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Abstract

This paper proves that the trend of development of modern transport in the world is to maximize the level of providing the personal use of electric vehicles. This mechanism would also partially solve the environmental problems of mankind. To implement this idea, some global automakers have announced the decision of the full transition of production to electric vehicles. At the same time, for effective functioning of the electric-vehicle market, adequate infrastructure needs to be created. There is a positive trend in the annual growth of the charging-station network in developed countries, that characterizes the charging-station market as dynamic and promising, but mostly chaotic and imbalanced at the regional level.
The main hypothesis of the research is about the independence between the level of electric-vehicle market development and networks of charging stations. The object of the study is the Washington (USA) electric-vehicle market, as it is the market segment with the highest development characteristics.
To test the hypothesis, the authors provided a multifactor analysis of the local electric-vehicle market and the existing charging infrastructure. A comprehensive analysis of the electric-vehicle market and the charging-station network in Washington (USA) was performed, and the market characteristics were defined accordingly: the degree of electric-vehicle spread in the regional localities; the level of charging-station-network coverage and concentration; the ratio of electric vehicles to charging stations.
Authors identified the tendency of the state location to innovations connected with electric vehicles. Clusterization and recommendations according to the level of development of the electric-vehicle market aimed to balance and grow the total electric-vehicle market and connected infrastructure.
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Authors and Affiliations

Oleksandr Yakushev
1
ORCID: ORCID
Daniil Hulak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Zakharova
2
ORCID: ORCID
Yuliia Kovalenko
3
ORCID: ORCID
Oksana Yakusheva
2
ORCID: ORCID
Olesandr Chernyshov
4
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Social Security Department, Cherkasy State Technological University, Ukraine
  2. Department of Economics and Management, Cherkasy State Technological University, Ukraine
  3. Management and Financial & Economic Security Department, Donetsk National Technical University, Ukraine
  4. Department of Management of Non-Productive Sphere, Donetsk State University of Management, Ukraine
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Abstract

The paper presents the characteristics of the attitude that students have towards electric cars and the significance of distinguished attitude elements in creating interest in the purchase of such vehicles. Electric cars are the new type of vehicles that have an electric motor and use the electricity stored in batteries. They are introduced to the market, but for various reasons the volume of sales is not high. So far, it is not sufficiently known how electric vehicles are assessed by Poles. The presented research is an attempt to know what the attitude towards this type of vehicle. The attitude model tested in this research includes three areas: knowledge about them, emotions that they evoke and potential behaviors. The participants were students of Rzeszów University of Technology – a group of young people who are potential consumers of new technologies. The obtained results indicate that electric cars are rather unknown. At the same time, they arouse great interest and their image is very positive. The attitude characteristics towards this type of vehicle is supplemented by perceived limitations: too high of a purchase price, lack of sufficient information about them and unsatisfactory technical parameters, mainly the long time needed to recharge the battery and the insufficiently long distance with one recharge. The interest in the purchase is dependent on positive emotions, and the lack of sufficient information is an obstacle in thinking about buying such a vehicle. Understanding the attitudes of Polish students towards electric cars can be helpful in adapting information about such cars to potential customers, which in turn may affect the level of interest and sales volume.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard Klamut
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Abstract

In the recent times, lot of research work carried out in the field of fuel cells explicitly divulges that it has the potential to be an ultimate power source in upcoming years. The fuel cell has more storing capacity, which enables to use in heavy power applications. In these applications, power conditioning is more vital to regulate the output voltage. Hence, we need a dc-dc converter to provide a constant regulated output voltage for such high-power system. Currently, many new converters were designed and implemented as per the requirement. This paper has made comparative study on several topologies of the quadratic high gain dc-dc converter and the applications where these topologies can be used when the fuel cell is given as a source. Also, we have compared various parameters of all the converters considered and generated the results with steady-state and dynamic study. In this article, we briefed the types of analysis carried on the dc-dc converter to study its performance. Moreover, various application of fuel cell is presented and discussed. This paper will be a handbook to the researchers who start to work on high gain dc-dc converter topologies with quadratic boost converter as a base. This article will also guide the engineers to concentrate on the fuel cell components where it needs to be explored for optimizing its operation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Divya Navamani Jayachandran
1
Jagabar Sathik
2
Tanmay Padhi
1
Aditi Kumari
1

