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Abstract

In Poland, researchers have a very strong interest in archaeometallurgy, which, as presented in classical works, focuses on dating artefacts

from the prehistoric and early medieval periods in the form of cast iron and copper castings. This study, extending the current knowledge,

presents the results of a microstructure investigation into the findings from the Modern era dating back to the late Middle Ages. The

investigated material was an object in the form of a heavy solid copper block weighing several kilograms that was excavated by a team of

Polish archaeologists working under the direction of Ms Iwona Młodkowska-Przepiórowska during works on the marketplace in the city of

Czestochowa during the summer of 2009. Pre-dating of the material indicates the period of the seventeenth century AD.

The solid copper block was delivered in the form of a part shaped like a bell, named later in this work as a “kettlebell”. To determine the

microstructure, the structural components, chemical composition, and homogeneity, as well as additives and impurities, investigations

were carried out using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy including analysis of the chemical composition performed in

micro-areas, and qualitative X-ray phase analysis in order to investigate the phase composition.

Interpretation of the analytical results of the material’s microstructure will also help modify and/or develop new methodological

assumptions to investigate further archaeometallurgical exhibits, throwing new light on and expanding the area of knowledge of the use

and processing of seventeenth-century metallic materials.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Wierzbicki
K. Głowik-Łazarczyk
J. Konieczny
K. Labisz
J. Ćwiek
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Abstract

Archaeometallurgical investigations presented in this work focus on analysing the microstructure as well as mechanical properties of artefacts from the17th in form of findings performed from cast iron as well as copper casts. The presented research results extend the up-to-date knowledge and present the analysis of structural compounds found in the microstructure of the artefacts from the time dating back to the late Middle Ages in the region around Czestochowa, Poland. The tested samples were found in earth in the city centre under the present marketplace. The excavation works were carried out in summer in the year 2009, and have resulted in the excavation of artefacts in form of copper block of the weight of several kg. The excavation action was led by a group of Polish archaeologists collaborating with the local authorities. The performed pre-dating of this element determines the age of the artefacts as the 17th century AD. The excavations that have been taking place since 2007 have widened the knowledge of the former Czestochowa. Historians of this town have suggested, that the found weight and traces of metallurgical activity suggest that the exposed walls were an urban weight. The weight is visible on the 18th century iconography. What was find on the Old Market indicates that there was a lush economic life before the Swedish invasion in this part of Poland. Some buildings lost their functions or were changed, others died in fires, but new places developed. To describe the microstructure, with its structural components, research was done using microscopy techniques, both of the light as well as electron microscopy (SEM), also chemical composition analysis was carried out using the EDS technique, as well as tool for phase analysis were applied in form of X-Ray Diffraction (qualitative analysis), especially for the reason to describe the phases present in the excavated material. This research will help to obtain new information in order to investigate further archaeometallurgical artefacts, extending the knowledge about middle age metallic materials its usage and manufacturing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ł. Wierzbicki
J. Konieczny
K. Labisz
K. Głowik-Łazarczyk
S. Surma
S. Jurczyk
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Abstract

The authors present a concept of constructing the equations of motion for a single-bucket pulling excavator in terms of generalised Lagrange's variables. The applied model is based on the assumption that the excavator is a system of rigid solids connected with rotational constrains of ten degrees of freedom. The essence of the proposed algorithm consists in reducing the procedure of constructing the system of excavator's motion equations to multiplication of adequate matrices. One avoids analytical or numerical derivation of the consecutive time derivatives of kinetic and potential energy of the system. The algorithm formulated in such a way may constitute a basis for constructing a numerical program for the analysis of excavator system dynamics. The proposed method of generation of Lagrange's equations can be generalised and applied to a wider class of multibody systems.
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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Konopka
Franciszek Kuczmarski
Andrzej Sławiński
Józef Wrona
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Abstract

