the history of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth (especially the period of the Saxon Wettin dynasty on the Polish throne), highlighting its international position and associations, and the resulting foreign policy of its rulers. Among the questions raised, there was no shortage of issues relating to the culture and ideology of the Baroque and the Enlightenment and, of primary interest to the researcher, the problem‑laden, not fully deciphered transition period between the two currents.
The second ‘part’ of the article emphasises Józef Andrzej Gierowski’s understanding of Europe as a certain whole, encompassing not only political history, social or economic affairs, but also cultural patterns and phenomena to which he was particularly sensitive.

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej K. Link Lenczowski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński

The Transmission of the Agnus Castus Herbal: From Manuscript to Early Print

María José Esteve-Ramos

Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny | 2021 | No 3 | 319-333 | DOI: 10.24425/kn.2021.139060

Keywords manuscripts Agnus Castus Herbal materia medica scientific English Middle English Early Modern English

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Abstract

This article aims at understanding how scientific writing was evolving from the medieval to the Early Modern times through the study of two copies of the same text belonging to both periods: the Agnus Castus Herbal. This text offers the possibility of studying the fluidity of this specific type of discourse in a time of a profound technological innovation, reflecting the way the texts were not only produced but also perceived. For those making decisions on how to present this old material to new readers and through a new medium, the influence of the new humanist views and the powerful middle-class may have influenced the final resolutions. The Agnus Castus Herbal was a very popular tract in the Middle Ages, a fundamental part of medical treatments at the time, and was probably still of great interest in the early sixteenth century. Its Early Modern English counterpart – published in 1525 – is the first Herbal printed in England.

Authors and Affiliations

María José Esteve-Ramos

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Universitat Jaume I, Gremi

Krakow traditions of studies on the history of the British Islands in the 20th and 21st centuries

Jakub Basista

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2023 | tom 53 | 307-326 | DOI: 10.24425/hsm.2023.147375

Keywords historiography of the 20th and 21st century history of the British Isles early modern period

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Abstract

The article is devoted to the presentation of the achivements of historians working in Kraków, which are devoted to the history of England, Scotland, and Ireland in the early modern period. In the inter‑war period (1918‑1939) the works of Władysław Konopczyński and Stanisław Kot are mentioned. The former authored several articles devoted to the English Parliament and English reactions to the partitions of Poland. The latter studied traces of the Polish Brethren in Britain and the consequences of their influence.
After World War II it was Stanisław Grzybowski who should be named as the first historian who undertook serious research on British topics. He published a number of popular books, several of which were widely circulated and read, and one original source study on Tudor and early Stuart colonial policy.
It is Grzybowski's student, Mariusz Misztal who has published the most widely on the early modern history of England, especially on Mary Stuart, James Stuart to move to 19th century topics connected with Queen Victoria. Andrzej Kuropatnicki is ‑ in turn ‑ Misztal's student. He works and publishes on early modern English cookery and medicine.

Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Basista

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie

Therapeutic Methods Used in Modern Medicine in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 17th and 18th Centuries. The Characteristics and Context of the Source Material.

Jakub Węglorz

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2018 | tom 48 | 95-109 | DOI: 10.24425/hsm.2018.124610

Keywords early modern medicine history of medicine 17th century 18th century

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Abstract

Early modern medicine knew thousands of medicines and possible treatments that could be found in guidebooks, medical dissertations, herbaria, and dispensaries. The article presents the characteristics of the basic sources of the history of medicine, as well as their specifi city and the range of information they provide. The aim is to show possible source selection method in an attempt to describe a real picture of the therapeutic methods most commonly used by the offi cial medicine in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Węglorz

History of Early Modern Poland in Syntheses by Jerzy Topolski

Jacek Wijaczka Krzysztof Mikulski

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2020 | tom 50 | 89-110 | DOI: 10.24425/hsm.2020.134798

Keywords Jerzy Topolski early modern syntheses of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 16-18th centuries integral history

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Abstract

Jerzy Topolski was one of the most outstanding Polish historians of the late 20th century. He wrote numerous works, including a synthesis of the history of the Polish-Lithuanian Com-monwealth in the 16-18th centuries, which is the object of the analyses presented in this article.

Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Wijaczka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Krzysztof Mikulski

Cultural transfer, histoire croisée, entangled history and cultural mobility in the study of the royal courts of the modern era

Katarzyna Kuras

Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2021 | tom 51 | 433-452 | DOI: 10.24425/hsm.2021.138384

Keywords cultural transfer histoire croisée entangled history cultural exchange the court culture the courts in early modern Europe

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Abstract

The article is devoted to the research into the ruler’s courts of early modern Europe and the possibility of applying to them the methods of the cultural transfer, histoire croisée, entangled history, cultural exchange and cultural mobility. In the first part, attention is focused on the perspectives of studies on court culture and dynastic networks. In the second part, the different methodological approaches, their evolution and the discussions of the researchers concerning the possibilities of using them in practice are presented. The final goal of the article is to consider whether these theoretical approaches are applicable in the analysis of the dynamic court culture considered from the perspective of transfer, translation, circulation, transmission or mobility.

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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Kuras

1

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ORCID:

Uniwersytet Jagielloński, Kraków

Dissertations of Gdańsk doctors in the collections of the Gdańsk Library – research perspectives

Bartłomiej Siek

Libri Gedanenses | 2017 | vol. 34 | 91-101

Keywords history of Gdansk medicine Gdansk in the early modern period medical prints doctoral dissertations

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Abstract

Being one of the most important centres in the history of Polish medicine, Gdansk attracted many eminent doctors. Physicians (municipal doctors) and professors from the anatomy department of the Academic Gymnasium Danzig won their doctoral degrees at European universities, and when arriving in Gdansk, they often provided a copy of their dissertation to the Library of the City Council. The article presents results of the initial analysis of the medical print resources kept by the Gdansk PAN Library, including works by the Gymnasium graduates and doctors’ publications other than their doctoral dissertations printed in Gdansk. A comparative analysis of the selected twenty five prints (call marks Fa 69 8o, Sa 30 8o, XIX q. 83d, XIX q. 83f) was carried out with a view to determining the potential research problems and their relationship with the relevant sources.