  1. Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chennai, India
  2. Renewable Energy Lab, Prince Sultan University,11586, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Abstract

Electromobility and electric cars are the words that began to gain significance in the social discourse in Poland especially intensively since 2017. Then, along with the announcement of the „Plan for the Development of the Electromobility Market in Poland”, government declarations appeared regarding one million electric cars that are to be used on Polish roads by 2025. It is already known today that such a result in Poland is impossible to achieve in the assumed time. According to the report of the Polish Alternative Fuels Association-PSPA (Polish EV Outlook 2020), in the event of introducing subsidies for the purchase of cars or subsidies, such as the possibility of 100% VAT deduction by buyers of such vehicles, the number of electric cars in Poland in 2025 could be over 280 thousand pcs. Without such government support, the Polish electric car park will be twice smaller. High prices of electric cars are one of the key barriers limiting Poles in making decisions related to the purchase of a vehicle. The aim of this article is to analyse the current state of the social environment in relation to the topic of ecological, electric cars. To what extent is it beneficial for the potential car owner to change from a traditional (petrol or diesel) car to an electric car due to purely financial benefits and other aspects? The article consists of an overview – presenting aspects related to the socio-economic benefits of buying an electric car. It also contains specific calculations regarding the profitability of using such a car in Polish conditions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystian Majchrzak
1
Piotr Olczak
2
ORCID: ORCID
Dominika Matuszewska
3
ORCID: ORCID
Magdalena Wdowin
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Foundation Instaway Institute, Warszawa, Poland
  2. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The paper presents a theoretical analysis of the effect of electric car performance characteristics on vehicle energy consumption and driving range. The test object was a Nissan Leaf electric vehicle. The characteristic curves of basic and additional resistance to motion (sum of rolling resistance and air resistance and inertia resistance or grade resistance, respectively) were applied to the model characteristic curve of electric motor torque of the tested vehicle. Based on that, the graphs describing the relationships between vehicle energy consumption and vehicle speed were made (for specific values of car acceleration / acclivity grade) as well as the relations between vehicle driving range and its traction properties. It was concluded that the use of performance characteristics significantly increased the vehicle’s energy consumption and decreased the available vehicle’s driving range.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wawrzyniec Gołębiewski
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Abstract

Permanent magnet motors are more and more frequently used in various applications. In this group motors with a trapezoidal EMF deserve a special attention. They are characterized by a simple construction, high efficiency and high torque overload. A certain drawback of BLDC motors are difficulties with an operation at a speed above the nominal value. The article presents the results of investigations into the variablestructure electronic commutator designed for the drive of a small electric vehicle equipped with BLDC motors. Such a solution allows extending the standard range of the drive's speed. The considerations contained in the article focus on the possibilities and effects of regeneration mode in the proposed topology of converter. A theoretical analysis has been presented as well as computer simulations carried out by means of Matlab- Simulink, which were then verified at a laboratory. The tests were finished with trias conducted using a small electric vehicle Elipsa.

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Authors and Affiliations

Tomasz Biskup
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Abstract

The free piston linear generator is a new range extender concept for the application in a full electric vehicle. The free piston engine driven linear generators can achieve high efficiency at part and full load which is suitable for the range extender application. This paper presents requirements for designing a linear generator deduced from a basic analysis of a free piston linear generator.

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Authors and Affiliations

Un-Jae Seo
Björn Riemer
Rüdiger Appunn
Kay Hameyer
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Abstract

Reliable estimation of longitudinal force and sideslip angle is essential for vehicle stability and active safety control. This paper presents a novel longitudinal force and sideslip angle estimation method for four-wheel independent-drive electric vehicles in which the cascaded multi-Kalman filters are applied. Also, a modified tire model is proposed to improve the accuracy and reliability of sideslip angle estimation. In the design of longitudinal force observer, considering that the longitudinal force is the unknown input of the electric driving wheel model, an expanded electric driving wheel model is presented and the longitudinal force is obtained by a strong tracking filter. Based on the longitudinal force observer, taking into consideration uncertain interferences of the vehicle dynamic model, a sideslip angle estimation method is designed using the robust Kalman filter and a novel modified tire model is proposed to correct the original tire model using the estimation results of longitudinal tire forces. Simulations and experiments were carried out, and effectiveness of the proposed estimation method was verified.

