Search for: [Keywords = "façade"]

Numerical analysis of storey-to-storey fire spreading

Krzysztof Schabowicz Paweł Sulik Tomasz Gorzelańczyk Łukasz Zawiślak

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2022 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 91-109 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2022.140158

Keywords fire the leap-frog effect façades fire safety large scale facade test storey-to-storey fire spreading

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper presents detailed comparisons for numerical simulations of fire development along the facade, with particular emphasis on the so-called “leap frog effect”, for different variations of window opening sizes and storey heights. A total of 9 models were subjected to numerical analysis. The problem occurred in most of the analyzed models – i.e., the fire penetrated through the facade to the higher storey. It should be noted that the adopted hearth was identified by standard parameters, and materials on the facade were non-combustible – as a single-layer wall. In the case of real fires, the parameters of the release rate can also vary greatly, but the values are usually higher. It has been shown that the most dangerous situation is with small size windows, where the discharge of warm gases and flames, causes a fairly easy fire jump between floors. The leap frog effect can be limited by increasing windows and storey height – this changes the shape of the flames escaping from the interior of the building and limits the possibility of fire entering the storeys above. In addition, increasing the size of windows results in a reduction of fire power per unit window dimension [KW/m2] at constant fire power (fuel-controlled fire), which is also of key importance for the fire to penetrate with the leap frog effect.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] EN 13501-1:2019-02. Fire classification of construction products and building elements – Part 1: Classification using data from reaction to fire tests.
[2] M. Bonner, G. Rein, “Flammability and multi-objective performance of building: towards optimum design”, International Journal of High-Rise Buildings, 2018, vol. 7, pp. 363–374, DOI: 10.21022/IJHRB.2018.7.4.363.
[3] K. Livkiss, S. Svensson, “Flame Heights and Heat Transfer in Façade System Ventilation Cavities”, Fire Technology, 2018, no 54, pp. 689–713, DOI: 10.1007/s10694-018-0706-2.
[4] D.I. Kolaitis, E.K. Asimakopoulou, M.A. Founti, “A Full-scale fore test to investigate the fire behaviour of the “ventilated facade” system”, in Interflam 2016, Windsor, 2016.
[5] S. Colwell, T. Baker, Fire Performance of external thermal insulation for walls of multistorey buildings, 3rd ed., Garston: IHS BRE Press, 2013.
[6] S. Boström, D. McNamee, “Fire test of ventilated and unventilated wooden facades”, SP Report 2016:16, Boras, 2016.
[7] J. Anderson, R. Jensson, “Experimental and numerical investigation of fire”, in Fire Computer Modeling Santander, 18-19th October 2012, Spain, 2012.
[8] J. Andersson, L. Boström, R. Jansson McNamee, “Fire Safety of Facades”, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SP Rapport 2017:37, Brandforsk 2017:3.
[9] R. Rogan, E. Shipper, ASTM Leap Frog Effect. The design and analysis of a computer fire model to test for flame spread through a building’s exterior, 2010.
[10] BS 8414-1:2015¸A1:2017 Fire performance of external cladding systems. Test method for non-loadbearing external cladding systems applied to the masonry face of a building, Building Research Establishment.
[11] PN-90/B-02867:1990¸Az1:2001 Fire protection of buildings. The method of testing the degree of fire spread through walls (in Polish).
[12] EOTA No 761/PP/GRO/IMA/19/1133/11140, European Commision, 2019.
[13] ISO 13785-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire tests for façades – Part 2: Large-scale test.