Optimum truck numbers of an enterprise can be found by dividing the period of time passed between a departing truck after loading, the arrival at the dumping location, the arrival at the point of loading again and the average loading time parameters of a truck. The average loading time of the truck is directly associated with the bucket fill factor and cycle time of the excavator. While the bucket fill factor depends on the mechanical strength and the discontinuity characteristics of the rock, the cycle time is related to bucket volume, the strength and the discontinuity characteristics of the rock. In this study, two relations predicting the average cycle time of the bucket fill factor for both hydraulic and electric excavators is done by seven excavators with different bucket volumes, and mass characteristics of eight different rocks from a coal open pit mine. According to the above, the optimum truck number was developed.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Abdurrahman Tosun
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Dokuz Eylul University, Bergama, 35062, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract

The paper presents a numerical analysis carried out to determine the influence of the ground surface fire on the strain level of shelter housing with the ground cover. It is assumed that the underground shelter is longitudinal and the fire spans on an extensive area. The area surrounding the housing was treated as a material with average constant thermodynamic values. The heating and cooling processes were described on the basis of the Fourier’s equation concerning heat conduction in consideration on material, ground and concrete heterogeneous nature. The numeric analysis was carried out in two stages. In the first stage, a quasi-stationary initial temperature distribution was sought in the ground centre and shelter shield. In the second stage of analysis, the fire effect was considered according to the time profile of temperature variation in object.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Baryłka
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Centre of Construction Expertise, Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

We examine the impact of overburden geomechanical properties on the velocity of the excavator rotary movement Vb and on the excavator current consumption Imax for two different states of excavator teeth: new excavator teeth and worn-out teeth after minimum 250h of work. The analysed dataset is collected from recordings made by the bucket-wheel excavator SchRs 900 25/6 operating at “Tamnava Eastern field” open-pit coal mine in Serbia. The following geomechanical properties of the overburden are examined: grain size composition, unit weight, cohesion and angle of internal friction. Using multiple linear regression analysis, we develop explicit mathematical correlations between Imax and Vb and the overburden properties in a form of nonlinear equations for the case of new excavator teeth, while statistically significant correlation for the worn-out teeth is obtained only between overburden geomechanical properties and Imax. Results obtained indicate the existence of statistically significant two-factor interactions with positive effect of overburden unit weight and angle of internal friction on Imax and Vb, while cohesion is generally inversely proportional to the analysed outputs. Analysis performed enables optimized planning of the excavator performance regarding its productivity during the overburden excavation.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Srđan Kostić
1
ORCID: ORCID
Jelena Trivan
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Jaroslav Černi Water Institute, Serbia
  2. University of Banja Luka, Faculty of Mining Prijedor, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Abstract

Caving in the excavation of mining galleries is a dangerous phenomenon, resulting in a threat to the health and life of humans, technological difficulties (transport, ventilation, etc.) and economic losses. Mining galleries list: design errors, runtime errors, errors and random causes among the causes of the caving occurring in recent periods in the excavation of underground coal mines. Examples in the recent period of caving in the excavation of mining galleries in coal mines indicated that one of the main causes of the situation was the loss of capacity and double timber technical wear caused by the corrosion of the profile. In practice, the caving that occur as a result of the technical wear can be divided into the breaking arc of a roof – bar, the loss of stability of one of the heading walls and a total heading collapse. On the basis of the carried out analysis of these cases, guidelines were proposed for improving the safe operation of the workings. The improvement of support stability may be achieved by applying additional supports, stabilizing the structure by bolting the support sets or by introducing a fiber-reinforced concrete coating with injection into the rock mass. Examples of caving occurring in the excavation, for which the preparatory selection of support does not match the geological-mining conditions, were also presented. The summary indicated the importance of diagnostics roadway in the safe and efficient conduct of mining that should be covered by the operational rules, and their scope and frequency should be adapted to the rank of the occurrence of hazard and support construction.