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Authors and Affiliations

Long Chen
Te Chen
Xing Xu
Yingfeng Cai
Haobin Jiang
Xiaoqiang Sun
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Abstract

The placement of the battery box can have a massive impact on the aerodynamics of an electric vehicle. Although favourable from the viewpoint of vehicle dynamics, an underbody battery box may impair the vehicle aerodynamics. This study aims to quantify the effect of an underbody battery box on the drag force acting on an electric vehicle. Four different variants of the vehicle (original variant, lifted suspension, lifted suspension with an underbody battery box) are investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics. The underbody battery box was found to induce flow separation, resulting in a massive increase in drag force. As a solution, a battery box fairing was designed and tested. The fairing significantly reduced the increase in drag. The results of this study could contribute to the design of more stable and aerodynamically efficient electric vehicles.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Jakub Bobrowski
1
Krzysztof Sobczak
1

  1. Institute of Turbomachinery, Lodz University of Technology, 217/221 Wolczanska, 93-005 Łódz Poland
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Abstract

Cells of a prototype powered wheelchair can be designed in various connections to provide different supply voltages which has impact on the efficiency of other wheelchair drive elements. The impact of cell configuration and resulting battery voltage on overall efficiency of power elements have been studied to determine the optimal configuration and voltage of the pack. A brief description of a battery energy storage system was given, and main requirements and variables were introduced to reveal the flexibility of the battery design. The efficiency versus supply voltage plots of a drive converter and battery charger were presented and discussed to find the optimal battery voltage. The motor design was analyzed from the fill factor perspective. The calculated efficiency parameters of all drive power elements were used to discuss and select an optimal battery cell configuration.

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Authors and Affiliations

Kristaps Vitols
Andrejs Podgornovs
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Abstract

To reduce the influence of the disorderly charging of electric vehicles (EVs) on the grid load, the EV charging load and charging mode are studied in this paper. First, the distribution of EV charging capacity and state of charge (SOC) feature quantity are analyzed, and their probability density function is solved. It is verified that both EV charging capacity and SOC obey the skew-normal distribution. Second, considering the space-time distribution characteristics of the EV charging load, a method for charging load prediction based on a wavelet neural network is proposed, and compared with the traditional BP neural network, the prediction results show that the error of the wavelet neural network is smaller, and the effectiveness of the wavelet neural network prediction is verified. The optimization objective function with the lowest user costs is established, and the constraint conditions are determined, so the orderly charging behavior is simulated by the Monte Carlo method. Finally, the influence of charging mode optimization on power grid operation is analyzed, and the result shows that the effectiveness of the charging optimization model is verified.
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Bibliography