[14] M. Smolka, E. Anselmi, T. Crimi, B. Le Madec, I.F. Moder, K.W. Park, R. Rupp, Y.-H. Yoo, H. Yoshioka, “Semi-natural test methods to evaluate fire safety ofwall claddings:Update”, inMATECWeb of Conferences, 2016, vol. 46, DOI: 10.1051/matecconf/20164601003.
[15] D. Chen, S.M. Lo,W. Lu, K.K. Yuen, Z. Fang, “A numerical study of the effect of window configuration on the external heat and smoke spread in building fire”, Numerical Heat Transfer, 2001, no. 40, pp. 821–839, DOI: 10.1080/104077801753344286.
[16] M. Ibrahim, A.M. Sharaf Eldin, M. Ayoub, “Effect ofWindow Configurations on Fire Spread in Buildings”, in 11th International Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 2013, DOI: 10.2514/6.2013-3947.
[17] I. Oleszkiewicz, “Heat transfer from a window fire plume to a building facade”, ASME HTD, 1989, vol. 123, pp. 163–170, DOI: 10.4224/40001813.
[18] I. Korrhoff, “ETICS and fire safety Basic principles and framework conditions”, in Third ETICS Forum, Milan, 2015.
[19] J. Anderson, L. Boström, R. Jansson McNamee, B. Milovanovic, “Modeling of fire exposure in facade fire testing”, Fire and Materials, 2018, vol. 42, pp. 475–483, DOI: 10.1002/fam.2485.
[20] SP FIRE 105. Method for fire testing of façade materials, Department of Fire Technology, Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, 1994.
[21] ISO 13785-2:2002 Reaction-to-fire tests for façades – Part 2: Large-scale test, International Organization for Standardization.
[22] W.K. Chow, W.Y. Hung, Y. Gao, G. Zou, H. Dong, “Experimental study on smoke movement leading to glass damages in double-skinned facade”, Construction and Building Materials, 2007, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 556–566, DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.09.005.
[23] Z. Ni, S. Lu, L. Peng, “Experimental study on fire performance of double-skin glass facades”, Journal of Fire Sciences, 2012, vol. 30, no. 5, pp. 457–472, DOI: 10.1177/0734904112447179.
[24] I. Kotthoff, “Mechanismen der Brandausbreitung an der Gebäudeaußenwand, Brandverhalten von WDVS unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Polystyrol-Hartschaum”, in 9. Hessischer Energieberatertag, Frankfurt, 2012.
[25] F. Incropera, D. DeWitt, T. Bergman, A. Lavine, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[26] M. Hurley, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 5th ed., vol. 1, Springer New York, 2016.
[27] J. Degler, A. Ellasson, J. Anderson, D. Lange, “A-priopri modelling of the tisova fire test as input to the experimentalwork”, in The First International Conference on Structural Safety under Fire&Blast, Glasgow, 2015.
[28] K. McGrattan, S. Hostikka, J. Floyd, R. McDermott, M. Vanella, Fire Dynamics Simulator Technical Reference Guide Volume 3: Validation, NIST Special Publication 1018-3, 6th ed., National Institute of Standards and Technology and VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 2019.
[29] C.H. Lin, Y. M. Ferng, W.S. Hsu, “Investigating the effect of computational grid sizes on the predicted characteristics of thermal radiation for a fire”, Applied Thermal Engineering, 2009, vol. 29, pp. 2243–2250, DOI: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2008.11.010.
[30] P. Sulik, J. Kinowski, “Operational safety of façades" (in Polish), Materiały Budowlane, 2014, no. 9, pp. 38–39.
[31] B. Sedłak, J. Kinowski, P. Sulik, G. Kimbar, “The risks associated with falling parts of glazed façades”, Open Engineering, 2018, vol. 8, pp. 147–155, DOI: 10.1515/eng-2018-0011.
[32] J. Kinowski, B. Sedłak, P. Roszkowski P. Sulik, “The effect of the way of fixing exterior wall cladding on its behaviour in fire conditions” (in Polish), Materiały Budowlane, 2018, no. 8, pp. 204–205.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Schabowicz