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Authors and Affiliations

Stanisław Duży
Piotr Głuch
Adam Ratajczak
Damian Giza
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Abstract

Rock excavation is a basic technological operation during tunnelling and drilling roadways in underground mines. Tunnels and roadways in underground mines are driven into a rock mass, which in the particular case of sedimentary rocks, often have a layered structure and complicated tectonics. For this reason, rock strata often have highly differentiated mechanical properties, diverse deposition patterns and varied thicknesses in the cross sections of such headings. In the field of roadheader technology applied to drilling headings, the structure of a rock mass is highly relevant when selecting the appropriate cutting method for the heading face. Decidedly differentiated values of the parameters which describe the mechanical properties of a particular rock layer deposited in the cross section of the drilled tunnel heading will influence the value and character of the load on the cutting system, generated by the cutting process, power demand, efficiency and energy consumption of the cutting process. The article presents a mathematical modelling process for cutting a layered structure rock mass with the transverse head of a boom-type roadheader. The assumption was made that the rock mass being cut consists of a certain number of rock layers with predefined mechanical properties, a specific thickness and deposition pattern. The mathematical model created was executed through a computer programme. It was used for analysing the impact deposition patterns of rock layers with varied mechanical properties, have on the amount of cutting power consumed and load placed on a roadheader cutting system. The article presents an example of the results attained from computer simulations. They indicate that variations in the properties of the rock cut – as cutting heads are moving along the surface of the heading face – may have, apart from multiple other factors, a significant impact on the value of the power consumed by the cutting process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Cheluszka
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Abstract

This study attempts to evaluate the field performance of various mining equipment used at the development galleries of coal mines. These are hand-held and jumbo rock drills, and a roadheader used in mechanical excavation. For this purpose, the penetration rates of rock drills were monitored and measured in the field. The physical, mechanical, and drillability properties were determined through the collected samples in order to understand the complex interactions between the rock and bit/pick. The abrasive mineral content was also analyzed with XRD analysis to examine the wear on the cutting/drilling tools. Besides, the specific energy of the equipment was calculated relying on the operational parameters. A comparison of the monthly advance and production rates of the drilling rigs and roadheader was made. The relations among operating power, specific energy, and design of buttons/picks were investigated. It has been found that the average advance and production rates of the mining equipment are consistent with the penetration rate. The results verified that the roadheader used in mechanical excavation and the jumbo drill used in drilling and blasting technique are the machines maximizing the advance and production rates.

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Authors and Affiliations

Okan Su
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

The demands placed on industry today are increasingly challenging and demanding. To meet these challenges, designers, contractors, and technology managers are constantly looking for effective solutions. Industry has always thrived on new technologies and innovations to achieve better results, so it is critical to undertake new developmental research to simulate and test new technological proposals. In this paper, the author describes a new direction in civil engineering technology that interdisciplinary couples solutions known to the bridge industry with geotechnical aspects in the technology space and the possibility of implementation in the construction industry. The author proposes the application of prestressing together with technological aspects of this solution to diaphragm walls, which are not only a temporary housing but also the foundations of a new investment. Thanks to this solution it is possible, among other things, to resign from one level of diaphragm expansion of diaphragm walls, which translates into cost optimization. It is an innovative approach to designing and most of all constructing the load-bearing structure, which directly influences the technological optimization of selected issues of completing the underground parts of the investment. Additionally, the presented solution contributes to the balanced execution of the investment by reducing the use of materials and construction equipment. The author discusses technological, execution and implementation problems related to the application of innovative solutions in construction companies together with examples of cost optimization. The author presents the results of conducted research with application of the proposed solution in the implementation of the underground commercial investment.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mateusz Frydrych
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

Tunnel construction survey must be necessary to be very quick so that the results can be known as soon as possible. This aim can be achieved through the intelligent positioning method of tunnel excavation face. In this study, the plane parameters of the tunnel cross-section were transformed into the coordinates of the points on the cross-section to realize the automatic transformation of graphic data. According to the theoretical calculation of the lofting point accuracy, the appropriate measurement control network level and measurement accuracy and the appropriate measurement instruments were selected. The fast and intelligent positioning and setting out of tunnel excavation face was realized base on the technology of data communication between computer and measuring instruments. The intelligent positioning method of tunnel excavation face could greatly reduce the time of measurement and positioning, speed up the project progress, reduce the project risk, shorten the construction period and reduce the project cost.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jiesheng Zhang
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yongzheng Qi
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. The First Engineering Co., LTD. of CTCE Group, No. 434 Fuyang North Road, Hefei 230041, China
  2. Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, No. 2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang 212003, China
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Abstract