[1] Zang Haixiang, Fu Yuting, Chen Ming, Shen Haiping, Miao Liheng, Zhang Side, Wei Zhinong, Sun Guoqiang, Dynamic planning of EV charging stations based on improved adaptive genetic algorithm, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 40, no. 01, pp. 163–170 (2020).
[2] YI T., Zhang C., Lin T. et al., Research on the spatial-temporal distribution of electric vehicle charging load demand, A case study in China, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 242, (2020), DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118457.
[3] Xiao Hao, Pei Wei, Kong Li, Multi-Objective Optimization Scheduling Method for Active Distribution Network with Large Scale Electric Vehicles, Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, vol. 32, no. S2, pp. 179–189 (2017).
[4] Chen Z., Zhang Z., Zhao J. et al., An analysis of the charging characteristics of electric vehicles based on measured data and its application, IEEE Access, pp. 24475–24487 (2018).
[5] Hu Z., Zhank K., Zhank H., Pricing mechanisms design for guiding electric vehicle charging to fill load valley, Applied Energy, vol. 178, pp. 155–163 (2016).
[6] Xiong Junjie, Liu Tao, He Hao, Huang Yangqi, Zhang Weizhe, Research on electric vehicle charging strategy based on particle swarm optimization, Jiangxi Electric Power, vol. 42, no. 08, pp. 15–20 (2018).
[7] Chen Zhong, Liu Yi, Zhou Tao, Xing Qiang, Du Puliang, Optimal time-of-use charging pricing strategy of EVs considering mobile characteristics, Electric Power Automation Equipment, vol. 40, no. 04, pp. 96–102 (2020).
[8] Li Shichun,Wang Yang, Zhong Hao, Shu Zhengyu, Charge and discharge strategy of the combination optimization of electric private car, taxi group with aim at strengthening peak regulation, Renewable Energy Resources, vol. 38, no. 06, pp. 824–830 (2020).
[9] Zhang Z, Donk K., Pang X., Research on the EV charging load estimation and mode optimization methods, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 04, pp. 831–842 (2019).
[10] Hu Dequan, Guo Chunlin, Yu Qinbo, Yang Xiaoyan, Bi-Level Optimization Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging Based on Electricity Price Guide, Electric Power Construction, vol. 39, no. 01, pp. 48–53 (2018).
[11] Hadian E., Akbari H., Farzinfar M., Saeed S., Optimal Allocation of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Adopted Smart Charging/Discharging Schedule, IEEE Access (2020).
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[13] Cao Y., Tang S., Li C. et al., An optimized EV charging model considering TOU price and SOC curve, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 01, pp. 388–393 (2011).
[14] Zhang Y., You P., Cai L., Optimal charging scheduling by pricing for EV charging station with dual charging modes, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, vol. 20, no. 09, pp. 3386–3396 (2018).
[15] Cui Jindong, Luo Wenda, Zhou Niancheng, Research on Pricing Model and Strategy of Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Based on Multi View, Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 38, no. 15, pp. 4438–4450+4644 (2018).
[16] Faddel S., Elsayed A.T., Mohammed O.A., Bilayer Multi-Objective Optimal Allocation and Sizing of Electric Vehicle Parking Garage, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1992–2001 (2018).
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[18] Han Gangtuan, Cao Yantao, Construction of planning system for electric vehicle charging infrastructure, Urban and Rural Development, vol. 45, no. 9, pp. 3945–3948 (2016).
[19] Xia Yunyun, Wen Shangsheng, Fang Fang, Reliability Assessment of LED Based on Kolmogorov- Smirnov Check, Acta Photonica Sinica, vol. 45, no. 09, pp. 26–31 (2016).
[20] Zhang Yi, Lu Fenghu, The Approximate Empirical Bayesian Estimation of Kurtosis and Skewness Coefficient, Journal of Jiangxi Normal University (Natural Science), vol. 40, no. 04, pp. 358–362 (2016).
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Authors and Affiliations

Zhiyan Zhang
1
Hang Shi
1
Ruihong Zhu
1
Hongfei Zhao
2
Yingjie Zhu
3

  1. College of Electrical Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, China
  2. State Grid Jiangsu Electric Power Co., Ltd. Maintenance Branch Company, China
  3. Nanjing Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd. China
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Abstract

In this fast-changing environmental condition, the effect of fossil fuel in vehicle is a significant concern. Many sustainable sources are being studied to replace the exhausting fossil fuel in most of the countries. This paper surveys the types of electric vehicle’s energy sources and current scenario of the onroad electric vehicle and its technical challenges. It summarizes the number of state-of-the-art research progresses in bidirectional dcdc converters and its control strategies reported in last two decades. The performance of the various topologies of bidirectional dc-dc converters is also tabulated along with their references. Hence, this work will present a clear view on the development of state-of-the-art topologies in bidirectional dc-dc converters. This review paper will be a guide for the researchers for selecting suitable bidirectional traction dc-dc converters for electric vehicle and it gives the clear picture of this research field.

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Authors and Affiliations

Lavanya Anbazhagan
Jegatheesan Ramiah
Vijayakumar Krishnaswamy
Divya Navamani Jayachandra
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Abstract

Numerous European countries experience a steady increase in the share of electric (EV) and hybrid electric (HEV) vehicles in the traffic stream. These vehicles, often referred to as low- or zero-emission vehicles, significantly reduce air pollution in the road environment. They also have a positive effect on noise levels in city centers and in the surroundings of low-speed roads. Nevertheless, issues related to modeling noise from electric and hybrid vehicles in the outdoor environment are still not fully explored, especially in the rural road settings. The article attempts to assess the degree of noise reduction around these roads based on different percentages of EVs in the traffic stream. Input data for noise modeling was obtained from 133 sections of homogeneous rural roads in Poland. Based on their analysis, it was first determined on how many of these road sections electric-vehicle-induced noise reduction would be possible, taking into account the traffic speeds occurring on them. Next, a computational algorithm that can be used to calculate noise reduction in the CNOSSOS-EU model is presented, and noise modeling is performed based on it for different percentages of electric vehicles in the traffic stream.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Hałucha
1
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Bohatkiewicz
2
ORCID: ORCID
Piotr Mioduszewski
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. EKKOM Sp. z o.o., ul. dr Józefa Babinskiego 71B, 30-394 Cracow, Poland
  2. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, ul. Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
  3. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Ship Technology, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

A study on plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) charging load and its impacts on distribution transformers loss-of-life, is presented in this paper. The assessment is based on residential PEV battery charging. As the exact forecasting of the charging load is not possible, the method for predicting the electric vehicle (EV) charging load is stochastically formulated. With the help of the stochastic model, the effect of fixed, time of use, and real-time charging rates on the charging load and the resultant impact on transformer derating is investigated. A 38-bus test system is adopted as the test system including industrial harmonic sources. Test results demonstrate that uncontrolled EV charging might causes a noticeable change in the K-factor of the transformer, emerging the need for derating, while applying real-time rates for battery charging loads conquers this problem even in case of harmonic-rich chargers.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hessamoddin Jouybari-Moghaddam
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Abstract

The analysed permanent magnet disc motor (PMDM) is used for direct wheel drive in an electric vehicle. Therefore there are several objectives that could be tackled in the design procedure, such as an increased efficiency, reduced iron weight, reduced copper weight or reduced weight of the permanent magnets (reduced rotor weight). In this paper the optimal design of PMDM using a multi-objective genetic algorithm optimisation procedure is performed. A comparative analysis of the optimal motor solution and its parameters in relation to the prototype is presented.

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Authors and Affiliations

Goga Cvetkovski
Lidija Petkovska
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Abstract

The distortion of air gap magnetic field caused by the rotor eccentricity contributes to the electromechanical coupling vibration of the brushless DC (BLDC) permanent magnet in-wheel motor (PMIWM) in electric vehicles (EV). The comfort of the BLDC in-wheel motor drive (IWMD) EV is seriously affected. To deeply investigate the electromechanical coupling vibration of the PMIWM under air gap eccentricity, the PMIWM, tyre and road excitation are analyzed first. The influence of air gap eccentricity on air gap magnetic density is investigated. The coupling law of the air gap and the unbalanced magnetic force (UMF) is studied. The coupling characteristics of eccentricity rate, air gap magnetic density, UMF, phase current and vibration acceleration are verified on the test bench in the laboratory. The mechanism of the electromechanical coupling vibration of the BLDC PMIWM under air gap static eccentricity (SE), dynamic eccentricity (DE) and hybrid eccentricity (HE) is revealed. DE and HE deteriorate the vibration acceleration amplitude, which contributes the electromechanical coupling vibration of the PMIWM. The research results provide a solid foundation for the vibration and noise suppression of the PMIWM in distributed drive EV.