Authors and Affiliations

Bartłomiej Siek

1

Zakład Historii i Filozofii Nauk Medycznych Gdańskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego

The Bible in Old Polish Literature

Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee

Studia Nauk Teologicznych PAN | 2009 | Tom 4 | 223-246 | DOI: 10.24425/snt.2009.133810

Keywords Polish medieval and early modern literature early Polish translations of Bible biblical paraphrases biblical drama religious hymns biblical epics

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Abstract

The paper concerns biblical heritage in Polish medieval and early modern literature. In it's first section the author presents the first Polish psalters and their influence upon religious poetry of the time. The second part focuses on the development of biblical scholarship in medieval and Renaissance Poland, presents the most important old translations of the Bible and shortly discusses their impact on Polish literary culture. The last part of the study shows how various types of biblical plots and characters were present in old Polish drama and theatre, in religious hymns and epics, how biblical patterns inspired certain literary genres; it also stresses cer- tain significant differences between Protestant and Catholic authors of the time. The conclusion of the paper points out serious need for more systematic researches and studies in the subject of biblical tradition in old Polish literature.

Authors and Affiliations

Mirosława Hanusiewicz-Lavallee

Historic representations of the planets: The Warsaw parade of the planets pageant as described by Martin Gruneweg

Agata Starownik

Ruch Literacki | 2020 | No 3 (360) | 295-311 | DOI: 10.24425/rl.2020.135109

Keywords Polish culture in the late 16th century urban and court pageants in Early Modern Europe carnival parades planets the Zodiac Warsaw Martin Gruneweg (1562–c. 1618)

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Abstract

In his voluminous memoirs compiled in the early 17th century the Dominican Martin Gruneweg describes a pageant named the Parade of the Planets that took place in Warsaw on 15 February 1580. Central to its stage design was the iconography of the seven planets, each of them represented by its Zodiac sign and its affiliated House. However, no less important for the spectacle was the appearance of numerous characters and stage props from the carnival tradition, e.g. richly dressed men from the Orient, Bacchus, a procession of floats. The Parade of the Planets was a festivity which brought together the court and the townsfolk; it was probably organized by both court and town. More generally, it could be described as an urban carnival parade mimicking some features of the Renaissance Trionfo. The knowledge of celestial phenomena presented in this spectacle was probably adjusted to the needs of a wide audience of the ‘middling sort of people’, whose belief in the geocentric model of the cosmos was still intact. It seems that the Parade of the Planets contained hardly any profound insights or hermetic clues. Gruneweg, though, does find it susceptible to an allegorical interpretation which reveals the spectacle's embedding in Christian spirituality and middle-class virtues. He is pleased with the colourful spectacle, but warns of taking too much pleasure in this kind of entertainment.

Authors and Affiliations

Agata Starownik

Cain’s rhetorical artfulness: Erasmus’ Biblical spoof

Wojciech Ryczek

Ruch Literacki | 2018 | No 5 (350) | 531-544 | DOI: 10.24425/rl.2018.124767

Keywords Early Modern European history 16th-century Latin-language writers 16th century humanism rhetoric Biblical mythopoeia Cain Desiderius Erasmus (1466–1536)

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Abstract

This article contains a bilingual, Latin-Polish, edition of a letter written by Erasmus to John Sixtin (Ioannes Sixtinus), a Frisian student he met in England. In it Erasmus describes a dinner party at Oxford to which he was invited as an acclaimed poet. In the presence of John Colet, leader of English humanists, table talk turned into learned conversation. Erasmus’s contribution to the debate was an improvised fable (fabula) about Cain who, in order to become farmer, persuades the angel guarding Paradise to bring him some seeds from the Garden of Eden. His speech, a showpiece of rhetorical artfulness disguising a string of lies and spurious argument, is so effective that the angel decides to steal the seeds and thus betray God’s trust. Seen in the context of contemporary surge of interest in the art of rhetoric, Erasmus’ apocryphal spoof is an eloquent demonstration of the heuristic value of mythopoeia and the irresistible power of rhetoric.

Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Ryczek

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“This is realism, isn't it”? Charles Baudelaire and Cyprian Kamil Norwid on representation

Magdalena Siwiec

Ruch Literacki | 2021 | No 1 (364) | 5-25 | DOI: 10.24425/rl.2021.137296

Keywords Comparative literature study early modern Polish and French literature poetic genres realism and moral fable photography Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821–1883) Charles Baudelaire (1821–1867)

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Abstract

This article is a comparative study of the aesthetics of Cyprian Kamil Norwid and Charles Baudelaire. The analysis focuses on their use of realistic techniques and metaphors of representation in the context of critical statements about realism (especially the paintings of Gustave Courbet), in which both poets repudiate the notion of pure art as a direct imitation of reality. While they declare that this doctrine is reductive and unworkable, they do, as the article points out, make use of some of its techniques and practical suggestions (i.e. to foreground ordinary, trivial, and arguably ugly objects). Seen from this perspective, the poetry of both Norwid and Baudelaire, the harbingers of modernity, can be situated at an interface of faits divers (shocking tabloid stories) and the moral fable.

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Authors and Affiliations

Magdalena Siwiec

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, Kraków

1

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