Social and Economic Costs of Spatial Disorder in Agriculture. The main objective of the study was the identification of the phenomena of chaos in the structure and spatial organization of agriculture, that is the agrarian fragmentation of farms, exclusion of land from agricultural production in suburban zones and the fragmentation of the agricultural landscape. These processes cause a major increase in economic and social costs, which results in the loss of resources and spatial disorder in agriculture. An attempt was made to estimate the costs of these processes in economic, social and environmental terms. The economic dimension of spatial disorder in agriculture is manifested by negative results in the production and consumption sphere related most often to high labour costs, and consequently to low incomes. The social dimension of spatial disorder in agriculture is demonstrated by the effects of de-agrarization processes and deformation of social structures. De-agrarization means the processes of agricultural area reduction, extensification and fallowing as well as an increasingly limited significance of agriculture as a workplace and a reduction in the source of income by rural residents. A conducted analysis of spatial disorder in agriculture resulting from the lack of appropriate regulation and taxation systems as well as historical factors allowed determining direct and indirect results influencing the structure and spatial organization of agriculture. Direct results include: a chessboard pattern of agricultural land, marginalization of the agricultural function in rural areas which mostly applies to suburban zones, unregulated ownership of farmland, its unjustified designation for other purposes, a decrease in biodiversity in agriculture and fragmentation of the agricultural landscape. Indirect results include: an increase in the costs of agricultural production, expensive agricultural-installation plans, loss of direct payments, easement appurtenant, the emergence of human-environment conflicts and major transformations of the agricultural landscape in a suburban zone.

The impact of using rubber hydraulic hoses with a shortened service life on environmental pollution has not yet been raised in the scientific national literature. Most researchers focus on the analysis of used engine oils or contaminated fluid in hydraulic systems, rather than on their direct environmental impact. For some time now, the European market has seen an increase in imports of cheap rubber hydraulic hoses from countries outside the Community. There is a potential risk of negative environmental impacts from the use of these hoses if they do not meet appropriate quality standards. The study examined samples of hydraulic hoses purchased directly from the manufacturers or traders of rubber hydraulic hoses from countries outside the European Union. The products were tested for compliance with PN-EN 853:2015-05 and PN-EN 857:2015-05. Out of 14 fully tested hydraulic hoses, only 2 were found to comply with the applicable European standards. The results encourage further research to determine the impact of rubber hydraulic hoses with reduced service life on environmental and economic costs.