In order to study the ground disturbance and the influence relationship between the two tunnels during the construction of the new shield tunnel undercrossing the existing high-speed railway tunnel, the centrifuge test was used to simulate the construction of the parallel shield tunnel undercrossing the high-speed railway tunnel, and the variation law of the internal force, segment deformation and surface settlement of the existing high-speed railway tunnel undercrossing the shield was studied. It is found that the adverse effects caused by the later tunnel are less than those caused by the first tunnel excavation. For the existing tunnels without settlement joints, the longitudinal settlement of the inverted arch and the vault is U-shaped and anti-U-shaped respectively. The settlement value of the ground surface and the existing tunnel is increased by more than 100%. When the shield passes through the high-speed railway tunnel, the transverse bending strain is larger than the longitudinal, and special attention should be paid at the corner.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ruizhen Fei
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Limin Peng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Chunlei Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Jiqing Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID
Peng Zhang
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Central South University, School of Civil Engineering, Changsha, 410075, China
  2. China Railway Design Corporation, Tianjin, 300142, China
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Abstract

In the process of extraction and enrichment of coal waste, considerable quantities of waste material are produced, mainly the gangue and coal sludge, considered as waste or raw material. The main directions of the management development of the waste rock are the production of aggregates, the production of energy products and the liquidation works in hard coal mines and the filling of excavations. The paper proposes the extension of these activities to the use of waste material. The possibility of using aggregates or extractive waste to fill open-pit excavations has been proposed, also in areas within the reach of groundwater and the possibility of building insulation layers of waste material and the production of mixtures of hard coal sludge and sewage sludge to produce material with good energy properties. The analysis was based on the author’s own research and literature data related to selected parameters of waste material. This paper presents our own preliminary studies on the amount of combustion heat and the calorific value of coal sludge combined with other wastes such as sewage sludge. The proposed methods and actions are part of the current directions of development, but they allow the extension of the scope of use of both extractive waste and products produced on the basis of gangue or coal sludge. Due to the frequent lack of the stable composition of these materials, their current properties should be assessed each time before attempting to use them. The fact that it is important to continue research to promote existing economic use and to seek new activities or methods has been concluded.

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Authors and Affiliations

Beata Klojzy-Karczmarczyk
Janusz Mazurek
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Abstract

The primary objective of the case study is to improve monitoring, controlling, planning and managing the extraction processes in surface lignite mining. Under the North Bohemian Lignite Basin (also Most Basin) conditions and the Sokolov Basin, wheeled excavators are deployed as the main technology for extracting coal and overlying rock. Their real-time spatial position can be tracked based on data from GNSS technology, inclinometers, and incremental rotary encoders. The measured data is sent to a remote server and stored in the database. It also serves to calculate volumes of extracted masses. Volume calculation, space position visualisation, and wheel boom movements are performed in KVASoftware. It is a program designed for modelling and designing quarries. Knowing the position of the wheel against the digital terrain (quarry), the model is essential for the implementation of many risk-elimination applications, namely with respect to the geological conditions, occupational safety, observance of the profile grade line, the area of extraction, qualitative parameters of the raw material, etc. The mathematical model of backfilling extracted materials is also an integral part of the above-mentioned system.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Dana Vrublová
1
ORCID: ORCID
Roman Kapica
2
ORCID: ORCID
Stanislav Smelik
3
ORCID: ORCID
Markéta Smeliková
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava , Faculty of Mining and Geology, Institute of Combined Studies in Most, Dělnická 21, Most, Czech Republic
  2. VŠB – Technical University of Ostrava, Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Geodesy and Mine Surveying, 17. listopadu 15, Ostrava – Poruba, 708 00, Czech Republic
  3. Geodetic Office, Baška 111, 739 01 Baška, Czech Republic
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Abstract