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Paweł Sulik

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Tomasz Gorzelańczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Łukasz Zawiślak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Construction Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
Instytut Techniki Budowlanej, Filtrowa 1, 00-611 Warsaw, Poland

Sound Insulation of Dwellings Façades – the Case of Santiago de Chile

Leonardo Meza Jaime Delannoy Antonio Marzzano Mauricio Fuentes

Archives of Acoustics | 2019 | vol. 44 | No 1 | 99-104 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2019.126356

Keywords sound reduction index construction quality acoustic insulation façade

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The increment in the number of automobiles and the densification of the city has increased noise pollution rates. In addition, the lack of regulation in Chile regarding the acoustic insulation of façades is a problem of a growing concern. The main objective of the present study was to obtain a model of the Sound Insulation of housing, façades, stratified in Santiago, Chile, based on constructive variables. It is expected to serve as a basis for one future regulation for acoustic façades of houses. In the present study, tests based on the international ISO 140-5 standard were carried out in situ. An estimation model of the Standardized Level Difference Dls,2m,nT,w + C, was obtained based on the opening/façade proportion, and the type of glass used for the windows.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Leonardo Meza

Jaime Delannoy

Antonio Marzzano

Mauricio Fuentes

The Acoustic Effect of Windows Installed in a Wood Frame Façade

Jacek Nurzyński

Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 2 | 183-190 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.145231

Keywords sound insulation lightweight frame building prefabricated façade windows protection against noise

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The acoustic effect of windows installed in a prefabricated wood frame façade was considered. Windows inserted into a lightweight wall modify its structural scheme. The research aimed to investigate the possible interaction of the façade’s main components and their actual contribution to the total sound insulation. The principal research question involved the prediction of the acoustic performance of the complete prefabricated panel from the performance of its basic elements, an opaque part and windows. As the frequency-dependent characteristics of the elements differ substantially, the use of single number values for prediction and accuracy was of particular interest. The study is based on laboratory measurements. Initially, two full-scale samples of an opaque wall and four windows were tested separately. Then, several variants of the façade consisting of various combinations of these elements were examined. The results of measurements were juxtaposed and compared with calculated values. The frequency-dependent experimental results were fairly consistent with calculations. The estimations based on single number quantities were also in good agreement with measurements. Thus, it may be concluded that the façade elements did not interact significantly, and the single number calculations give reliable results that can be used in practice.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jacek Nurzyński

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Building Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland

Green facades support biodiversity in urban environment – A case study from Poland

Grzegorz Oloś

Journal of Water and Land Development | 2023 | No 59 | 257-266 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2023.148450

Keywords biodiversity green facades green infrastructure green walls synanthropic species

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Green walls, along with green roofs, parks, and vertical gardens, belong to the green infrastructure of cities, which will encompass the majority of humanity in the coming decades. Green infrastructure benefits both urban residents and nature in the urban landscape, although there is no scientific consensus on the extent to which green walls, especially green facades, impact biodiversity in cities. This study examined the influence of green facades on the richness of mammals, birds, and invertebrates, considering the species and age of the plants comprising the green facade in a medium-sized city located in southwestern Poland. It was found that the implementation of green facades significantly enhances species’ biodiversity compared to non-vegetated walls. Four synanthropic bird species were nesting on green facades: Eurasian collared dove ( Streptopelia decaocto), blackbird ( Turdus merula), house sparrow ( Passer domesticus) and woodpigeon ( Columba palumbus). For the beech marten (Martes foina), the green facades are a hunting ground for birds and their eggs. This simple and effective method of creating green walls provides benefits to local wildlife by creating habitats, shelter, and foraging opportunities for selected species. However, it is difficult to determine whether green facades contribute to the formation of ecological corridors in urban environments. The study also examined the social aspect related to the establishment and maintenance of green facades on the surveyed buildings.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Grzegorz Oloś

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

University of Opole, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Biotechnology, 6A Kominka St, 45-035, Opole, Poland

Pre-design cost modeling of facade systems using the GAM method

Agnieszka Leśniak Monika Górka

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 123-138 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138047

Keywords facade systems for public buildings cost estimates Generalized Additive Models (GAM)

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The cost estimation at the pre-project stage provides an important decision-making indicator for the future of the project. With a preliminary cost estimation, project participants can make financial decisions and cost control. The aim of this paper is to propose a model for estimating the costs of facade systems before the pre-design stage, using the GAM (Generalized Additive Model) method. The commonly used method for the valuation of facade systems is based on individual calculation. Such valuation process is complicated and time consuming. For this reason the search for a new forecasting method is justified. The database developed for modelling purposes includes 61 cases of real costs of system façade execution for public buildings. Each case is described by 16 parameters (namely, input variables). The average absolute percentage error (MAPE) was used to assess the model, which takes the value of 14,26% for the generalized model with a logarithmic binding function and 11.77% for the model with an identity binding function. On the basis of the studies and the results obtained, it can be concluded that the constructed model is useful and can improve the process of forecasting system façade costs at the pre-projection stage.

