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Abstract

The article presents the methodology for measuring verification of the phenomenon of fades in the DAB+ SFN. The verification is related to comparing the characteristics of the fades determined theoretically with the occurring fades in the real environment of a large city. The conditions favorable for the occurrence of fading are presented and by selecting the appropriate propagation analysis tool, the places where the occurrence of fading is most likely were selected. In these places an analysis of the characteristics of fades was carried out and the conditions for their verification were determined.
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Bibliography

[1] WorldDAB, „WorldDAB infographic (Q2 2019)”, https://www.worlddab.org/resources/infographic. (29 03 2020).
[2] S. Kubal, M. Kowal, P. Piotrowski, K. Staniec, “Optimal Transmission Technique for DAB+ Operating in the SFN Network”, in Springer Nature Switzerland, Theory and Applications of Dependable Computer Systems, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Dependability of Computer Systems DepCoS-RELCOMEX, June 29 – July 3, 2020, Brunów, Poland.
[3] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, EN 300 401 V2.1.1 Draft ETSI EN 300 401 V2.1.1 Radio Broadcasting Systems; Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) to mobile, portable and fixed receivers, 2016.
[4] European Broadcasting Union, „TR 24 SFN Frequency planning and network implementation with regard to T-DAB and DVB-T,” Genewa, 2013.
[5] R. Zieliński, “Fade analysis in DAB+ SFN network in Wroclaw”, Proc. of the 2019 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC Europe 2019), Barcelona, Spain, September 2– 6, 2019, (978-1-7281-0594-9/19/$31.00 © 2019 IEEE).
[6] D. Plebs, J. Wout., P. Angueira, J.A. Arenas, L. Verloock, L. Martens,: “On the Methodology for Calculating SFN Gain in Digital Broadcast Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, Vol. 56, No. 3, September 2010, pp.331-339
[7] K. Staniec, S. Kubal, M. Kowal, P. Piotrowski,: “On the Influence of the Coding Rate and SFN Gain on DAB+ Coverage”, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 2020.
[8] P. Gilski, J. Stefanski, “Subjective and Objective Comparative Study of DAB+ Broadcast System”, Archives of Acoustics, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 3–11 (2017), by PAN – IPPT)
[9] S. Brachmański, M. Kin, “Assessment of speech quality in Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB+) system”, AES 134th Convention, Rome, Italy, 2013.
[10] M. Kin, “Subjective evaluation of sound quality of musical recordings transmitted via DAB+ system", in Proc. 134th Audio Engineering Society Convention, Rome, Italy, 2013, pp. 1231{2366.
[11] P. Gilski., J. Stefanski, “Digital Audio Broadcasting or Webcasting: A Network Quality Perspective”, Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 1, 9–15, 2016.
[12] P. Pocta, J.G. Beerends, “Subjective and Objective Assessment of Perceived Audio Quality of Current Digital Audio Broadcasting Systems and WebCasting Applications”, IEEE Transactions on Broadcasting, 61, 407–415, 2015.
[13] International Telecommunication Union, ITU-R BS.2214-3, “Planning parameters for terrestrial digital sound broadcasting systems in VHF bands”, 2019.
[14] European Broadcasting Union, TECH 3391, “Guidelines for DAB network planning”, Genewa, 2018.
[15] National Institut of Telecommunications, „LokalDAB,”. https://www.il-pib.pl/pl/projekty-krajowe/projekty-krajowe-ze-srodkow-na-nauke/projekt-localdab, (25 05 2020).
[16] Radio Polska, „MUX LokalDAB,”. http://radiopolska.pl/wykaz/mux/145. (2020 05 25).
[17] European Broadcasting Union, TR 016, “Benefits and Limitations of Single Frequency Networks (SFN) for DTT”, 2012.
[18] A. Tissen, A. Waal, F. Maier, “Evaluations and Measurements of a Single Frequency Network with DRM+”, European Wireless Conference, Poznan, 2012.
[19] R. Zieliński, “Conditions for obtaining correct DAB+ signal reception on a single frequency network” (in polish), Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny i Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, nr. 6, 2017, str. 509-512.
[20] R. Zieliński, “Analysis of depth of fades in a single frequency DAB+ network on the example of the network in Wroclaw” (in polish), Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny i Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, nr. 6, 2018, str. 320-325
[21] R. Zieliński, “Distribution of fade area in a SFN network on the example of the DAB+ network” (in polish), Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny i Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, nr. 8-9, 2018, str. 581-584.
[22] R. Zieliński, “Analysis of the phenomenon of fades in the SFN DAB+ network with three transmitters on the example of the network in Wroclaw” (in polish),. Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny i Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne, nr. 6, 2019, str. 386-391.
[23] R. Zieliński, “Analysis and Comparision of the Fade Phenomenon in the SFN DAB+ Network With Two and Three Transmitters”, Intl Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications, 2020, Vol. 66, No. 1, str.. 85-92.
[24] International Telecommunication Union, Recommendation ITU-R P.1546-5 : “Method for point-to-area predictions for terrestrial services in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz”, 2013.
[25] I. Michalski, thesis, "Analysis of the distribution of e-m field strength and fades from the SFN DAB+ network in Wroclaw”, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 2020.
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Authors and Affiliations

Igor Michalski
1
ORCID: ORCID
Ryszard J. Zielinski
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. National Institute of Telecommunications, Poland
  2. Wroclaw University ofScience and Technology, Poland
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Abstract

Single Frequency Networks (SFN) of transmitters are currently used in television and digital broadcasting to effectively cover large areas using minimal spectral resources and using transmitters with much lower power than if the same area were covered using one transmitter. It is therefore a very ecological solution. In this way, much better reception conditions are obtained in large city areas, as the signal reaches the receiving antenna from different directions, reducing the risk of shading. However, in this type of network one should take into account the loss of signal caused by signal interference. Using the appropriate propagation model, it is possible, with appropriate assumptions, to check how the operation of the third transmitter affects the distribution and size of the deepest fades in relation to the network in which there are two transmitters.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ryszard J. Z Ziielinski
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Abstract

A fading mechanism during casting of treated Al-B-Sr master alloys in an aluminium-silicon cast alloy was investigated. Two different master alloys, the Al-3%B-3%Sr and Al-4%B-1%Sr were demonstrated for the efficiency test both grain refinement and modification microstructure. From experimental result, the addition of Al-3%B-3%Sr master alloy led to a refined grain size and fully modified eutectic Si. However, smaller grain sizes were found with Al-4%B-1%Sr master alloy addition while eutectic Si had coarser acicular morphology. The formation of high amounts of SrB6 compound in the Al-3%B-3%Sr master alloy resulted to increase of grain size and eutectic Si. In fading mechanism test when holding the melt for prolong time, the agglomeration of the SrB6 and AlSiSr compounds at the bottom of the casting specimen was important factors that decreased both grain refinement and modification efficiency. The stirring of the melt before pouring was found that the grain size and Si morphology were improved.
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Authors and Affiliations

P. Muangnoy
1
ORCID: ORCID
K. Eidhed
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Technology North Bangkok, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Materials and Production Technology Engineering, King Mongkut’s Bangkok, Thailand
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Abstract

The Non Line of Sight (NLOS) broadband wireless access provided by Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) operating in 2-11 GHz frequency is susceptible to the effects of multipath propagation, diffraction fading, vegetation attenuation, shadowing loss etc. In order to overcome these effects effective fade mitigation techniques, have to be implemented. The Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing- Multiple Input Multiple Output (OFDM-MIMO) is an efficient method that helps in combatting the fading and providing higher SNR to the WiMAX system. According to the IEEE 802.16 specification, for QPSK modulation, a threshold SNR of 6 dB is required for the link to operate. In the present work the use of OFDM-MIMO achieves a SNR above this operating threshold.
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Authors and Affiliations

Sharmini Enoch
1
Ifiok Otung
2

  1. Department of Electronics and Communications,Noorul Islam University, India
  2. Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Department of Biomedical and Electronics Engineering University of Bradford, United Kingdom
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Abstract

Outage and Success performances of an amplify-andforward relay-assisted D2D communication system over a κ-μ shadowed fading wireless link are presented here. Co-channel interference (CCI) is assumed to affect the D2D signals at relay and destination nodes. The system is analyzed with two scenarios, namely, with diversity combining and without diversity combining. Selection combining (SC) based diversity scheme is incorporated at the D2D receiver to combat fading conditions. The expressions for success and outage probabilities are presented by using the characteristic function approach. The expressions are functions of path-loss exponents, wireless link length between relay and D2D source node, wireless link length between the receiver node and relay, distances between interferers and the relay node, CCI distances from various devices of the system, fading channel. The numerical analysis for various scenarios is presented and analyzed.
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Authors and Affiliations

Zakir Hussain
1
Haider Mehdi
1
Syed Muhammad Atif Saleem
1
Aashir Mahboob
1

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Pakistan
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Abstract

Nowadays, the advancement and increased use of fifth-generation (5G) and sixth-generation (6G) systems have created a demand for more efficient and rapid transmission of information over wireless communication media. However, developing wireless communication systems that can meet these modern-day criteria for fast, reliable, and secure information exchange is a challenging task. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel model for enhancing the 5G system. The proposed model utilizes polar code with rate matching and constitutional interleaving over the Suzuki fading channel. The combination of polar codes with rate matching and interleaving enables the communication system to achieve a lower error rate and better reliability over a Suzuki fading channel. Specifically, the polar code can correct a larger number of errors, while rate matching and interleaving can mitigate the effects of channel variations and reduce the probability of error bursts. These enhancements can lead to more robust and reliable communication in wireless networks.
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Authors and Affiliations

Muntadher Suhail Abed
1

  1. Ministry of Education - General Directorate of Education of Karbala, Karbala- Iraq

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