This article describes stability issues of main excavations in deep copper mines in Poland, from the perspective of mining work safety. To protect main transportation and ventilation routes, parts of rock are left untaken to form so-called protective pillars. The problem was to determine the size of main excavations protective pillars in deep underground copper mines in which provide stability of main excavations. The results of numerical simulations of the stability of protective pillars under specific geological and mining conditions are presented, covering: underground depth and width of protective pillar, number, size and layout geometry of protected excavations, as well as the impact of parameters of surrounding gob areas. Problem was solved applying numerical simulations based on the finite element method which were performed in a plane state of strain by means of Phase2 v. 8.0 software. The behavior of the rock mass under load was described by an elastic-plastic model. The Mohr-Coulomb criterion was used to assess the stability of the rock mass. The results of numerical modeling have practical applications in the designing of protective pillars primarily in determining their width. These results were used to prepare new guidelines for protective pillars in Polish copper mines in the Legnica-Glogow Copper District.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Adach-Pawelus
Jan Butra
Daniel Pawelus
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Abstract

The results of the first limnological studies of the Kuźnica Warężyńska anthropogenic reservoir, by flooding the sand mine excavation, in 2005, are presented. Measurements of water temperature and the concentration of oxygen dissolved in water were made every month, from April to December, every 1 meter deep from the surface to the bottom (22m). Kuźnica Warężyńska anthropogenic lake was classified according to Olszewski and Patalas as dimictic, eumictic, stratified, stable, and extremely limnic. In terms of the share of the littoral zone in the total area, the reservoir is classified as grade II according to Dołgoff, where the pelagic zone is similar to the littoral zone. After 14 years of the reservoir's existence, during the summer stagnation period, the oxygen in the hypolimnion is completely depleted, from the 10th meter deep to the bottom, 22m. The analysis of the vertical distribution of the regression coefficient for the relationship between water temperature and the concentration of dissolved oxygen in water indicates the influence of the oxygen-free groundwater supplying the reservoir as a factor that may, in addition to the decomposition of organic matter, initiate anaerobic processes in the bottom water layer of the reservoir. When circulation ceases, the bottom eruption of oxygen-depleted groundwater is, during the summer and winter stagnation, a factor that shapes the anaerobic environment in the bottom layers of water early, initiating the internal enrichment process. Hydrological conditions, morphometry and thermal-oxygen relations of the Kuźnica Warężyńska reservoir are favorable for undertaking technical measures - changing the method of draining water from the surface to the bottom - to protect the quality of water resources.
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Authors and Affiliations

Maciej Kostecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
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Abstract

The overall efficiency of a construction of a deep excavation urban project does not depend only on the duration of the construction but also on its influence on the urban environment and the traffic [9, 10]. These two things depend greatly on the excavation method and the construction stages defined during the design process. This paper describes the construction stages of three metro stations (two stations in Warsaw and one in Paris) and discusses their advantages and disadvantages including among other things its impact on neighbouring infrastructure and the city’s traffic. An important conclusion drawn from this analysis is that the shape of the slabs used can considerably affect the design and the construction stages. For example, a vaulted top slab allows an almost immediate traffic restoration and a vaulted bottom raft allows a much shorter dewatering period.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Kacprzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Tomasz Daktera
2
ORCID: ORCID
Andrzej Stańczyk
3
ORCID: ORCID
Urszula Tomczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Seweryn Bodus
3
ORCID: ORCID
Michał Werle
3
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
  2. Soletanche Bachy International 280 Avenue Napoléon Bonaparte, 92500 Rueil Malmaison, France
  3. Warbud S.A.
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Abstract

This paper presents one of the environmental problems occurring during underground mine closures: according to the underground coal mine closure programme in Germany, the behaviour of the land surface caused by flooding of the entire planned mining area – the Ruhr District – had to be addressed. It was highlighted that water drainage would need to be continuous; otherwise, water levels would rise again in the mining areas, resulting in flooding of currently highly urbanised zones. Based on the variant analysis, it was concluded that the expected uniform ground movements caused by the planned rise in the mining water levels (comprising a part of two concepts – flooding up to the level of –500 m a.s.l. and −600 m a.s.l.), in the RAG Aktiengesellschaft mines, will not result in new mining damage to traditional buildings. The analysis included calculations of the maximum land surface uplift and the most unfavourable deformation factor values on the land surface, important from the point of view of buildings and structures: tilt T, compressive strain ε– and tensile strain ε+. The impact of flooding on potential, discontinuous land surface deformation was also analysed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Tajduś
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anton Sroka
2
ORCID: ORCID
Mateusz Dudek
2
ORCID: ORCID
Rafał Misa
2
ORCID: ORCID
Stefan Hager
3
ORCID: ORCID
Janusz Rusek
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  2. Strata Mechanics Research Institutes of Polish Academy of Science, 27 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  3. R AG Aktiengesellschaft, Essen, Germany
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Abstract