Go to article

Bibliography

[1] D. A. Aczel, “Statystyka w Zarządzaniu”, Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2017.
[2] H. Anysz, „Managing Delays in Construction Projects Aiming at Cost Overrun Minimization”, In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol. 603, No. 3, 2004, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/603/3/032004
[3] A. Belusic, I. Herceg-Bulic, Z. Bencetic Klaic, “Using a generalized additive model to quantify the influence of local meterology on air quality in Zagreb”, Geofizyka, Vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 47–77, 2015. https://doi.org/10.15233/gfz.2015.32.5
[4] K. Coussement, D. F. Benoit, D. Van den Poel, “Improved marketing decision making in a customer churn prediction context using generalized additive models”, Expert Systems with Applications, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 2132–2143, 2009.
[5] M. S. El-Abbasy, t. Zayed, “Generic scheduling optimization model for multiple construction projects”, Journal of computing in civil engineering, Vol. 31, No. 4, 04017003, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000659
[6] M. Górka, „Use of aluminium and glass facades in urban architecture”, Budownictwo i Architektura, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 29–40, 2019. https://doi.org/10.35784/bud-arch.586
[7] T. J. Hastii, R. J. Tibshirani, „Generalized Additive Models”, Chapman & Hall/CRC Monographs on Statistics & Applied Probability, 1990.
[8] M. Juszczyk, “Residential buildings conceptual cost estimates with the use of support vector regression”, In MATEC Web of Conferences, Vol. 196, 04090, 2018.
[9] M. Juszczyk, K. Zima, W. Lelek, „Forecasting of sports fields construction costs aided by ensembles of neural networks”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, Vol. 25, No. 7, pp. 715–729, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2019.10534
[10] P. Kamble, N. Sanadi, “Optimization of Time and Cost of Building Construction using Fast Tracking Method of Scheduling”, Optimization, Vol. 6, No. 07, 2019.
[11] O. Kapliński, “Problematyka inżynierii przedsięwzięć budowlanych na konferencjach krynickich 2017 i 2018”, Przegląd Budowlany, 89, 2018.
[12] T. Kasprowicz, „Inżynieria przedsięwzięć budowlanych. Metody i modele w Inżynierii przedsięwzięć budowlanych”, Pr. zb. pod red. Kapliński Oleg, PAN KILiW, IPPT, 2007.
[13] M. Kozlovska, M. Spisakova, D. Mackova, „Identifying the construction waste types relating to modern methods of construction”, Book Series: International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM, pp. 129–136, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5593/SGEM2016/B62/S26.018
[14] M. Krzemiński, “Optimization of work schedules executed using the flow shop model, assuming multitasking performed by work crews”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 63, No. 4, pp. 3–19, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1515/ace-2017-0037
[15] A. Kylili, P.A. Fokaides, “Policy trends for the sustainability assessment of construction materials: A review”, Sustainable Cities and Society, Vol. 35, pp. 280–288, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.08.013
[16] A. Leśniak, M. Górka, “Analysis of the cost structure of aluminum and glass facades”, In Advances and Trends in Engineering Sciences and Technologies III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Engineering Sciences and Technologies (ESaT 2018), CRC Press, 445, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780429021596-70
[17] A. Leśniak, M. Górka, D. Wieczorek, „Identification of factors shaping tender prices for lightweight”, Scientific Review Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Vol. 2, pp. 171–182, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22630/PNIKS.2019.28.2.16
[18] A. Leśniak, F. Janowiec. “Risk Assessment of Additional Works in Railway Construction Investments Using the Bayes Network”, Sustainability, Vol. 11, No. 19, pp. 53–88, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195388
[19] A. Leśniak, M. Juszczyk, “Prediction of site overhead costs with the use of artificial neural network based model”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 973–982, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.014