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Authors and Affiliations

Y. Li
H. Wu
X. Xu
Y. Cai
X. Sun
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Abstract

Currently commercialization of electric vehicle (EV) is based to minimize the time of starting and acceleration. To undergo this problem multi-input multi-output fuzzy logic controller (MIMO-FLC) affect on propelled traction system forming MMS process was proposed. This paper introduces a MIMO-FLC applied on speeds of electric vehicle, the electric drive consists of two directing wheels and two rear propulsion wheels equipped with two light weight induction motors. The EV is powered by two motors of 37 kilowatts each one, delivering a 476 Nm total torque. Its high torque (476Nm) is instantly available to ensure responsive acceleration performance in built-up areas. Acceleration and steering are ensured by an electronic differential system which maintains robust control for all cases of vehicle behavior on the road. It also allows controlling independently every driving wheel to turn at different speeds in any curve. Direct torque control based on space vector modulation (DTC-SVM) is proposed to achieve the tow rear driving wheel control. The MIMO-FLC control technique is simulated in MATLAB SIMULINK environment. The simulation results have proved that the MIMO-FLC method decreases the transient oscillations and assure efficiency comportment in all type of road constraints, straight, slope, descent and curved road compared to the single input single output fuzzy controller (SISO-FLC).

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Authors and Affiliations

Brahim Gasbaoui
Chaker Abdelkader
Laoufi Adellah
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Abstract

Electric cars (SE) are currently considered to be one of the best ways to reduce CO2 and other air emissions in the transport sector as well as noise in cities. They can reduce the dependency of road transport on imported oil in a visible way. Nevertheless, the demand for electricity for a large amount of SE in road transport is not insignificant and has an impact on the power system. The article analyzes the potential impact of SE on the demand, supply, structure and costs of electricity generation as well as emissions as a result of introducing 1 million SEs by 2025 on Polish roads, and tripling this number by 2035. The competitive electricity market model ORCED was used for the calculations. The results of the analysis indicate that regardless of the charging strategy, the demand for SEs causes a slight increase in the overall electricity demand in Poland and consequently also a slight increase in power generating costs. Even a large increase in SEs in road transport will result in a rather moderate demand for additional generation capacity, assuming that power companies will have some control over the mode of charging cars. The introduction of SEs will not reduce CO2 emissions compared to conventional cars in 2025, on the contrary will increase them regardless of the loading strategy. In 2035 however, the result depends on the charging scenario and both the increase or decrease of emissions is possible. Electric vehicles will increase SO2 net emissions, but they will contribute to a decrease in the net emissions of particulates and NOx.

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Authors and Affiliations

Uroš Radović
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Abstract

Electric vehicles are predicted to blossom in Egypt in future years as an emerging technology in both the transportation and power sectors, contributing significantly to the decrease of fossil-fuel usage and CO2 emissions. As a result, to mitigate overloads of the vehicle energy demand on the nation’s electric grid, a solar PV system can be used to provide the electricity needs of an EV charging station. This objective of this paper is to present the design, simulation and economic analysis of a grid-connected solar-power system for an electric-charging station at a workplace in 6th October city, Egypt using PVSOL simulation tool to supply energy to the charging station and office-building appliances. The ideal orientation of the PV panels for maximum energy was determined using data from the photovoltaic geographical information system and predicted load- -profile patterns. The amount of electricity generated the efficiency of the PV power system, financial analysis in terms of investment costs and the return on assets, and the ability to reduce CO2 emissions are all estimated in this study. This system also evaluates annual energy predictions and is used for electric-vehicle charging, grid feeding, and appliance consumption. Due to the relatively high solar insolation in Egypt; PV production energy was 10,463 kWh per year and the annual yield is 1,786.69 kWh/kWp. Of the power from PV generation, 66% is utilized for charging the electric vehicle and 34% for electrical appliances. After applying the financial analysis for 20 years; the electricity production cost is 0.0032 $/kWh and the payback period for this proposed system is about five years. The annual energy costs after the installation of PV systems proposed system created a financial saving of 21%. The performance ratio of this system inverter is 84% and the monthly average of the electric vehicle SOC over a year doesn’t decrease out of 27% plus 5 tons of CO2 emissions per year were avoided. This research can be used as a recommendation for stakeholders who want to use this energy source for vehicle charging.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marwa M. Ibrahim
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mechanical Engineering Department, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Abstract