The technology of single bore multiple anchor is well known and mainly used as a method of providing support for retaining walls of deep excavations in weak soils. Multiple fixed lengths in a single borehole is a major difference to conventional anchors. The purpose of it and the most important facts affecting bearing capacity are presented. Due to the reduction of progressive debonding higher bearing capacities can be achieved and the impact of soil consolidation is decreased. Unique properties of this technology potentially reduce construction costs and increase the reliability and safety of the structure. Single Bore Multiple Anchors in most cases are prestressed by synchronised hydraulic jacks to provide that every anchor unit transfers the same load. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of investigation and suitability tests, which took place at the site of Zlote Tarasy Shopping Centre in Warsaw. The carried out research reveals that prestressing of one fixed anchor causes a decrease in lock-off load of the second fixed anchor, regardless of the order of prestressing. Measured values presents range from 6% to 14%. Results indicate mutual influence between loads of fixed anchors from the separate prestressing.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jan Kalicki
1
ORCID: ORCID
Monika Mitew-Czajewska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Warsaw University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Al. Armii Ludowej 16, 0-637 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

In this paper, the problem of deformation induced by an open pit excavation in anisotropic stiff soils is analysed by FE modelling. The presented research is focused on the influence of material model with anisotropic stiffness on the accuracy of deformation predictions as compared with the field measurements. A new hyperelastic-plastic model is applied to simulate anisotropic mechanical behaviour of stiff soils. It is capable to reproduce mixed variable stress-induced anisotropy and constant inherent cross-anisotropy of the small strain stiffness. The degradation of stiffness depending on strain is modelled with the Brick-type model. The model formulation and parameters are briefly presented. General deformation pattern obtained in the exemplary 2D boundary value problem of an open pit excavation is investigated considering different values of inherent cross-anisotropy coefficient of small strain stiffness. The numerical simulations are performed as a coupled deformation-flow analysis which allows to properly model the drainage conditions. The excavation phases are simulated by removal of soil layers according to the realistic time schedule. Finally, the monitored case of the trial open pit excavation in heavily overconsolidated Oxford Clay at Elstow, UK is simulated with proposed material model both in 2D and 3D conditions. The obtained calculation results are compared with displacement measurements and discussed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Katarzyna Lisewska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Cudny
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ul. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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Abstract

The goal of this study is to assess the application of the Hardening soil model in predicting the deformation of retaining walls of excavations in 2D and 3D finite element analysis at the Ho Chi Minh Metro project. Designed as the deepest underground station in the first metro line built in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Opera House station is located in an area with a dense building zone and close to historical buildings. A summary of the input soil properties is provided using data from site investigations, in-situ tests, and laboratory tests. By numerical simulation using the Hardening soil model, the parameters of the soil stiffness modulus value are verified based on the Standard Penetration Test (SPT), and Pressuremeter test (PMT). The obtained results of the numerical analysis by 2D and 3D finite element methods, and field observations indicate that applying the Hardening soil model with soil stiffness modulus obtained in situ tests gives reasonable results on the displacement of the retaining wall at the final phase. The relationship between the SPT value and the stiffness modulus of HCMC sand is a function of depth. This correlation is obtained through the comparison of wall deformation between the simulation and monitoring at the construction site. The results of the difference between 2D and 3D finite element analysis also are discussed in this study.
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Authors and Affiliations

Luc Manh Bui
1
ORCID: ORCID
Li Wu
1
ORCID: ORCID
Yao Cheng
1
ORCID: ORCID
Dao Jun Dong
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), No. 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, China

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