[20] A. Leśniak, M. Juszczyk, G. Piskorz, „Modelling Delays in Bridge Construction Projects Based on the Logit and Probit Regression”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 65, No. 2, pp. 107–120, 2019. http://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0022
[21] A. Leśniak, K. Zima, „Cost calculation of construction projects including sustainability factors using the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) method”, Sustainability, Vol. 10, No. 5, 1608, 2018. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051608
[22] P. Mccullagh, J.A. Nelder, “Generalized Linear models”, Chapman and Hall, 1989.
[23] M. Mrówczyńska, M. Sztubecka, M. Skiba, A. Bazan-Krzywoszańska, P. Bejga, „The Use of Artificial Intelligence as a Tool Supporting Sustainable Development Local Policy”, Sustainbility, Vol. 11, No. 15, 4199, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11154199
[24] T. Nivea, T. Anu V, “Regression modelling for prediction of construction cost and duration”, In: Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publications, pp. 195–199, 2017. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.857.195
[25] B. Nowogońska, J. Korentz, “Value of Technical Wear and Costs of Restoring Performance Characteristics to Residential Buildings”, Buildings, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 2075–5309, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings10010009
[26] A. Oke, C. Aigbavboa, E. Dlamini, “Factors Affecting Quality of Construction Projects in Swazilland”, In Conference: Conference: 9th International Conference on Construction in the 21st Century, At Dubai, UAE, 2017.
[27] A. Panwar, K.N. Jha, “A many-objective optimization model for construction scheduling”, Construction management and economics, Vo. 37, No. 12, pp. 727–739, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/01446193.2019.1590615
[28] Z. Rachid, B. Toufik, B. Mohammed, “Causes of schedule delays in construction projects in Algeria”, International Journal of Construction Management, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 371–381, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15623599.2018.1435234
[29] M. Rogalska, “Prognozowanie rzeczywistego zużycia mieszanki betonowej do wykonania ścian szczelinowych metodą uogólnionych modeli addytywnych GAM”, Materiały Budowalne, Vol. 6, pp. 88–89, 2016.
[30] M. Rogalska, „Wieloczynnikowe modele w prognozowaniu czasu procesów budowlanych”, Politechnika Lubelska, 2016. https://doi.org/10.15199/33.2016.06.38
[31] M. Rogalska, P. Wolski, „Prognozowanie ceny 1m2 mieszkania na rynku pierwotnym w warszawie metodą uogólnionych modeli addytywnych”, Logistyka, Vol. 6, pp. 9101–9110, 2014.
[32] M. Saeedi, “Study the Effects of Constructions New Techniques and Technologies on Time, Cost and Quality of Construction Projects from the Perspective of Construction Management”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Materials Application, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 61–76, 2017.
[33] S.S. Shaikh, M.M. Darade, “Key performance indicator for measuring and improving quality of construction projects”, International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Vol. 4, No. 5, pp. 2133–2139, 2017.
[34] D. Skorupka, A. Duchaczek, M. Kowacka, P. Zagrodnik, „Quantification of geodetic risk factors occurring at the construction project preparation stage”, Archives of Civil Engineering, Vol. 64, No. 3, pp. 195–200, 2018. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2018-0039
[35] M. Sztubecka, M. Skiba, M. Mrówczyńska, A. Bazan-Krzywoszańska, „An Innovative Decision Support System to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Buildings in Urban Areas”, Remote Sensing, Vol. 12, No. 2, 259, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs12020259
[36] Y. Wang, B. Yu, J. Wei, F. Li, „Direct numerical simulation on drag-reducing flow by polymer additives using a spring-dumbbell model”, Progress in Computational Fliud Dynamics, an International Journal, Vol. 9, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1504/PCFD.2009.024822
[37] D. Wieczorek, E. Plebankiewicz, K. Zima, „Model estimation of the whole life cost of a building with respect to risk factors”, Technological and Economic Development of Economy, Vol. 25 No. 1, pp. 20–38, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2019.7455