Energy management plays a crucial role in cabin comfort as well as enormously affects the driving range. In this paper energy balances contemplating the implementation of a heat pump and an expansion device in battery electric vehicles are elaborated, by comparing the performances of refrigerants R1234yf and R744, from –20°C to 20°C. This work calculates the coefficient of performance, energy requirements for ventilation (from 1 to 5 people in the cabin) and energy required with the implementation of a heat pump, with the employment of a code in Python with the aid of Cool- Prop library. The work ratio is also estimated if the work recovery device recuperates the work during the expansion. Comments on the feasibility of the implementation are as well explicated. The results of the analysis show that the implementation of an expansion device in an heat pump may cover the energy requirement of the compressor from 27% to more than 35% at 20°C in cycles operating with R744, and from 15% to more than 20% with refrigerant R1234yf, considering different compressor efficiencies. At –20°C, it would be possible to recuperate between around 30 and 24%. However, the risk of suction when operating with R1234yf at ambient temperatures below –10°C shows that the heat pump can only operate with R744. Thus, it is the only refrigerant that achieves the reduction of energy consumption at these temperatures.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maria Laura Canteros
1
Jiri Polansky
2

  1. Czech Technical University in Prague, Jugoslávských partyzánu 1580/3, 160 00 Prague 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
  2. ESI Group, Brojova 16, 326 00 Plzen, Czech Republic
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Abstract

Transformer efficiency and regulation, are to be maintained at maximum and minimum respectively by optimal loading, control, and compensation. Charging of electric vehicles at random charging stations will result in uncertain loading on the distribution transformer. The efficiency reduces and regulation increases as a consequence of this loading. In this work, a novel optimization strategy is proposed to map electric vehicles to a charging station, that is optimal with respect to the physical distance, traveling time, charging cost, the effect on transformer efficiency and regulation. Consumer and utility factors are considered for mapping electric vehicles to charging stations. An Internet of Things platform is used to fetch the dynamic location of electric vehicles. The dynamic locations are fed to a binary optimization problem to find an optimal routing table that maps electric vehicles to a charging station. A comparative study is carried out, with and without optimization, to validate the proposed methodology.
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Authors and Affiliations

R. Venkataswamy
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Uma Rao
2
ORCID: ORCID
P. Meena
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. CHRIST (deemed to be university)
  2. RV College of Engineering©
  3. BMS College of Engineering, India
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Abstract

The loss of power and voltage can affect distribution networks that have a significant number of distributed power resources and electric vehicles. The present study focuses on a hybrid method to model multi-objective coordination optimisation problems for dis- tributed power generation and charging and discharging of electric vehicles in a distribution system. An improved simulated annealing based particle swarm optimisation (SAPSO) algorithm is employed to solve the proposed multi-objective optimisation problem with two objective functions including the minimal power loss index and minimal voltage deviation index. The proposed method is simulated on IEEE 33-node distribution systems and IEEE-118 nodes large scale distribution systems to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the technique. The simulation results indicate that the power loss and node voltage deviation are significantly reduced via the coordination optimisation of the power of distributed generations and charging and discharging power of electric vehicles.With the methodology supposed in this paper, thousands of EVs can be accessed to the distribution network in a slow charging mode.

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Authors and Affiliations

Huiling Tang
Jiekang Wu
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Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of electric vehicle charging station operation based on a dual active bridge topology. Two cases are considered: one with the use of a medium frequency planar transformer, the other with a conventional Litz winding transformer. An analysiswas performed using both solutions in order to compare the performance characteristics of the system for both cases and to present the differences between each transformer solution. The analysis was based on tests carried out on the full-scale model of an electric vehicle charging station, which is the result of the project "Electric vehicle charging system integrated with lighting infrastructure" realized by the Department of Drives and Electrical Machines, Lublin University of Technology. The results presented in the paper show that the conventional transformer used in the research achieved better results than the planar transformer. Based on the results obtained, the validity of using both solutions in electric vehicle charging stations was considered.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Rudawski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Karol Fatyga
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Kwaśny
1

  1. Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 38d, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

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