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Leśniak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Monika Górka

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Cracow University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute, 24 Warszawska street, 31-155 Cracow, Poland

Costs of Facade Systems Execution

Agnieszka Leśniak Damian Wieczorek Monika Górka

Archives of Civil Engineering | Vol. 66 | No 1 | 81-95 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2020.131776

Keywords facade systems cost estimation statistical models multiple regression stepwise regression

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Cost estimation in the pre-design phase both for the contractor as well as the investor is an important aspect from the point of view of budget planning for a construction project. Constantly growing commercial market, especially the one of public utility constructions, makes the contractor, at the stage of development the design concept, initially estimate the cost of the facade, e.g. office buildings, commercial buildings, etc., which are most often implemented in the form of aluminum-glass facades or ventilated elevations. The valuation of facade systems is of an individual calculation nature, which makes the process complicated, time-consuming, and requiring a high cost estimation work. The authors suggest using a model for estimating the cost of facade systems with the use of statistical methods based on multiple and stepwise regression. The data base used to form statistical models is the result of quantitative-qualitative research of the design and cost documentation of completed public facilities. Basing on the obtained information, the factors that shape the costs of construction façade systems were identified; which then constitute the input variables to the suggested cost estimation models.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Leśniak

e-mail:

ORCID:

Damian Wieczorek

e-mail:

ORCID:

Monika Górka

e-mail:

ORCID:

Impact of operating conditions on the strength and frequency of destruction of fibre-cement composites

Anna Adamczak-Bugno Aleksandra Krampikowska

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 67-83 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137155

Keywords fibre-cement composites ventilated façades acoustic emission method bending strength

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The paper examines the impact of possible operational factors on strength and frequency parameters generated by bending of fibre-cement panels. The tests were performed on elements cut out of a standard commercially available panel. The samples were exposed to factors described as environmental (soaking in water, bath-drying cycles, freeze-thawing cycles) and unique (flame ignition and high temperature exposure) and then subjected to three-point bending tests. Acoustic emission (AE) signals were acquired during the external load application. After the measurements were completed, the strength of individual elements was determined and the frequencies generated during bending were calculated. The obtained results were analysed statistically. Comparing the results obtained for a group of samples subjected to environmental and unique factors, significant differences between them were noted. It was noted that the decrease in the strength of the samples is related to the emission of lower frequency sounds. It was found that the application of the presented methodology allows to determine the condition of the fibre-cement boards in use.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Anna Adamczak-Bugno

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Aleksandra Krampikowska

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

MSc., Eng., Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce,
PhD., Eng., Kielce University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 7, 25-314 Kielce, Poland

Influence of anchoring and bracing system on dynamic characteristics of façade scaffolding

Jarosław Bęc

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2023 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 493-506 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2023.147672

Keywords façade scaffolding dynamic characteristics naturalfrequencies and mode shapes anchoringand bracing system

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The basic dynamic characteristics of façade scaffolding are natural frequencies of vibrations and corresponding mode shapes. These properties affect the scaffolding safety, as well as comfort and safety of its users. Many of the dynamic actions present at scaffolding are in the low frequency range, i.e. below 10–15 Hz. The first natural frequency of a structure is usually in the range of 0.7 to 4 Hz which corresponds to resonant frequencies of human body and it means that vibrations induced at scaffolding may strongly affect the human comfort. The easiest way of increasing the rigidity of the structure is by ensuring correct boundary conditions (support, anchorage) and bracing of the structure. The numerical analysis was performed for the real scaffolding structure of medium size. The analysis consisted of natural frequencies calculation for the original structure and for models with modified bracing and anchoring systems. The bracing modifications were introduced by reducing or increasing the number of vertical bracing shafts. The anchor system was modified by reduction of the 6 anchors in the top right corner of the scaffolding in three stages or by evenly removing nearly 1/3 of the total number of anchors. The modifications of bracing and anchor systems resulted in changing the natural frequencies. The increase of natural frequencies due to higher number of anchors and more bracing is not even for all mode shapes. Bracing is more effective in acting against longitudinal vibrations, while anchoring against vibrations perpendicular to the façade.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Jarosław Bęc

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Nadbystrzycka 40St, 20-618 Lublin, Poland

Verification of the façade scaffolding computer model

P. Jamińska-Gadomska J. Bęc T. Lipecki A. Robak

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2018 | Vol. 64 | No 1 | 41-53

Keywords façade scaffolding modal analysis full-scale measurements finite element method

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This paper presents an analysis of natural vibrations of typical façade scaffolding. Three Finite Element Method models with different levels of accuracy of the real structure of the scaffolding representation were used. Modal analysis was carried out for each of these models. The obtained frequencies and mode shapes were compared with the results from the measurements performed on the full-scale scaffolding. The authors of the paper point out the difficulties arise while modelling such structures, and suggest ways to improve the accuracy of scaffolding computational models.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

P. Jamińska-Gadomska

J. Bęc

T. Lipecki

A. Robak

Load capacity of steel-aluminium brackets under static and cyclic laboratory tests

Andrzej Ambroziak

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 2 | 85-99 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.137156

Keywords steel-aluminium bracket mechanical properties EN AW-6060 T66 curtain walls mullion-transom facade

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

The aim of the research is the laboratory investigation of steel-aluminium brackets employed to fasten lightweight curtain walls to building facilities. Static pressure, suction forces, and cyclic loads parallel to end plates (horizontal – to simulate wind influence) were applied in the study. The steel-aluminium brackets were tested on a reinforced concrete substrate made of C30/37 concrete class to simulate the real working conditions. Laboratory tests were performed to failure of the brackets or damage of anchoring fastened to the concrete elements. Additionally, the tensile capacity of stainless steel bolt connections screwed in aluminium profile was determined. The uniaxial tensile tests were performed for three length variants of the anchorage: 28 mm, 14 mm, and 7 mm of the stainless steel bars screw-in in threading aluminium profiles. In the course of cyclic tests, a hinge formed in the location of bolt connections made the change of the working character of steel-aluminium brackets. The cyclic tests also showed the danger of the strap aluminium profile displacement due to improper connection with the main aluminium profile. The paper is intended to provide scientists, civil engineers, and designers with an experimental assessment of mechanical properties of steel-aluminium brackets under static and cyclic loads.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ambroziak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

DSc., PhD., Eng., Prof. GUT, Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, St. Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

Case study of water vapour transmission properties of EPDM façade membranes

Andrzej Ambroziak Sławomir Dobrowolski

Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 4 | 273-285 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138499

Keywords façade systems EPDM water vapour transmission moisture resistance factor sd value

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

This research aimed to investigate the water vapour transmission properties of chosen EPDM membranes applied in façade and window systems under laboratory tests. The applied procedure included in national and international standards utilized for the laboratory tests of water vapour transmission properties of EPDMmembrane is described. Two main types (outside and inside types) ofEPDMmembranes are laboratory tested. The authors indicated that the EPDM membranes should differ in surface factures. Nevertheless, some manufacturers mark EPDM membranes on each roll (on the package only) without different permanent denotations on the EPDM membranes surfaces. This form of denotations can cause using problems – using the wrong types of the EPDM aprons in building partitions, because when the package is removed there is impossible to visually identify the type of EPDM membrane (outside or inside type) from the texture of the membrane surface. The experimental results of laboratory tests indicated using the wrong type of EPDM membrane in the inside aprons in building partitions in the investigated façade window system. The designed proportion of the sd values (the resistance to movement of water vapour) of inside and out-side EPDM façade membranes should be designed equally to about 3.0 (recommended value 4) to provide proper diffusion properties of partitions around windows in façade systems. The paper can provide scientists, engineers, and designers an experimental basis in the field of the EPDM membranes water vapour transmission properties applied to façades and windows systems.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Ambroziak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Sławomir Dobrowolski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Gdansk University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, St.Gabriela Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland

The Use of Structural Glass in Shaping Glazed Facades

Anna Jóźwik

Teka Komisji Urbanistyki i Architektury Oddziału Polskiej Akademii Nauk w Krakowie | 2023 | vol. LI | 359-384 | DOI: 10.24425/tkuia.2023.148983

Keywords structural glass glass facades frameless glass systems glass fins glass folded plate systems bent glass

Download PDF Download RIS Download Bibtex

Abstract

Glass is a significant material in shaping contemporary architecture. Its main feature is transparency, which is related to the possibility of letting daylight into building interiors. Glass facades mark the almost invisible border between the interior and exterior space, which is a source of endless design inspiration. This situation is facilitated by the development of technology and knowledge on glass as a structural material.
The article aims to identify and analyse the possibility to apply structural glass in glazed facades. The paper analyses the technological and structural aspects of glass. The conducted analyses were based on the following methods: logical argumentation, comparative method, and case study. The analysis of selected architectural implementations provided a major contribution to the work results. Based on this, the typology and characteristics of design solutions were established for glass facades in which structural glass is used. The search for solutions aimed at shaping all-glass self-supporting structures was assumed as the main criterion of the indicated typology. It has been established that shaping all-glass self-supporting structures is achievable with the use of frameless systems, glass fins, folded plate glass systems, or facades with bent glass. By designing self-supporting systems, the elimination or reduction of support systems of other materials can be achieved. Thus, the use of structural glass in these structures allows for uniform material solutions. These solutions not only focus on technological and structural aspects but also have a significant impact on the architectural creation of the facade.

Go to article

Authors and Affiliations

Anna Jóźwik

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Warsaw University of Technology Faculty of Architecture

Search results

Filters

Search results

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations